R01 Feb 2022

Private Pilot Licence

Syllabus details and Associated Learning Objectives

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Contents
010 AIR LAW ................................................................................................................................................ 3
020 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ......................................................................................................... 5
030 FLIGHT PERFORMANCE & PLANNING .................................................................................................. 11
040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE ...................................................................................................................... 14
050 METEOROLOGY ................................................................................................................................... 17
060 NAVIGATION ....................................................................................................................................... 21
070 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................... 24
081 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT - AEROPLANE ................................................................................................... 26
082 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT - HELICOPTER ................................................................................................... 31
090 COMMUNICATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 39

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010 AIR LAW

Aeroplane Helicopter
Syllabus Bridge Bridge
Reference Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL Course PPL Course
010.00.00.00 AIR LAW AND ATC PROCEDURES
010.01.00.00 International law: conventions, agreements and
organisations
010.01.01.00 The Convention on international civil aviation
(Chicago) Doc. 7300/6
010.01.01.01 Part I Air Navigation: relevant parts of the
followingchapters:
(a) general principles and application of the convention; x x
(b) flight over territory of Contracting States; x x
(c) nationality of aircraft; x x
(d) measures to facilitate air navigation; x x
(e) conditions to be fulfilled on aircraft; x x
(f) international standards and recommended practices; x x
(g) validity of endorsed certificates and licences; x x
(h) notification of differences. x x
010.01.01.02 Part II The International Civil Aviation x x
Organisation (ICAO): objectives and composition
010.02.00.00 Annex 8: Airworthiness of aircraft
010.02.01.01 Foreword and definitions x x
010.02.01.02 Certificate of airworthiness
010.03.00.00 Annex 7: Aircraft nationality and registration marks
010.03.01.01 Foreword and definitions x x
010.03.01.02 Common- and registration marks x x
010.03.01.03 Certificate of registration and aircraft nationality x x
010.04.00.00 Annex 1: Personnel licensing
010.04.01.01 Definitions x x
010.04.01.02 Relevant parts of Annex 1 connected to RCAB 89 x x

010.05.00.00 Annex 2: Rules of the air – RCAB 94

010.05.01.01 x x
Essential definitions, applicability of the rules of the air,
general rules (except water operations), visual flight
rules, signals and interception of civil aircraft
010.06.00.00 Procedures for air navigation: aircraft operations doc.
8168-ops/611, volume 1
010.06.01.01 Altimeter setting procedures (including IACO doc. 7031 x x
–regional supplementary procedures)
010.06.01.02 Basic requirements (except tables), procedures applicable x x
to operators and pilots (except tables)
010.07.00.00 Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating
procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7031 – regional
supplementary procedures)
010.07.01.01 Operation of transponders x x
010.07.01.02 Phraseology x x
010.08.00.00 Annex 11: Doc. 4444 air traffic management

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010.08.01.01 Definitions x x
010.08.01.02 General provisions for air traffic services x x
010.08.01.03 Visual separation in the vicinity of aerodromes x x
010.08.01.04 Procedures for aerodrome control services x x
010.08.01.05 Radar services x x
010.08.01.06 Flight information service and alerting service x x
010.08.01.07 Phraseologies x x
010.08.01.08 Procedures related to emergencies, x x
communicationfailure and contingencies
010.09.00.00 Annex 15: Aeronautical information service
010.09.01.01 Introduction, essential definitions x x
010.09.01.02 AIP, NOTAM, AIRAC and AIC x x
010.10.00.00 Annex 14, volume 1 and 2: Aerodromes
010.10.01.01 Definitions x x
010.10.01.02 Aerodrome data: conditions of the movement area and x x
related facilities
010.10.01.03 Visual aids for navigation: x x
(a) indicators and signalling devices; x x
(b) markings; x x
(c) lights; x x
(d) signs; x x
(e) markers. x x
010.10.01.04 Visual aids for denoting obstacles: x x
(a) marking of objects; x x
(b) lighting of objects. x x
010.10.01.05 Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas x x
010.10.01.06 Emergency and other services:
(a) rescue and fire fighting; x x
(b) apron management service. x x
010.11.00.00 Annex 12: Search and rescue
010.11.01.01 Essential definitions x x
010.11.01.02 Operating procedures: x x
(a) procedures for PIC at the scene of an accident; x x
(b) procedures for PIC intercepting a distress x x
transmission;
(c) search and rescue signals. x x
010.11.01.03 Search and rescue signals:
(a) signals with surface craft; x x
(b) ground or air visual signal code; x x
(c) air or ground signals. x x
010.12.00.00 Annex 17: Security
010.12.01.01 General: aims and objectives x x
010.13.00.00 Annex 13: Aircraft accident investigation – The CAAT
Requirement number 22
010.13.01.01 Essential definitions x x
010.13.01.02 Applicability x x
010.14.00.00 National law
010.14.01.01 National law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes x x
and relevant Thai regulations
010.14.01.02 ICAO Annexes and relevant Thai regulations. x x

