DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

SOLAR DESALINATION SYSTEM

Project Supervisor: Mr. Waqas Javid

Group Members:

Muhammad Abdullah UW-19-ME-BSc-002

Abdul Wahab UW-19-ME-BSc-008
Hamza Ahmed UW-19-ME-BSc-020
Muhammad Shahbaz UW-19-ME-BSc-072

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Wah Engineering College
University of Wah
Wah Cantt, Pakistan

Final Year Project Design Project Thesis Report

i
 Project ID

Number Of
Members 04

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR

Title DESALINATION SYSTEM

Supervisor
Name Mr. Waqas Javid

Group Members Name Reg. No. Email Address

uw-19-me-bsc-
Muhammad Abdullah (UW-19-ME-BSc-002) [email protected]
uw-19-me-bsc-
Abdul Wahab (UW-19-CE-BSc-008) [email protected]
uw-19-me-bsc-
Hamza Ahmed (UW-19-CE-BSc-020) [email protected]
uw-19-me-bsc-
Muhammad Shahbaz (UW-19-CE-BSc-072) [email protected]

___________________
Supervisor Signature

___________________
Chairperson CED
Signature

CHECKLIST
 Number of pages attached to this form
 I/We have enclosed the softcopy of this document along with the codes and scripts
Yes / No
created by ourselves.
 My/Our supervisor has attested to the attached document. Yes / No

 I/We confirm to state that this project is free from any type of plagiarism and misuse of Yes / No
copyrighted material.

ii
 UNDERTAKING
“It is declared that the work entitled, “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR
DESALINATION SYSTEM” presented in this report is an original piece of our own work,
except where otherwise acknowledged in text and references. This work has not been
submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution for
tertiary education and shall not be submitted by us in the future for obtaining any degree from
this or any other University or Institution.

Group Members Name Signatures

1. M. Abdullah

2. Abdul Wahab

3. Hamza Ahmed

4. M. Shahbaz

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 Thanks to Almighty Allah for a tremendous measure of vitality, power and the
miraculous pushes occurring in a sweetly coordinated manner, only a few to mention,
which drive our lives.
 We need to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Waqas Javid under whose direction the
project was led. Their directions were precious at each progression of this work. Their
outstanding output-oriented aptitude helped us to get expertise on the topic rapidly.
Their help at every single phase of our basic choice for a project at Wah engineering
college has been significant.
 We thankfully recognize the affection and financial support received from our
parents for BS studies.
 Last but not least; we would mention our family and friends whose prayers have
enabled us to complete this task.

Group Members Name Signatures

5. M. Abdullah

6. Abdul Wahab

7. Hamza Ahmed

8. M. Shahbaz

iv
ABSTRACT

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

UNDERTAKING...............................................................................................................III

DEDICATION....................................................................................................................IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................VI

ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................VIII

LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................XI

LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................XII

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................XIII

CHAPTER 1.........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Project Background....................................................................................................2

1.2 Problem Statement.....................................................................................................2

1.3 Aims & Objective........................................................................................................3

1.4 Limitation…………………………………………………………………………. 14
1.5 Methodology………………………………………………………………………. 14
1.6 Project Layout……………………………………………………………………... 15

CHAPTER 2……………………………………………………………………………. 16
2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….... 17
2.2 UHI………………………………………………………………………………. 17
2.3 Causes and effects of UHI………………………………………………………. 17
2.3.1 Causes of UHI…………………………………………………………………… 17
2.3.2 Effects of UHI…………………………………………………………………... 18
2.4 Population Census ……………………………………………………………… 18
2.5 Background……………………………………………………………………… 19

6
7
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Population data of different cities in Pakistan……………………….pg#18
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Temperature of different areas……………………………………………pg#17

Figure 3.1 Methodology Flow Chart.……………………………………………….....pg#21

 Chapter#1
OBJECTIVES
• Low cost of fabrication and operation
• Use carbon free energy (green energy) for working.
• Minimize the energy consumption of Desalination process
because it is energy-demanding process

