By Fang Ying, Sham

Structured Query language (SQL)

SQL Commands

DROP UPDATE REVOKE ROLLBACK

DCL (deals with access
DDL (define database TCL (deals with the DQL (retrieve data
DML (manipulate data rights and data control
schema in DBMS) transactions happening from the DB using SQL
present in the DB) on the data present in
in the DB) queries)
the db)

CREATE INSERT GRANT COMMIT SELECT

Data Manipulation Language DCL : Data
TRUNCATE Control Language TCL : Transaction
DELETE Control Language DQL : Data Query
ALTER Language
DDL : Data Definition Language DML:

1. Create database create database sample2

2. Use the database use sample2

3. Create table create table customer

(
customerid int identity(1,1) primary key,
customernumber int not null unique check
(customernumber>0), lastname varchar(30) not null,
firstname varchar(30) not null,
areacode int default 71000,
address varchar(50),
country varchar(50) default 'Malaysia'
)

4. Insert values into table insert into customer values

(100,'Fang Ying','Sham','418999','sdadasfdfd',default),
(200,'Mei Mei','Tan',default,'adssdsadsd','Thailand'),
(300,'Albert','John',default,'dfdsfsdf',default)

5. Display record from table -- display all records

select * from customer

-- display particular columns

select customerid, customernumber, lastname,
firstname from customer

6. Add new column to table alter table customer

add phonenumber varchar(20)

7. Add values to newly update customer set phonenumber='1234545346'

added column/ Update where customerid=1
table update customer set phonenumber='45554654'
where customerid=2

8. Delete a column alter table customer

drop column phonenumber

9. Delete record from delete

table --if not put from customer
‘where’, will where country='Thailand'
delete all record
10. Delete table drop table customer

11. Change data type alter table customer

alter column phonenumber varchar(10)

By Fang Ying, Sham

1. Create database create database SaleOrder

2. Use the database use SaleOrder

3. Create tables create table dbo.customer (

CustomerID int NOT null primary key,
CustomerFirstName varchar(50) NOT null,
CustomerLastName varchar(50) NOT null,
CustomerAddress varchar(50) NOT null,
CustomerSuburb varchar(50) null,
CustomerCity varchar(50) NOT null,
CustomerPostCode char(4) null,
CustomerPhoneNumber char(12) null,
);

create table dbo.inventory (

InventoryID tinyint NOT null primary key,
InventoryName varchar(50) NOT null,
InventoryDescription varchar(255) null,
);

create table dbo.employee (

EmployeeID tinyint NOT null primary key,
EmployeeFirstName varchar(50) NOT null,
EmployeeLastName varchar(50) NOT null,
EmployeeExtension char(4) null,
);

create table dbo.sale (

SaleID tinyint not null primary key,
CustomerID int not null references customer(CustomerID),
InventoryID tinyint not null references
Inventory(InventoryID), EmployeeID tinyint not null
references Employee(EmployeeID), SaleDate date not null,
SaleQuantity int not null,
SaleUnitPrice smallmoney not null
);

4. Check what table inside select * from information_schema.tables

5. View specific row --top: show only the first two

select top 2 * from customer

--top 40 percent: also means show the first two

select top 40 percent * from customer
6. View specific column --sort result (by default is ascending)
select customerfirstname, customerlastname from customer
order by customerlastname desc

select customerfirstname, customerlastname from customer

order by 4, 2, 3 desc -- Order By Based on column no. without typing
column name

--distinct: only show unique value

select distinct customerlastname from customer
order by customerlastname

By Fang Ying, Sham

7. Save table to another table --into file_name: save result in another table (BASE TABLE)
select distinct customerlastname into temp
from customer
order by customerlastname

select * from temp --see the table (data type will remain)

8. Like (search something) -- (underscore sign) _ is only specific for one character only
-- (percent sign) % represents zero, one, or multiple
characters select * from customer
where customerlastname like '_r%'

9. In (search something) -- search multiple items

select * from customer
where customerlastname in ('Brown', ‘Michael’, ’Jim’)

10. > (search something) select * from customer

where customerlastname > 'Brown' or customerlastname>'Cross'

11. <> (Not Equal) select * from customer

where customerlastname <> 'Brown'