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020 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Aeroplane Helicopter
Syllabus Bridge Bridge
Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL PPL
Reference Course Course
020.00.00.00 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
021.00.00.00 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS,
POWERPLANT AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
021.01.00.00 System design, loads, stresses, maintenance
021.01.01.00 Loads and combination loadings applied to an
aircraft’sstructure x x x x
021.02.00.00 Airframe
021.02.01.00 Wings, tail surfaces and control surfaces
021.02.01.01 Design and constructions x x
021.02.01.02 Structural components and materials x x
021.02.01.03 Stresses x x
021.02.01.04 Structural limitations x x
021.02.02.00 Fuselage, doors, floor, wind-screen and windows
021.02.02.01 Design and constructions x x x x
021.02.02.02 Structural components and materials x x x x
021.02.02.03 Stresses x x x x
021.02.02.04 Structural limitations x x x x
021.02.03.00 Flight and control surfaces
021.02.03.01 Design and constructions x x
021.02.03.02 Structural components and materials x x
021.02.03.03 Stresses and aero elastic vibrations x x
021.02.03.04 Structural limitations x x
Hydraulics
021.03.00.00 Hydromechanics: basic principles x x x x
021.03.01.00 Hydraulic systems x x x x
021.03.01.01 Hydraulic fluids: types and characteristics, limitations x x x x
021.03.01.02 System components: design, operation, degraded modes
x x x x
ofoperation, indications and warnings
021.04.00.00 Landing gear, wheels, tyres and brakes
021.04.01.00 Landing gear
021.04.01.01 Types and materials x x x x
021.04.02.00 Nose wheel steering: design and operation x x
021.04.03.00 Brakes
021.04.03.01 Types and materials x x x x
021.04.03.02 System components: design, operation, indications
andwarnings x x x x
021.04.04.00 Wheels and tyres
021.04.04.01 Types and operational limitations x x x x
021.05.00.00 Helicopter equipment x x
021.06.00.00 Flight controls
021.06.01.01 Mechanical or powered x x x x
021.06.01.02 Control systems and mechanical x x x x
021.06.01.03 System components: design, operation, indications
x x x x
andwarnings, degraded modes of operation and
jamming

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021.06.02.00 Secondary flight controls

021.06.02.01 System components: design, operation, degraded modes
x x
ofoperation, indications and warnings
021.06.03.00 Anti-icing systems
021.06.03.01 Types and operation (pitot and windshield) x x x x
021.07.00.00 Fuel system
021.07.01.00 Piston engine
021.07.01.01 System components: design, operation, degraded modes
x x x x
ofoperation, indications and warnings
021.07.02.00 Turbine engine
021.07.02.01 System components: design, operation, degraded modes
x x
ofoperation, indications and warnings
021.08.00.00 Electrics
021.08.01.00 Electrics: general and definitions
021.08.01.01 Direct current: voltage, current, resistance,
x x x x
conductivity,Ohm’s law, power and work
021.08.01.02 Alternating current: voltage, current, amplitude,
x x x x
phase,frequency and resistance
021.08.01.03 Circuits: series and parallel x x x x
021.08.01.04 Magnetic field: effects in an electrical circuit x x x x
021.08.02.00 Batteries
021.08.02.01 Types, characteristics and limitations x x x x
021.08.02.02 Battery chargers, characteristics and limitations x x x x
021.08.03.00 Static electricity: general
021.08.03.01 Basic principles x x x x
021.08.03.02 Static dischargers x x x x
021.08.03.03 Protection against interference x x x x
021.08.03.04 Lightning effects x x x x
021.08.04.00 Generation: production, distribution and use
021.08.04.01 DC generation: types, design, operation, degraded modes
x x x x
of operation, indications and warnings
021.08.04.02 AC generation: types, design, operation, degraded modes
x x x x
of operation, indications and warnings
021.08.05.00 Electric components
021.08.05.01 Basic elements: basic principles of switches, circuit-
x x x x
breakers and relays
021.08.06.00 Distribution
021.08.06.01 General: x x x x
(a) bus bar, common earth and priority; x x x x
(b) AC and DC comparison. x x x x
021.09.00.00 Piston engines
021.09.01.00 General
021.09.01.01 Types of internal combustion engine: basic principles and
definitions x x x x
021.09.01.02 Engine: design, operation, components and materials x x x x
021.09.02.00 Fuel
021.09.02.01 Types, grades, characteristics and limitations x x x x
021.09.02.02 Alternate fuel: characteristics and limitations x x x x
021.09.03.00 Carburettor or injection system
021.09.03.01 Carburettor: design, operation, degraded modes
x x x x
of operation, indications and warnings

