RESOURCES AND

DEVELOPMENT
 WHAT ARE
RESOURCES?
• A Resource is a source or supply from
which benefit is produced. Typically
resources are materials, money,
services, staff, or other assets that
produce benefit..
•Biotic -Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere
(living and organic material), such as forests and
animals, and the materials that can be obtained from them.

•Abiotic – Abiotic resources are those that come from

non-living, non-organic material.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
• Renewable resources are
ones that can be
replenished naturally.
•Some of these resources,
like sunlight, air, wind, etc.,
are continuously available
and their quantity is not
noticeably affected by
human consumption.
•A natural resource such
as coal, gas, or oil that,
once consumed, cannot
be replaced.
•Most energy resources
currently in use are
non-renewable.
•than nature can create them.
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES-Individual resources are
those resources which are owned by an individual and
can 't be accessed by someone else. E.g.. Land , property,
houses, cars etc.

COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES-Community

resources are a group of assistance programs that are
provided to the members of a community for free. E.g..
Public parks, village commons etc.
NATIONAL RESOURCES-
All the resources belong to the nation. The country
has legal powers to acquire even private property
for public good. Urban Development Authorities
get empowered by the government to acquire land.

INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES-
All the resources lying beyond 200 km of
Exclusive Economic Zone in the oceans are
called International Resources. No individual
country can use it without the permission of
International agencies.
Potential Resources- These are known to exist
and may be used in the future. For example,
petroleum may exist in many parts of India and
Kuwait that have sedimentary rocks, but until the
time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it
remains a potential resource.

Developed Resources-Developed
resources are those that have been surveyed,
their quantity and quality determined and are
being used in present times.
Stock Resources -– Stock resources are those
that have been surveyed but cannot be used by
organisms due to lack of technology. For example:
water is a compound of 2 inflammable gases:
hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich
source of energy.
Reserve Resources -– The part of an
actual resource which can be developed
profitably in the future is called a reserve
resource. The water in dams, forests etc. is a
reserve which can be used in future.
 With increasing population, the demand for resources is
increasing.

•There are marked differences in resource distribution and

associated economic inequality between regions or
countries, with developed countries using more natural
resources than developing countries.

•Typically resources cannot be consumed in their original

form, but rather through resource development they
must be processed into more usable commodities.
•SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is
development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs.

•Sustainable development
constantly seeks to achieve
social and economic progress
in ways that will not exhaust
the earth’s finite natural
resources.
Sustainable Development
► First International Earth Summit-1992 – Rio,
Brazil
► Signed – Declaration on Global Climatic
Change and Biological diversity.
► Achieving sustainable development in the 21st
century.
► AGENDA 21 – Declaration signed by world
leaders at UNCED ( United Nations
Conference on Environment and
Development)
► Issues discussed: environmental damage,
poverty, disease control, through mutual
cooperation and responsibilities.
PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDISCRIMINATE USE OF
RESOURCE BY MAN

a. Many resources got depleted. Ex: Forest

b. Resources got accumulated in the hands of few people. The

society is divided into rich and poor.

c. Global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental

degradation are other problems.
SOIL
 SOIL
⦿ The upper most layer of the earth’s crust which is
loose , broken and useful for plants is called soil.
 
⦿ Soil consists of mineral matter such as sand and clay
and Organic matter such as humus, bacteria and earth
worms.

⦿ Soil is formed mainly due to the process of

weathering. As a result of weathering a layer of loose
rock materials is formed on the land surface. If this
layer remains undisturbed for a long period of time,
chemical, physical and organic changes take place in
it. These changes lead to the formation of soil.
 
 FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE (OR) GOVERN
THE SOIL FORMATION PROCESS

1) Climate:
Climate decides the rate of weathering and the type of
vegetation.
2) Topography:
Topography of the land decides the accumulation of soil.
3) Nature of parent rock:
It decides compositions and texture of the soil.
4)Vegetation:
Vegetation decides the amount of humus available in
the soil.
 SOILS ARE OUR PRIME RESOURCES
i). Man depends on the soil directly or
indirectly for his food.
ii). Agriculture can be practised only if
soils are available.
iii). Man gets the materials needed for
shelter and clothing directly (or)
indirectly from the soil.
iv). Soils are essential for the growth of
forests.
 