12. IS NULL -- check null values

select * from customer
where customerlastname IS NULL

13. IS NOT NULL select * from customer

where customerlastname IS NOT NULL

14. between select * from sale

where saleunitprice between 5 and 10 --not include 5 & 10

15. count -- returns the number of rows in a table

-- AS means aliasing, temporary giving name to a column/
table select count(*) as [Number of Records] from customer
where customerfirstname like 'B%'
16. sum select sale.employeeid ,EmployeeFirstName, EmployeeLastName , count(*)
as [Number of order] ,
sum(salequantity) as [Total Quantity]
from sale,employee
where sale.employeeid = employee.employeeid
group by sale.employeeid ,EmployeeFirstName, EmployeeLastName

17. count month select month(saledate) as [Month], count ( * ) as [Number of

sale], sum(salequantity*saleunitprice) as [Total Amount]
from sale
group by month(saledate)

18. max SELECT MAX(Salary)

FROM EmployeeSalary

19. min SELECT MIN(Salary)

FROM EmployeeSalary

20. average SELECT AVG(Salary)

FROM EmployeeSalary

By Fang Ying, Sham

21. having SELECT JobTitle, COUNT(JobTitle)

FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
ON ED.EmployeeID = ES.EmployeeID
GROUP BY JobTitle
HAVING COUNT(JobTitle) > 1

SELECT JobTitle, AVG(Salary)

FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
ON ED.EmployeeID = ES.EmployeeID
GROUP BY JobTitle
HAVING AVG(Salary) > 45000
ORDER BY AVG(Salary)

22. Change data type -- CAST(expression AS datatype(length))

temporary for use SELECT CAST('2017-08-25 00:00:00.000' AS date)

-- CONVERT(data_type(length), expression, style)

SELECT CONVERT(date,'2017-08-25 00:00:00.000')
23. CASE Statement SELECT FirstName, LastName, Age,
CASE
WHEN Age > 30 THEN 'Old'
WHEN Age BETWEEN 27 AND 30 THEN 'Young'
ELSE 'Baby'
END
FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
WHERE Age IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY Age

--
SELECT FirstName, LastName, JobTitle, Salary,
CASE
WHEN JobTitle = 'Salesman' THEN Salary + (Salary *.10)
WHEN JobTitle = 'Accountant' THEN Salary + (Salary *.05)
WHEN JobTitle = 'HR' THEN Salary + (Salary *.000001)
ELSE Salary + (Salary *.03)
END AS SalaryAfterRaise
FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
ON ED.EmployeeID = ES.EmployeeID

24. Partition By SELECT FirstName, LastName, Gender, Salary,

--returns a single value for COUNT(Gender) OVER (PARTITION BY Gender) AS
each row TotalGender FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
ON ED.EmployeeID = ES.EmployeeID

By Fang Ying, Sham

25. String Functions -- Remove space
Select EmployeeID, TRIM(EmployeeID) AS IDTRIM
FROM EmployeeErrors

Select EmployeeID, RTRIM(EmployeeID) as

IDRTRIM FROM EmployeeErrors

Select EmployeeID, LTRIM(EmployeeID) as

IDLTRIM FROM EmployeeErrors

-- Replace
Select LastName, REPLACE(LastName, '- Fired', '')
as LastNameFixed
FROM EmployeeErrors

-- Substring
Select Substring(err.FirstName,1,3),
Substring(dem.FirstName,1,3),
Substring(err.LastName,1,3), Substring(dem.LastName,1,3)
FROM EmployeeErrors err
JOIN EmployeeDemographics dem
on Substring(err.FirstName,1,3) =
Substring(dem.FirstName,1,3)
and Substring(err.LastName,1,3) =
Substring(dem.LastName,1,3)

-- UPPER and LOWER CASE

Select firstname, LOWER(firstname)
from EmployeeErrors

Select Firstname, UPPER(FirstName)

from EmployeeErrors"

26. Stored Procedure CREATE PROCEDURE Temp_Employee

@JobTitle nvarchar(100)
AS
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #temp_employee
Create table #temp_employee (
JobTitle varchar(100),
EmployeesPerJob int ,
AvgAge int,
AvgSalary int
)