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021.09.03.02 Injection: design, operation, degraded modes of

x x x x
operation,indications and warnings
021.09.03.03 Icing x x x x
021.09.04.00 Air cooling systems
021.09.04.01 Design, operation, degraded modes of
x x x x
operation,indications and warnings
021.09.05.00 Lubrication systems
021.09.05.01 Lubricants: types, characteristics and limitations x x x x
021.09.05.02 Design, operation, degraded modes of
x x x x
operation,indications and warnings
021.09.06.00 Ignition circuits
021.09.06.01 Design, operation, degraded modes of operation x x x x
021.09.07.00 Mixture
021.09.07.01 Definition, characteristic mixtures, control
x x x x
instruments,associated control levers and indications
021.09.08.00 Propellers
021.09.08.01 Definitions and general: x x
(a) aerodynamic parameters; x x
(b) types; x x
(c) operating modes. x x
021.09.08.02 Constant speed propeller: design, operation and
systemcomponents x x
021.09.08.03 Propeller handling: associated control levers,
x x
degradedmodes of operation, indications and
warnings
021.09.09.00 Performance and engine handling
021.09.09.01 Performance: influence of engine parameters, influence of x x x x
atmospheric conditions, limitations and power
augmentation systems
021.09.09.02 Engine handling: power and mixture settings during
x x x x
variousflight phases and operational limitations
021.10.00.00 Turbine engines
021.10.01.00 Definitions x x
021.10.01.01 Coupled turbine engine: design, operation, components
andmaterials x x
021.10.01.02 Free turbine engine: design, operation, components and
materials x x
021.10.02.00 Fuel
021.10.02.01 Types, characteristics and limitations x x
021.10.03.00 Main engine components
021.10.03.01 Compressor: x x
(a) types, design, operation, components and
materials; x x
(b) stresses and limitations; x x
(c) stall, surge and means of prevention. x x
021.10.03.02 Combustion chamber: x x
(a) types, design, operation, components and
materials; x x
(b) stresses and limitations; x x
(c) emission problems. x x
021.10.03.03 Turbine: x x

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(a) types, design, operation, components

andmaterials; x x
(b) stresses, creep and limitations. x x
021.10.03.04 Exhaust: x x
(a) design, operation and materials; x x
(b) noise reduction. x x
021.10.03.05 Fuel control units: types, operation and sensors x x
021.10.03.06 Helicopter air intake: different types, design,
x x
operation,materials and optional equipments
021.10.04.00 Additional components and systems
021.10.04.01 Helicopter additional components and systems: x x
lubricationsystem, ignition circuit, starter, accessory
gearbox, free wheel units: design, operation and
components
021.10.05.00 Performance aspects
021.10.05.01 Torque, performance aspects, engine handling and
limitations: x x
(a) engine ratings; x x
(b) engine performance and limitations; x x
(c) engine handling. x x
021.11.00.00 Protection and detection systems
021.11.01.00 Fire detection systems
021.11.01.01 Operation and indications x x
Helicopter: Miscellaneous systems
021.12.00.00 Rotor design x x
021.13.00.00 Rotor heads
021.13.01.00 Main rotor
021.13.01.01 Types x x
021.13.01.02 Structural components and materials, stresses and
structural limitations x x
021.13.01.03 Design and construction x x
021.13.01.04 Adjustment x x
021.13.02.00 Tail rotor
021.13.02.01 Types x x
021.13.02.02 Structural components and materials, stresses and
structural limitations x x
021.13.02.03 Design and construction x x
021.13.02.04 Adjustment x x
021.14.00.00 Transmission
021.14.01.00 Main gear box
021.14.01.01 Different types, design, operation and limitations x x
021.14.02.00 Rotor brake
021.14.02.01 Different types, design, operation and limitations x x
021.15.00.00 Auxiliary systems x x
021.16.00.00 Drive shaft and associated installation x x
021.16.01.00 Intermediate and tail gear box
021.16.01.01 Different types, design, operation and limitations x x
021.17.00.00 Blades
021.17.01.00 Main rotor blade
021.17.01.01 Design and construction x x
021.17.01.02 Structural components and materials x x