Introduction:
Desalination is the process of purifying saltwater or brackish water by eliminating
dissolved salts and other impurities to create pure water that is appropriate for drinking,
farming, and other commercial uses. This process is becoming more and more
significant throughout the globe, particularly in regions with limited or contaminated
freshwater supplies.
Reverse osmosis, steam distillation, and electro-dialysis are a few techniques for
desalinating water. The most widely used technique is reverse osmosis, which involves
forcing saltwater through a semipermeable membrane to remove sodium and other
impurities from the water. While electro-dialysis uses a membrane to extract the ions
from the water, thermal distillation heats saltwater to create steam that is then
condensed into pure water.
Large-scale commercial water desalination devices are a possibility.
The most crucial interconnected resources for sustainable growth are now energy and
water. They consequently became the most significant study topics at this time. Water
can be used to harvest energy in a number of ways, including boiling, storage, cooling,
and hydropower, but energy is also required for water pumping, treatment, and
desalination. As a result, any change in the availability of energy and water resources
has a significant impact on the economic development of any community. To lessen the
harmful effects of global warming, it is essential to implement and allow the use of new,
renewable, and environmentally friendly energy resources in all water desalination and
water treatment.
History:
People have continuously attempted to purify salty water throughout history in order to
use it for cultivation and imbibing. On ships, seawater desalination has been practised
for millennia to create pure water through evaporation.

The first significant commercial desalination plant was presumably constructed in Egypt
in 1912 and had a six-stage Multiple Effects Evaporator that produced about 75 m3/d of
desalinated water.

In the late 1950s, the commercial creation of land-based seawater distillation units
began, originally relying on the technology created for naval distillation facilities and
industrial evaporators (such as sugar concentrators) that were constructed during World
War II.
Desalination:
 Desalination is the process of purifying saltwater, brackish water, and sewer
discharge of salts, other minerals, and pollutants.
 Getting fresh water for household and commercial use as well as human
consumption is becoming a more widespread option.
Process Of Desalinating Water:
In order to obtain fresh water, it involves passing the saline water through electronically
charged membranes that capture the salt ions dissolved in the water.
Electro-dialysis comes in a variety of forms, including standard and reverse.
The Most Popular Desalination Method:
 Multi Stage Flash
 Multiple Effect Distillation
 VC (Vapor Compression)

Classification:
MSF:
Incoming saltwater is heated to almost boiling temperature and pushed to a greater
pressure during the multi-stage flash distillation process. The pressure of the seawater
is reduced in steps to create seawater.

MED:
MED is a desalination technique where intensity and power are utilized to create
consumable water. There are a few chambers in this kind of framework. Hot steam
emerging from the thermal energy station is conveyed by the lines into the chamber and
the seawater is repulsed on the lines.
VC:
Fume pressure refining (VCD) delivers new water from saline water by creating heat
from fume pressure. It lessens the limit of saline water by pressure decrease like the
case with MSF and Drug. The procedure is utilized either in blend with Drug or alone.
Fume pressure desalination (VC) alludes to a refining interaction where the dissipation
of ocean or saline water is gotten by the use of intensity conveyed by compacted fume.

Sun powered Energy:

Sun powered energy is any kind of energy produced by the sun. Sun oriented energy is
made by atomic combination that happens in the sun. Combination happens when
protons of hydrogen molecules fiercely crash in the sun's center and wire to make a
helium particle.
Sun Powered Charger:
A board intended to ingest the sun's beams as a wellspring of energy for creating power
or warming.

Sun Oriented Dish:

A sun based dish, or illustrative dish, is a gadget that
utilizations mirrors to shine light coming
straightforwardly from the sun to a point, for
assortment and use for power age, warm or
thermochemical processes.

Chapter#2
Literature Review:
Concentrated sun oriented power advances happened to importance with the main
illustrative box sun based power plants after the oil emergency in the 1980's, the point
at which the risk of an energy lack was plausible. Today the battle of getting energy
supplies remains and as fossil energy assets steadily drain, sustainable power sources
address the elective pathway. The last report of the Global Energy Organization
summarizes the ongoing vigorous utilization inclusion by source, where 79.5% are given
by petroleum derivatives and 17.2% from renewables, as found in Figure 1. It expresses
that a critical effect on the worldwide environment can be the result, on the off chance
that the fossil energy utilization propensity continues to be kept up with. In this specific
circumstance, the limit of CO2 and ozone harming substance emanations because of
petroleum products implies, as a matter of fact, the best inspiration to look for naturally
reasonable frameworks.
Figure 1 Gauge renewables share complete of definite energy utilization, 2016