Insert into #temp_employee

SELECT JobTitle, Count(JobTitle), Avg(Age),
AVG(salary) FROM EmployeeDemographics emp
JOIN EmployeeSalary sal
ON emp.EmployeeID = sal.EmployeeID
where JobTitle = @JobTitle --- make sure to change this
in this script from original above
group by JobTitle

Select *
From #temp_employee
GO;

5
 By Fang Ying, Sham

--- only need to run this on next time

EXEC Temp_Employee @JobTitle = 'Salesman'

27. Subquery -- Subquery in Select

SELECT EmployeeID, Salary, (SELECT AVG(Salary)
FROM EmployeeSalary) AS AllAvgSalary
FROM EmployeeSalary

-- with Partition By
SELECT EmployeeID, Salary, AVG(Salary) OVER ()
AS AllAvgSalary
FROM EmployeeSalary

-- Subquery in From
SELECT a.EmployeeID, AllAvgSalary
FROM (SELECT EmployeeID, Salary, AVG(Salary) OVER ()
AS AllAvgSalary
FROM EmployeeSalary) a
ORDER BY a.EmployeeID

-- Subquery in Where
SELECT EmployeeID, JobTitle, Salary
FROM EmployeeSalary
WHERE EmployeeID in (SELECT EmployeeID FROM
EmployeeDemographics
WHERE Age > 30)

SELECT EmployeeID, JobTitle, Salary

FROM EmployeeSalary
WHERE Salary in (SELECT Max(Salary) FROM EmployeeSalary)

By Fang Ying, Sham

SQL JOINS
Cross Join

Inner Join Self Join Outer Join

Left Outer Join Right Outer Join Full Outer Join
1. getting data from select * from inventory,sale
multiple tables where sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid
(explicit join - without
using join command)
 select
inventoryname,saledate,saleunitprice,salequantity,salequantity*saleunitpri
ce as [Total amount]
from sale,inventory
where sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid
group by
sale.inventoryid,inventoryname,saledate,salequantity,saleunitprice order
by inventoryname

2. getting data from --inner join

multiple tables select * from inventory
(implicit join - using join inner join sale
command) on sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid

select
inventoryname,saledate,saleunitprice,salequantity,saleunitprice*salequanti
ty as [Total Amount]
from inventory inner join sale
on sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid
order by inventoryname

inventory sales

--full outer join (shows everything)

select sale.inventoryid,inventoryname
from inventory
full outer join sale on
sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid
where sale.inventoryid is NULL

inventory sales

By Fang Ying, Sham

 --left join (might have NULL value, since some inventory might not have
sales) select inventory.inventoryid,inventoryname
from inventory left join sale on
sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid

inventory sales

--left join
select inventory.inventoryid,inventoryname
from inventory left join sale on
sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid
where sale.inventoryid is NULL

inventory sales

-- without join: use subquery

select inventoryid,inventoryname from inventory
where inventoryid not in (select inventoryid from sale)

--right join
select sale.inventoryid,inventoryname
from inventory right join sale on
sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid

inventory sales

3. Self Join --inner join

--commonly used in Staff Table
processing hierarchy employeeID employeefirstname employeelastname managerID 1001
Tan Mei Ling NULL 1002 Kelvin Koh 1001 1003 Amin Wong 1002

select E.employeeID, E.employeefirstname+' '+E.employeelastname as

[Full Name], E.managerID, , M.employeefirstname+'
'+M.employeelastname as [Manager Name]
from staff E
inner join staff M
on E.managerID = M.employeeID

8
 By Fang Ying, Sham

Output:
employeeID Full Name managerID managerName 1002
Kelvin Koh 1001 Tan Mei Ling
1003 Amin Wong 1002 Kelvin Koh

--left outer join (list all the employees)

select E.employeeID, E.employeefirstname+' '+E.employeelastname as
[F Name], E.managerID, , M.employeefirstname+'
'+M.employeelastname as [Manager Name]
from staff E
left outer join staff M
on E.managerID = M.employeeID

Output:
employeeID Full Name managerID managerName 1001
Tan Mei Ling
1002 Kelvin Koh 1001 Tan Mei Ling
1003 Amin Wong 1002 Kelvin Koh

