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American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

EEE 3103: Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution
Course Teacher: Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf
Lecture 3

Flux linkage of one conductor in a group:

Group of n conductors.
I1+ I2 + I3+…. + In-2 +In-1 + In = 0; [phasor sum]
Distances of these conductors from point P are
D1P, D2P, D3P, D4P..., DnP.
We have to determine Ψ1P, flux linkage with conductor 1
due to all the conductors in the group, but excluding flux beyond point P. D2P P
Ψ1P = Ψ1P1 + Ψ1P2 + Ψ1P3 + Ψ1P4 + …, Ψ1Pn.
D3P
Ψ1P1 = Flux linkage of conductor 1 due to I1.
Ψ1P2 = Flux linkage of conductor 1 due to I2. 2 D1P
 I1 D  D 1P D12 3 DnP
Ψ1P1 =   2I 1 ln 1P  *10-7 =2*10-7I1 ln
2 r1  r1
D 2P D1n
-7 1 n
Ψ1P2 = 2*10 I2 ln D
12
D1P D 2P D 3P D nP
Ψ1P = 2*10-7I1 ln r  + 2*10-7I2 ln D + 2*10-7I3 ln D +…..+2*10-7In ln D
1 12 13 1n

D 1P D 2P D 3P D nP
-7
= 2*10 (I1 ln r  + I2 ln D + I3 ln D +…..+In ln D )
1 12 13 1n

1 1 1 1
-7
= 2*10 (I1ln r  + I2ln D + I3ln D +…..+Inln D + I1ln D1P +
1 12 13 1n

I2ln D2P + I3 ln D3P +… + In-1ln D (n-1) P +In ln DnP)

Put In = - (I1+ I2 + I3+…. + In-1) in previous expression

1 1 1 1
-7
Ψ1P = 2*10 (I1ln r  + I2ln D + I3ln D +…..+Inln D + I1ln D1P + I2ln D2P
1 12 13 1n
+I3ln D3P …+ In-1ln D (n-1) P -I1ln DnP - I2ln DnP – I3ln DnP -….. –In-1ln DnP)
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1 1 1 1 D1P D 2P
-7
= 2*10 (I1ln r  + I2ln D + I3ln D +...+Inln D + I1ln D + I2ln D
1 12 13 1n nP nP

D 3P D (n-1)P
+ I3ln D ...+In-1ln D )
nP nP
Assumption: P is infinite distance away from conductor group.
So, D1P ≈ D2P ≈ D3P ≈ D4P..., DnP.
1 1 1 1
Ψ1 = 2*10-7 (I1ln  + I2ln D + I3 ln D +…. +In ln D ).
r1 12 13 1n

Inductance of composite conductor lines:

Composite Conductor: Conductors composed of two or more strands electrically in parallel. All
the strands are identical and share the current equally.

Figure: Single phase line consisting of two composite conductors. Conductor X is composed of n
identical strands, each of which carries the current I/n. Conductor Y, which is the return path for
conductor X, is composed of m identical strands, each of which carries the current I/m.
Let us find the flux linkages of strand a.
1 I 1 1 1 1
Ψa = 2*10 -7
( I ln + ln I
+ ln I
+…+ ln -7 I
) +2*10 (- ln
n r a n D ab n D ac n D an m D aa'
1 1 1
-I ln I
- ln D ac' …- lnI
m D ab' m m D am ) (- for return path) (according to last
derivation for conductor in a group)
-7 I
1 1 1 1 -7 I
1 1
Ψa= 2*10 (ln r a +ln D ab +ln D ac +…+ln D an )-2*10 (ln D aa' +ln D ab'
n m
1 1
+ ln
D ac' +…+ln D am )
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1 1
 1 n  1  m
ln 
-7
Ψa= 2*10 I  r  D D ...D  - 2*10-7 I ln 
 a ab ac an   D aa' D ab' D ac' ...D am 
1 1
-7
Ψa= 2*10 I ln n -7 ln
- 2*10 I m
ra D ab D ac ...D an D aa' D ab' D ac' ...D am
1
+2*10-7 I ln Daa' Dab' Dac' ...Dam
m
Ψa= 2*10-7 I ln n 
ra Dab Dac ...Dan
m D aa' D ab' D ac' ...D am
Ψa= 2*10 I ln-7
;
n ra D ab D ac ...D an
m D D D ...D
ψa ψan aa' ab' ac' am
La   = 2n*10 ln n 
-7
H/m
I/n I ra D ab D ac ...Dan
Similarly inductance of strand b is
mD D
ψb -7 ba' bb' D bc' ...D bm
Lb  = 2n*10 ln n H/m
I/n D ba rb Dbc ...Dbn
La  Lb  Lc  ...  Ln
Average inductance of the strands of conductor X is Lav =
n
Lav La  Lb  Lc  ...  Ln
LX = =
n n2
mn
(Daa' Dab'...Dam)(Dba' Dbb'...Dbm)...(Dna' Dnb'...Dnm)
= 2*10 ln -7
n2
(DaaDab...Dan)(DbaDbb...Dbn)...(DnaDnb...Dnn)
Here ra  D aa , rb  D bb and rn  D nn .
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Dm= GMD= Geometric Mean Distances = the mnth root of the product of mn distances is
called the Geometric Mean Distance between conductor X and conductor Y.
DS = GMR= Self GMD = Geometric Mean Radius = the n2 root of the product of n2
distances is called the Geometric Mean Radius of conductor X and the m2 root of the
product of m2 distances is called the Geometric Mean Radius of conductor Y.
Dm
LX = 2*10-7 ln
D S H/m; Inductance of the line is L= LX + LY.