A cutting edge political motivation is the goal of the Paris Understanding in 2015, which
took until the environment culmination in Katowice (Poland) in December 2018, to try its
objectives. With it, 174 nations stand up to with the errand of keeping up with the
worldwide typical temperature increment at 2°C above pre-modern levels. To
accomplish this, moderation of ozone depleting substance emanations is the key
procedure, which motivating forces the radical decrease of flow and future discharges
brought about by transport, industry, power age and individual utilization of fossil
energy.
Sun powered nuclear power age along with biomass and geothermal intensity, compare
to just 4.1% of the worldwide inexhaustible sources share. Inside the sun based warm
branch, by and by, allegorical box power plants stay with the best portion of introduced
focusing sun oriented advances. Overall it covers 66% of the concentrated sun oriented
power (CSP) projects, trailed by sun based towers (24%), Fresnel authorities (9%) and
dish/Stirling gatherers (1%). All together are covering 5.8 GW of the world's all out
energy utilization premise and soon extra power plants will supply further 3.8 GW, as
displayed in Figure 2. In this figure nations giving CSP an extraordinary motivation in
the energy market like South Africa, Morocco, Joined Bedouin Emirates, India, Chile
and China are shown.
Methodology:
Problem Statement:
Clean freshwater is an essential ingredient for a healthy human life but 1.1 billion
people lack access to water and 2.7 billion experience water Shortage at least one
month a year. Pakistan is also in the list of water Shortage countries. According to
the Water Resources Institute (WRI) 2021 report, Pakistan ranks 14 among 17
highly water-risk countries. By 2025, two-thirds of the world's population may be
facing water shortages.

HARDWARE AND TECHNICAL DETAILS

4.1 Components of Tracker
On hardware implementation, multiple components are necessary, and it is thus
essential to have an in-depth knowledge of these components in order to meet the aim
effectively and cheaply.
Below is a list of the needed components:
 STM32F103C8T6 Microcontroller
 Solar Panel 150 Watts
 Light Dependent Resistor Module (LM393)
 DC Worm Gear Motor (CIROLLA 7007)
 Linear Actuator (Zhongshan JUFU 2004028)
 L298N Motor Driver Module
 H-Bridge Motor Driver Module 43A (BTN7960B )
  DC-DC Buck Boost Converter Module (XL6009)
 Current Sensor (ACS 712)
 Voltage Sensor
 16*2 LCD Display
 Spur Gears

4.3 Description of Components

The activity requires an in-depth familiarity with many components, and to utilize them
as effectively as possible, it is crucial to get this familiarity. The description below
contains a list of all the components necessary for implementing the hardware model of
a fixed-axis solar energy tracking system as well as a dual-axis solar energy tracking
system.
4.3.1 STM32F103C8T6 Microcontroller
The STM32 development board, called Blue Pill, is an ARM CortexM3 microcontroller
platform. It is similar to an Arduino mini, but far better. These boards are much less
expensive than genuine Arduino boards.
STMicroelectronics created the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller on top. The RTC is
driven by two oscillators, one at 8MHz and the other at 32KHz, on this board (real time
clock). As a result, the microcontroller may be able to sleep, making it a more feasible
option for battery-powered applications.
Figure 4.5 STM32 Board Pin Out [13]

4.3.2 Solar Panel 150 Watt

The solar panels are only like a simple plate, which creates energy when exposed to
sunlight. This is why they are called "solar panels." solar panels are built consisting of
solar cells of various voltage and current capacities in order to reach required output
voltage and current.
The research is focused on the study of the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
4.3.2.1 How Solar Panel Works?
Solar cells are constructed from two layers of semiconductor material typically silicon
composing the top and bottom layers. Electrical conductivity is impeded because
semiconductors are not excellent conductors of electricity. Thus, in order to improve
conductivity, more materials are added to the semiconductor's layers. In the higher
layer, electrons are scarce, thus the material must be doped with an electron- deficient
compound. Meanwhile, in the bottom layer, an impurity from the material that is rich in
electrons is introduced. As you can see, that is why these layers are known as a (p-type)
layer, a (n-type) layer, and often as a p-n junction. [14]
Due to the fact that sunlight includes little packets of energy called photons, when they
fall on an exposed n-layer, they cause the loosely linked electrons to move by imparting
energy on them. As a result, these electrons begin to move from one layer to the next,
i.e., from n-layer to p-layer, resulting in the flow of electrons known as electricity, as
seen in Figure 4.3. [14]
4.3.3 LM393 LDR Module:
To move the panel in a specific direction, light dependent resistors (LDRs) in LM393
module are used. These sensors resistance decreases as the intensity of light striking
them increases and increases as the intensity of light striking them decreases. The dual
axis energy tracking system moves in the desired direction using this principle.
Figure 49 Schematic Diagram of LDR Module [15]
4.3.4 DC Worm Gear Motor
A de gear motor is an electrical motor of a particular kind. In all electrical motors, the
rotor revolves around a shaft driven by the effect of an electrical current on a magnet.
The rotor's energy is subsequently used to power linked devices. Energy is utilized to
spin the gears in an integrated gear train, as is the case with a gear motor. The most
frequent form of gear motor is alternating current, although direct current is often used
as well. [16]
In addition, these objects and micromotors exhibit a wide range of important properties,
including form factor, horsepower, torque, linearity, and other engineering features.
[16]