4. Cross Join select * from inventory1

--generate all combination cross join inventory2
of records (all possibility)
(Cartesian Product)

9
 Sham
SQL UNIONS
By Fang Ying,

1. Union select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer

--allow you to combine two tables union
together (but the no. of columns & select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer_2
each column’s data types for 2
tables must be match)
--don't need common key, only
need common attributes
--merge, not showing duplicate record

2. Union all select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer

--merge, but show you everything, union all
even the duplicate record select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer_2

customer customer_2

3. Intersect select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer

--keep only the rows in common intersect
to both query select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer_2
--not showing duplicate record

customer customer_2

select c.cust_lname,c.cust_fname from customer c,customer_2 c2

where c.cust_lname=c2.cust_lname and
c.cust_fname=c2.cust_fname

4. Except select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer

--generate only the records that except
are unique to select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer_2
the CUSTOMER table

customer customer_2

--use subquery
select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer
where(cust_lname) not in
(select cust_lname from customer_2) and
(cust_fname) not in
(select cust_fname from customer_2)

10
 Sham
Table & View
By Fang Ying,

1. view table create view CustomerView as

(view will be updated select customerfirstname+' '+customerlastname as [Customer
when update base) Name] , customerphonenumber,
--view is a result set of SQL inventoryname,saledate,salequantity,saleunitprice,salequantity*saleunitpri
statements, exists only ce as [Total Amount]
for a single query from customer inner join sale on customer.customerid=sale.customerid
inner join inventory
on sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid

customer

inventory sales

2. Temp table DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #temp_Employee

(temp will NOT be updated
Create table #temp_Employee (
when update base) JobTitle varchar(100),
--a single hashtag (#) sign EmployeesPerJob int,
must be added in front of AvgAge int,
their names AvgSalary int
--used to store data )
temporarily, physically Insert INTO #temp_Employee
created in the Tempdb SELECT JobTitle, Count(JobTitle), Avg(Age),
database AVG(salary) FROM EmployeeDemographics emp
--can perform CRUD, join, JOIN EmployeeSalary sal
and some other operations ON emp.EmployeeID = sal.EmployeeID
group by JobTitle
like
the persistent database tables SELECT * FROM #temp_Employee

3. CTE (Common Table WITH CTE_Employee AS

Expression) (
SELECT FirstName, LastName, Gender, Salary,
--create temporary result COUNT(Gender) OVER (PARTITION BY Gender) AS
set which is used to TotalGender FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
manipulate the complex JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
sub-queries data ON ED.EmployeeID = ES.EmployeeID
--created in memory WHERE Salary > '45000'
)
rather than Tempdb
database, so SELECT FirstName, LastName, Gender, TotalGender
cannot create any index on FROM CTE_Employee
CTE. WHERE TotalGender = (SELECT MIN(TotalGender) FROM CTE_Employee)
4. Duplicate Table select customerfirstname+' '+customerlastname as [Customer
Name] , customerphonenumber,
inventoryname,saledate,salequantity,saleunitprice,salequantity*saleunitpri
ce as [Total Amount] into customerRec
from customer inner join sale on customer.customerid=sale.customerid
inner join inventory
on sale.inventoryid=inventory.inventoryid
order by customerfirstname +' '+ customerlastname,inventoryname

11

Sham
SQL RANKS
By Fang Ying,

1. ROW_NUMBER() --get a unique sequential number for each row

--get different ranks for the row having similar values

SELECT *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
2. RANK() --specify rank for each row in the result set
--use PARTITION BY to performs calculation on each group
--each subset get rank as per Salary in descending order

USING PARTITION BY
SELECT *,
RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY JobTitle ORDER BY Salary DESC)
SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY JobTitle, SalaryRank

NOT USING PARTITION BY

-- get SAME ranks for the row having similar values
SELECT *,
RANK() OVER(ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY SalaryRank

12

By Fang Ying, Sham

3. DENSE_RANK() -- if have duplicate values, SQL assigns different ranks to those
rows. -- will get the same rank for duplicate or similar values

SELECT *,
DENSE_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY SalaryRank

RANK() DENSE_RANK()

SELECT *, SELECT *,
RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY JobTitle ORDER BY DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY JobTitle
Salary DESC) SalaryRank ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY JobTitle, SalaryRank ORDER BY JobTitle, SalaryRank