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021.17.01.03 Stresses x x
021.17.01.04 Structural limitations x x
021.17.01.05 Adjustment x x
021.17.01.06 Tip shape x x
021.17.02.00 Tail rotor blade
021.17.02.01 Design and construction x x
021.17.02.02 Structural components and materials x x
021.17.02.03 Stresses x x
021.17.02.04 Structural limitations x x
021.17.02.05 Adjustment x x
022.00.00.00 INSTRUMENTATION
022.01.00.00 Instrument and indication systems
022.01.01.00 Pressure gauge
Different types, design, operation, characteristics and
022.01.01.01 accuracy x x x x
022.01.02.00 Temperature sensing
Different types, design, operation, characteristics
022.01.02.01 andaccuracy x x x x
022.01.03.00 Fuel gauge
Different types, design, operation, characteristics and
022.01.03.01 accuracy x x x x
022.01.04.00 Flow meter
Different types, design, operation, characteristics
022.01.04.01 andaccuracy x x x x
022.01.05.00 Position transmitter
Different types, design, operation, characteristics
022.01.05.01 andaccuracy x x x x
022.01.06.00 Torque meter
022.01.06.01 Design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x
022.01.07.00 Tachometer
022.01.07.01 Design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x x x
022.02.00.00 Measurement of aerodynamic parameters
022.02.01.00 Pressure measurement
022.02.01.01 Static pressure, dynamic pressure, density and definitions x x x x
022.02.01.02 Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
022.02.02.00 Temperature measurement: aeroplane
022.02.02.01 Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x
022.02.02.02 Displays x x
022.02.03.00 Temperature measurement: helicopter
022.02.03.01 Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x
022.02.03.02 Displays x x
022.02.04.00 Altimeter
022.02.04.01 Standard atmosphere x x x x
The different barometric references (QNH, QFE and
022.02.04.02 1013.25) x x x x
022.02.04.03 Height, indicated altitude, true altitude, pressure
x x x x
altitudeand density altitude
022.02.04.04 Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
022.02.04.05 Displays x x x x
022.02.05.00 Vertical speed indicator
022.02.05.01 Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
022.02.05.02 Displays x x x x

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022.02.06.00 Air speed indicator

022.02.06.01 The different speeds IAS, CAS, TAS: definition, usage and
x x x x
relationships
022.02.06.02 Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
022.02.06.03 Displays x x x x
Magnetism: direct reading compass
022.03.00.00 Earth magnetic field x x x x
022.03.01.00 Direct reading compass
022.03.01.01 Design, operation, data processing, accuracy and deviation x x x x
022.03.01.02 Turning and acceleration errors x x x x
022.04.00.00 Gyroscopic instruments
022.04.01.00 Gyroscope: basic principles
022.04.01.01 Definitions and design x x x x
022.04.01.02 Fundamental properties x x x x
022.04.01.03 Drifts x x x x
022.04.02.00 Turn and bank indicator
022.04.02.01 Design, operation and errors x x x x
022.04.03.00 Attitude indicator
022.04.03.01 Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
022.04.04.00 Directional gyroscope
022.04.04.01 Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
022.05.00.00 Communication systems
022.05.01.00 Transmission modes: VHF, HF and SATCOM
022.05.01.01 Principles, bandwidth, operational limitations and use x x x x
022.05.02.00 Voice communication
022.05.02.01 Definitions, general and applications x x x x
022.06.00.00 Alerting systems and proximity systems
022.06.01.00 Flight warning systems
022.06.01.01 Design, operation, indications and alarms x x x x
022.06.02.00 Stall warning
022.06.02.01 Design, operation, indications and alarms x x
022.06.03.00 Radio-altimeter
022.06.03.01 Design, operation, errors, accuracy and indications x x
022.06.04.00 Rotor or engine over speed alert system
022.06.04.01 Design, operation, displays and alarms x x
022.07.00.00 Integrated instruments: electronic displays
022.07.01.00 Display units
022.07.01.01 Design, different technologies and limitations x x x x