4.3.5 Linear Actuator

A linear actuator is an electronic device that transforms rotational motion to linear
motion, sometimes known as push/pull motion. It is appropriately titled actuator since
it actuates, i.e., moves linearly. It offers a simple and safe method of achieving precise
smooth motion this is why it is frequently employed for motions like as push, pull, tilt,
and lift, among others, by up pushing a weight to a predetermined amount. Figure 4.8
depicts the linear actuator utilized in this project.
4.3.5.1 Motion of Linear Actuator
The necessary motion may be accomplished in a variety of ways using a motor, but the
most often used method is rod extension and retracing or moving the rod up and down
on its track. The screw or lead screw produces the straight-line motion by rotating the
rod either clockwise or counterclockwise, which causes the shaft to move. The actuation
is often powered by a basic direct current (DC) motor running at 12V. To propel the
motor in the other direction, its polarity is automatically reversed. [17]
The specifications of linear actuator are as follows:
Sr
Properties
1
Rated Voltage
2
Rated Load Rate
3
Working Stroke
4
Rated Current
Specifications
10V
10mm/s
100mm
1A
Table 6: Specifications of Linear Actuator
4.3.6 L298N Motor Driver Module
The L298N module is a twin H-bridge motor driver. It is a monolithic integrated circuit
with current and voltage control architecture. It employs transistor-transistor logic
(TTL) to operate various inductive loads, such as relays and direct current motors. This
module has
Table 7:Specifications of L298N Module
4.3.7 H-Bridge Motor Driver Module
This H-Bridge module is constructed using two Half Bridge Driver chips. The module is
intended for use with direct current motors and solenoids. The high current driver is
relatively simple to interface with microcontrollers. This driver module enables you to
control a single direct current (DC) motor with a maximum current of 43A. Up to 25kHz
is the maximum operational frequency. [19]
Table 8: Specifications of H-Bridge Motor Driver Module
45
4.3.8 DC-DC Buck Boost Converter Module
This DC-DC buck boost converter can drive 4A loads and provides excellent load and
current management. The main switching components of the XL6009 integrated circuit
are provided at fixed output voltages as well as a variable output voltage option. It's a
high efficiency switching regulator that has a substantially higher output efficiency than
typical boost regulators. The regulator operates at a switching frequency of 400kHz at
higher input voltages, allowing for a smaller overall board footprint.
4.3.9 Current Sensor
The current is calculated using the implicit Sensing approach by the ACS712 Current
Sensor.
To measure current, this IC uses a liner, low-offset Hall sensor circuit. A copper
conduction path connects this sensor to the IC's surface. A magnetic field is formed as
current flows through this copper conductor, which the Hall effect sensor senses. [21]
Figure 4.18 Drive Gear
4.4 Dual Axis Tracking Angle Calculations
As the term dual axis implies, the dual axis tracking panel accounts for two forms of sun
movement: cast-west movement to account for daily sun rotation, and north-south
movement to account for seasonal variations caused by the sun's movement. In a
summary, the panel must include both angle between the zenith and the height. To
compensate for these variations and ensure maximum harnessing, the panel must after a
specific time period, move up to a set degree, e.g., advances 15° each hour.
4.4.3 Factor for Time Correction
The time correction factor is a minute-based metric. This parameter, which is computed
using the following equation, is used to adjust for changes in local solar time across
places inside the same time frame. [22]
TC= 4(Longitude - LSTM) + EOT
4.4.3.1 Geographical Location of Wah Cantt
Wah Cantt is a tiny city in Pakistan's north-eastern region. The GPS coordinates for
Wah Cantt are 33.77050° North and 72.7499° East degrees meter second (DMS). In a
nutshell, it is located in latitude 33.77050 and longitude 72.7499.
4.4.4 Local Solar Time
34 In the solar system, this is noontime, when the sun is at its highest position in the sky
in the region. Because of the Earth's eccentric orbit, local time (LT) differs from
longitude standard time (LST). [23]
TC LST = LT +60
LT = Local Time, TC = Time Correction Factor
39
4.4.5 Hour Angle
The hour angle is a mathematical formula for converting LST to angle. HRA is the angle
in the sky formed by the sun and the Earth. The Earth revolves at a rate of 15 degrees
every
4.4.8 Zenith Angle
The zenith angle forms the angle from the location of the sun to the surface of the earth.
[22] .
The following equation may be used to determine the zenith angle
<=90° - a
4.4.8.1 Sunrise and Sunset Angle
The following equation may be used to determine the sunrise and sunset angle.[22]
Sunrise = 12-cos¯¹(-tan tan ☎) 15 TC 60
Sunset = 12 + cos(—tan & tan ☎) TC 60 -