-- skip a rank if have similar values -- maintains the rank and does not give any
gap for the values

13
 By Fang Ying, Sham

4. NTILE() -- can specify required how many group of result, and it will rank accordingly

SELECT *,
NTILE(3) OVER(ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY SalaryRank;

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

USING PARTITION BY
SELECT *,
NTILE(3) OVER(PARTITION BY JobTitle ORDER BY Salary DESC)
SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY JobTitle, SalaryRank;

Group 1
Group 2
Group 3

14

By Fang Ying, Sham

1. Write the query to show select

the invoice number, the invoice_num,c.cust_num,c.cust_lname,c.cust_fname,inv_date,inv_amou
customer number, the nt from customer c, invoice
customer where c.cust_num=invoice.cust_num and cust_balance>=1000
name, the invoice date, and
the invoice amount for all select invoice_num,c.cust_num,cust_lname+' '+cust_fname
customers with a as [Name],inv_date,inv_amount
customer balance from customer c join invoice i
of $1,000 or more. on c.cust_num=i.cust_num
where cust_balance>=1000
2. ISNULL(expression, value) --ParcelID is same, but UniqueID is different; can assume that if the ParcelID
--expression: to test whether is same, the Property Address will be same
is NULL, value: to return if Select a.ParcelID, a.PropertyAddress,
expression is NULL b.ParcelID, b.PropertyAddress,
ISNULL(a.PropertyAddress,b.PropertyAddress)
From NashvilleHousing a
JOIN NashvilleHousing b
on a.ParcelID = b.ParcelID
AND a.[UniqueID] <> b.[UniqueID]
Where a.PropertyAddress is null

-- Update record
Update a
SET PropertyAddress =
ISNULL(a.PropertyAddress,b.PropertyAddress)
From NashvilleHousing a
JOIN NashvilleHousing b
on a.ParcelID = b.ParcelID
AND a.[UniqueID] <> b.[UniqueID]
Where a.PropertyAddress is null

3. Split by delimiter SELECT PropertyAddress,

SUBSTRING(PropertyAddress, 1, CHARINDEX(',',
❖ SUBSTRING(string, PropertyAddress) -1 ) as Address
start, length) , SUBSTRING(PropertyAddress, CHARINDEX(',',
PropertyAddress) + 1 , LEN(PropertyAddress)) as
❖ City From NashvilleHousing
CHARINDEX(substring,
string, start)

❖ LEN(string)

ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing

Add PropertySplitAddress Nvarchar(255);

ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing

Add PropertySplitCity Nvarchar(255);

15

By Fang Ying, Sham

❖ Update NashvilleHousing
PARSENAME('object_na SET PropertySplitAddress = SUBSTRING(PropertyAddress,
me' , object_piece) 1, CHARINDEX(',', PropertyAddress) -1 )
--numbering works from
right to left Update NashvilleHousing
SET PropertySplitCity = SUBSTRING(PropertyAddress,
❖ REPLACE(string, CHARINDEX(',', PropertyAddress) + 1 ,
old_string, new_string) LEN(PropertyAddress))
 Select OwnerAddress,
PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress, ',', '.') ,
3) ,PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress, ',',
'.') , 2) ,PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress,
',', '.') , 1) From NashvilleHousing

ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing

Add OwnerSplitAddress Nvarchar(255);
ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing
Add OwnerSplitCity Nvarchar(255);
ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing
Add OwnerSplitState Nvarchar(255);

Update NashvilleHousing
SET OwnerSplitAddress =
PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress, ',', '.') , 3)

Update NashvilleHousing
SET OwnerSplitCity = PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress,
',', '.') , 2)

Update NashvilleHousing
SET OwnerSplitState = PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress,
',', '.') , 1)

5. Remove duplicate records WITH RowNumCTE AS(

Select *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
PARTITION BY ParcelID,
PropertyAddress,
SalePrice,
SaleDate,
LegalReference
ORDER BY UniqueID) as row_num
From NashvilleHousing
order by ParcelID
)
--DELETE
Select * From RowNumCTE
Where row_num > 1
Order by PropertyAddress

16