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030 FLIGHT PERFORMANCE & PLANNING

Aeroplane Helicopter
Syllabus Bridge Bridge
Reference Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL Course PPL Course
030.00.00.00 FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
031.00.00.00 MASS AND BALANCE: AEROPLANES OR HELICOPTERS
031.01.00.00 Purpose of mass and balance considerations
031.01.01.00 Mass limitations
031.01.01.01 Importance in regard to structural limitations x x x x
031.01.01.02 Importance in regard to performance limitations x x x x
031.01.02.00 CG limitations
031.01.02.01 Importance in regard to stability and controllability x x x x
031.01.02.02 Importance in regard to performance x x x x
031.02.00.00 Loading
031.02.01.00 Terminology
031.02.01.01 Mass terms x x x x
031.02.01.02 Load terms (including fuel terms) x x x x
031.02.02.00 Mass limits
031.02.02.01 Structural limitations x x x x
031.02.02.02 Performance limitations x x x x
031.02.02.03 Baggage compartment limitations x x x x
031.02.03.00 Mass calculations
031.02.03.01 Maximum masses for take-off and landing x x x x
031.02.03.02 Use of standard masses for passengers, baggage and crew x x x x
031.02.04.00 Fundamentals of CG calculations
031.02.04.01 Definition of centre of gravity x x x x
031.02.04.02 Conditions of equilibrium (balance of forces and balance
ofmoments) x x x x
031.02.04.03 Basic calculations of CG x x x x
031.03.00.00 Mass and balance details of aircraft
031.03.01.00 Contents of mass and balance documentation
031.03.01.01 Datum and moment arm x x x x
031.03.01.02 CG position as distance from datum x x x x
031.03.02.00 Extraction of basic mass and balance data from aircraft
documentation
031.03.02.01 BEM x x x x
031.03.02.02 CG position or moment at BEM x x x x
031.03.02.03 Deviations from standard configuration x x x x
031.04.00.00 Determination of CG position
031.04.01.00 Methods
031.04.01.01 Arithmetic method x x x x
031.04.01.02 Graphic method x x x x
031.04.02.00 Load and trim sheet
031.04.02.01 General considerations x x x x
031.04.02.02 Load sheet and CG envelope for light aeroplanes and for
helicopters x x x x
032.00.00.00 PERFORMANCE: AEROPLANES
032.01.01.00 Introduction
032.01.01.01 Performance classes x x
032.01.01.02 Stages of flight x x

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032.01.01.03 Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, altitude, runway slope

x x
andrunway conditions
032.01.01.04 Gradients x x
032.01.02.00 SE aeroplanes
032.01.02.01 Definitions of terms and speeds x x
032.01.03.00 Take-off and landing performance
032.01.03.01 Use of aeroplane flight manual data x x
032.01.04.00 Climb and cruise performance
032.01.04.01 Use of aeroplane flight data x x
032.01.04.02 Effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass x x
032.01.04.03 Endurance and the effects of the different
x x
recommendedpower or thrust settings
032.01.04.04 Still air range with various power or thrust settings x x
033.00.00.00 FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING
033.01.00.00 Flight planning for VFR flights
033.01.01.00 VFR navigation plan
033.01.01.01 Routes, airfields, heights and altitudes from VFR charts x x x x
033.01.01.02 Courses and distances from VFR charts x x x x
033.01.01.03 Aerodrome charts and aerodrome directory x x x x
033.01.01.04 Communications and radio navigation planning data x x x x
033.01.01.05 Completion of navigation plan x x x x
033.01.02.00 Fuel planning
033.01.02.01 General knowledge x x x x
033.01.03.00 Pre-flight calculation of fuel required
033.01.03.01 Calculation of extra fuel x x x x
033.01.03.02 Completion of the fuel section of the navigation plan (fuel
x x x x
log)and calculation of total fuel
033.02.00.00 Pre-flight preparation
033.02.01.00 AIP and NOTAM briefing
033.02.01.01 Ground facilities and services x x x x
033.02.01.02 Departure, destination and alternate aerodromes x x x x
033.02.01.03 Airway routings and airspace structure x x x x
033.02.02.00 Meteorological briefing
033.02.02.01 Extraction and analysis of relevant data from meteorological
documents x x x x
033.03.00.00 ICAO flight plan (ATS flight plan)
033.03.01.00 Individual flight plan
033.03.01.01 Format of flight plan x x x x
033.03.01.02 Completion of the flight plan x x x x
033.03.01.03 Submission of the flight plan x x x x
033.04.00.00 Flight monitoring and in-flight replanning
033.04.01.00 Flight monitoring
033.04.01.01 Monitoring of track and time x x x x
033.04.01.02 In-flight fuel management x x x x
033.04.01.03 In-flight re-planning in case of deviation from planned data x x x x
034.00.00.00 PERFORMANCE: HELICOPTERS
034.01.00.00 General
034.01.01.00 Introduction
034.01.01.01 Stages of flight x x
034.01.01.02 Effect on performance of atmospheric, airport or heliport
x x
andhelicopter conditions