4.4.9 Azimuth Angle

To estimate the location of the sun at a certain location on a certain day and time, it is
necessary to know the sun's angle of elevation or inclination with regard to the plane, as
well as the angle of azimuth. Azimuth is the path of the area between the north-south
position of the sun and the horizontal path of the sun's rays. [23]
sinô coso –cosô sino cos HRA
COS a
4.5 Fixed Axis Angle Calculations
It is possible to use panels to generate more energy if the panels are positioned at a
precise angle that will maximize the amount of sunlight that the panels catch. On the
other hand, other sources say to change tilt by setting the angle to the latitude + 15°
when the sun is distant from the earth in the winter and setting it to the latitude minus
15° when the sun is closer to the Earth in the summer. [25]
= Latitude of Wah Cantt
For Winters:
= ((0.9)+29)
0 = ((33.77 0.9)+29) |= *
0 = 59.393°
For Summers:
= ((0.9) - 23.5)
= ((33.77 0.9) - 23.5)
8 = 6.893°
 Chapter # 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Overview
The project aims to do comparative analysis of dual-axis systems and fixed-axis systems,
and in order to do this, both systems must be constructed both practically and
theoretically. The project's strategy is to start with a fixed-axis system, then go on to a
dual-axis system, and finally to do a comparison.
The functional diagram of dual axis solar tracker can be seen below:
Figure 5.1 Functional Diagram
It is a highly integrated circuit with very small dimensions that is specifically intended to
execute just one job in an embedded system. The term "microcontroller" refers to
something that is little and that has the ability to control anything or anything. The
microcontroller controls devices and gadgets according to the provided instructions,
which causes it to be referred to as "microcontroller." A computer processor, memory,
and other IC components
are all crammed into the same case as a personal computer, which is used to connect
any other device or machine. it does not have any peripheral devices like a keyboard or
mouse, which can be used to connect people to the machine, since it is being utilized for
machine control.
Sensors are out in the open where they are linked to the corresponding solar panel
either as a standalone system or in combination with another one. They detect a
quantity of voltage and current. Data that has been gathered is delivered to the
microcontroller for processing, and that data is called "data logging." To face the sun,
the dual axis system sensors determine the values of the motors on both axes, and then
the controller moves them to face the sun. It keeps track of both fixed and dual axis
energy tracking systems so you may review their differences at any time. This data may
be used for weather prediction and forecasting of any type. An LCD is connected to the
controller, as well. Real-time data acquired from the sensors is handled by the
controller, after which it is presented on an LCD and interpreted by the user.
The first stage is to build a frame made of any material for a fixed axis panel that will
hold the solar panel at a certain angle, as well as a frame for a dual axis solar energy
tracker panel that will move in both azimuth and altitude directions.
The output of two kinds of sensors is continually processed by the microcontroller, and
these sensors are the VI Sensor and the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). In addition to
being utilized with the fixed axis solar energy system, VI sensors are utilized in
conjunction with the dual axis tracking system to measure both system power.
For a two-axis energy tracking system, a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is also used
with the VI sensor. The panel's rotation is modified in response to the output of the LDR
connected to the controller. A linear actuator is used to control the lift angle, and a
Worm gear de motor is used to change the azimuth angle.
5.3 Proteus Circuit
In this proteus circuit we have a STM32 microcontroller along with four LDRs and a
motor driver IC connected with an LCD to display the values of LDRs and the values
from voltage and current sensor.