Problem 2: One conductor of a single phase line is composed of 3 solid 0.25-cm-radius

wires. The return path is composed of two 0.5-cm-radius wires. The arrangement is shown
below. Find the inductance due to the current in each side of the line and the inductance of
the complete line in henrys per meter (and in millihenrys per mile).
Solution:
9m
Dm= GMD between side X and Y: a d
Dm =
6 D D D D D D ; (m=3, n=2) 6m
ad ae bd be cd ce

Dad = Dbe = 9m; Dae = Dbd = Dce = 6 2  9 2 = 10.82m

b
Dcd = 12 2  9 2 =15m e
Dm = 6 9 * 10.82 * 10.82 * 9 * 15 * 10.82 = 10.745m 6m
r =0.25 cm

GMR of side X: c r =0.5 cm

Side X Side Y
DS = 9 D aa D ab D ac D ba D bb D bc D ca D cb D cc
Daa= Dbb = Dcc = r*.778 = 0.25*10-2 *0.778 m = 1.945*10-3m; (e^-1/4=0.7788)
DS = 9 (1.94 * 10 * 6 * 12 * 6 * 1.94 * 10 * 6 * 12 * 6 * 1.94 * 10 )
-3 -3 -3

= 0.48039m
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GMR of side Y:
DS = 4 D dd D de Dee Ded
Ddd = Dee = r*.778 = 0.5*10-2 *0.778 m = 3.89*10-3 m
DS = 4 3.89 *10-3 * 6 * 3.89 *103 * 6 = 0.153m

-7 D -7
10.745
LX= 2*10 ln m = 2*10 ln =6.215*10-7 H/m
DS 0.48039
10.745
LY= 2*10 -7
ln Dm
= 2*10 ln -7
=8.504*10-7 H/m
DS 0.153
L= LX + LY = 14.718*10-7 H/m
= 2.368 mH /mi.

Inductance of three Phase line with equilateral spacing:

b
Assume balanced three phase phasor currents, Ia + Ib + Ic =0
First determine the flux linkages of conductor a:
1 1 1 D D
Ψa = 2*10-7 (Ialn +Ib ln + Ic ln )
DS D D
Since, Ia =-(Ib + Ic) D
a c
Figure: Cross section view of the equilaterally spaced conductors of a three-
phase line
1 1
Ψa = 2*10-7 [Ia ln + (Ib +Ic) ln ]
DS D
1 1 D
Ψa = 2*10-7 (Ia ln -Ialn ) = 2*10-7 Ia ln
DS D DS
D
-7
La = Ψa /Ia =2*10 ln D H/m.
S
Total inductance= 3 La H/m.
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Inductance of three Phase line with unsymmetrical spacing:

Pos. 1 Cond. c Pos. 1 Cond. b
Pos. 1 Cond. a

D12 D12
D12
D31 Pos. 2 D31 Cond. c
D31 Pos. 2 Cond. a Pos. 2
Cond. b
D23 D23
D23 Pos. 3
Pos. 3 Pos. 3
Cond. b Cond. a
Cond. c

Cond. a Cond. c Cond. b

Pos. 1
Cond. b Cond. a Cond. c
Pos. 2
Cond. c Cond. b Cond. a
Pos. 3

Figure: Transposition cycle.

Transposition results in each conductor having the same average inductance over the
whole cycle.
Flux linkages of conductor a when a is in position 1, b is in position 2 and C is in
1 1 1
position 3 :Ψa1 = 2*10-7 ( Ia ln+ Ib ln + Ic ln
DS D 12 D 31 )
Flux linkages of conductor a when a is in position 2, b is in position 3 and C is in position1:
1 1 1
-7
Ψa2 = 2*10 ( Ia ln + Ib ln
DS D 23 + Ic ln D 12 )
Flux linkages of conductor a when a is in position 3, b is in position 1 and C is in position2:

1 1 1
-7
Ψa3 = 2*10 ( Ia ln + Ib ln + Ic ln
DS D 31 D 23 )
The average value of the flux linkages of a is
ψ a1  ψ a2  ψ a3 2 * 10 -7 1 1 1
Ψa = = (3I a ln  I b ln  I c ln )
3 3 DS D12 D 23 D 31 D12 D 23 D 31
Since Ia + Ib + IC = 0;
(Ib + IC) = - Ia
2 * 10 - 7 1 1
Ψa = (3I a ln  I a ln )
3 DS D12 D 23 D 31
-7
2 * 10 1-7
1 2 * 10 D12 D 23 D 31
=Ia (ln 3  ln ) = Ia ln 3
3 DS D 12 D 23 D 31 3 DS
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-7
3 D12 D 23 D 31
=Ia 2 * 10 ln
DS
And the average inductance per phase is
ψa -7
D eq
La = I = 2 * 10 ln H/m
a DS

Where Deq = 3 D12D 23 D 31

And DS = r * 0.778.