ALLUVIAL SOILS
 ALLUVIAL SOILS
i). Alluvial soil is the most fertile
and wide spread soil found in India.
ii). It is formed due to the
deposition of fine silt called
alluvium by the rivers.
iii). It is found in the northern
plains, Gujarat plains and the
coastal plains.
iv). It consists of sand, silt and clay.
► In the piedmont plains – soil is coarse
► Ex: Duars, Chos and Terai.
► Classsification on the basis of age:
► Old alluvial (Bangar) – kanker nodules –
more fertile.
► New alluvial (Khadar)
BLACK SOILS
 Black Soil
1) Regur soil-ideal for growing cotton-Black Cotton Soil
(

(2)Climatic condition and parent rock material- Factors for formation of black

soil.

(3)Typical of Deccan Trap(Basalt)

(4)Made up of Lava flows.

(5) Plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra,Malwa, MP and Chattisgarh

(6) Made up of fine clay material.

(7) Capacity to hold moisture

(8) Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, pottasium and lime.

(9) Poor in phospohoric contents.

(10)Devleop deep cracks during hot weather.

RED SOILS
 RED SOILS
⦿ Red soils are formed due to the
weathering of crystalline igneous rocks
under low rainfall conditions.

⦿ It is red in colour because of the

presence of iron in it.

⦿ It is found in Tamilnadu, Karnataka,

Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh and
Jharkhand.
 
LATERITE SOILS
 LATERITE SOIL
⦿ The word laterite originated from the
Latin word later which means brick.
⦿ Laterite soil is formed due to intense
leaching caused by tropical rainfall.
⦿ Humus content is less because the
micro-organisms get destroyed due to
high temperature.
⦿  
ARID (DESERT) SOILS
 ARID SOILS

⦿ Arid soils are red or brown in colour.

They are sandy and saline.

⦿ Humus and moisture contents are very

less. They can be cultivated after
irrigation.

⦿ Kankar layer in the soil prevent the

water from seeping under ground.
 
FOREST SOILS
 FOREST SOILS
⦿ Forest soils are found in hilly and mountainous regions.
⦿ They are loamy and silty in valleys and coarse in the upper
slopes.
⦿ In Himalayas they suffer denudation and are acidic with low
humus content.
⦿ The soils found in the lower slopes of the valley are fertile.
SOIL EROSION

► Removal of top soil from one place to

another by natural agencies is called soil
erosion.
► It is caused by running water and wind.
► Deforestation, over grazing and
unscientific agricultural practices are
responsible for large scale soil erosion.
 GULLY EROSION

⦿ The rain water when moves down on an uneven land scoops

away the soil and form deep channels called gullies. This type
of erosion is called gully erosion.
⦿ A land which is broken into many small parts by the gullies is
called bad land. A bad land is unfit for cultivation and for other
economic activities.
GULLY EROSION
 SHEET EROSION

► Some times water flows as a sheet over

► The water takes away the top soil. This type of erosion is
called sheet erosion.
LAND RESOURCES
► India – 43%- plains
► Mountains – 30%
► Plateau – 27%
► LAND UTILISATION:
► 1.Forests
► 2. Land not available for cultivation
► 3.Other uncultivated land (Pastures, groves,
culturable)
► 4. Fallow lands
► 5.Net sown area
► National Forest Policy- 1952.
 SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES

i). Contour ploughing reduces the flow of water and prevent soil
erosion.
ii). In hilly areas terrace farming should be followed.
iii). Strip farming helps to reduces the force of winds.
iv). Shelter belts of plants around the fields reduce soil erosion.
v). Afforestation should be practised on a large scale and
deforestation should be stopped.
vi).Over grazing by animals should be avoided.