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034.02.00.00 Applicability of airworthiness requirements x x

034.03.00.00 Definitions and terminology x x
034.03.01.00 Performance: SE helicopters
034.03.01.01 Definitions of terms x x
(a) masses; x x
(b) velocities: Vx, Vy; x x
(c) velocity of best range and of maximum endurance; x x
(d) power limitations; x x
(e) altitudes. x x
034.03.02.00 Take-off, cruise and landing performance x x
034.03.02.01 Use and interpretation of diagrams and tables: x x
(a) Take-off: x x
(1) take-off run and distance available; x x
(2) take-off and initial climb; x x
(3) effects of mass, wind and density altitude; x x
(4) effects of ground surface and gradient. x x
(b) Landing: x x
(1) effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach
speed; x x
(2) effects of ground surface and gradient. x x
(c) In-flight: x x
(1) relationship between power required and power
available; x x
(2) performance diagram; x x
(3) effects of configuration, mass, temperature and
altitude; x x
(4) reduction of performance during climbing turns; x x
(5) autorotation; x x
(6) adverse effects (icing, rain and condition of
theairframe). x x

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040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE

Aeroplane Helicopter
Syllabus Bridge Bridge
Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL PPL
Reference Course Course
040.00.00.00 HUMAN PERFORMANCE
040.01.00.00 Human factors: basic concepts
040.01.01.00 Human factors in aviation
040.01.01.01 Becoming a competent pilot x x
040.01.02.00 Basic aviation physiology and health
maintenance
040.01.02.01 The atmosphere: x x
(a) composition; x x
(b) gas laws. x x
040.01.02.02 Respiratory and circulatory systems:
(a) oxygen requirement of tissues; x x
(b) functional anatomy; x x
(c) main forms of hypoxia (hypoxic and
x x
anaemic):
(1) sources, effects and countermeasures of
x x
carbon monoxide;
(2) counter measures and hypoxia; x x
(3) symptoms of hypoxia. x x
(d) hyperventilation; x x
(e) the effects of accelerations on the
x x
circulatory system;
(f) hypertension and coronary heart disease. x x
040.02.01.00 Man and environment
040.02.01.01 Central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems x x
040.02.01.02 Vision:
(a) functional anatomy; x x
(b) visual field, foveal and peripheral vision; x x
(c) binocular and monocular vision; x x
(d) monocular vision cues; x x
(e) night vision; x x
(f) visual scanning and detection techniquesand
x x
importance of ‘look-out’;
(g) defective vision. x x
040.02.01.03 Hearing:
(a) descriptive and functional anatomy; x x
(b) flight related hazards to hearing; x x
(c) hearing loss. x x
040.02.01.04 Equilibrium:
(a) functional anatomy; x x
(b) motion and acceleration; x x
(c) motion sickness. x x
040.02.01.05 Integration of sensory inputs: x x
(a) spatial disorientation: forms, recognition and
x x
avoidance;
(b) illusions: forms, recognition and avoidance: x x
(1) physical origin; x x
(2) physiological origin; x x
(3) psychological origin. x x

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(c) approach and landing problems. x x

040.03.00.00 Health and hygiene
040.03.01.01 Personal hygiene: personal fitness x x
040.03.01.02 Body rhythm and sleep: x x
(a) rhythm disturbances; x x
(b) symptoms, effects and management. x x
040.03.01.03 Problem areas for pilots: x x
(a) common minor ailments including cold,
x x
influenza and gastro-intestinal upset;
(b) entrapped gases and barotrauma, (scuba
diving); x x
(c) obesity; x x
(d) food hygiene; x x
(e) infectious diseases; x x
(f) nutrition; x x
(g) various toxic gases and materials. x x
040.03.01.04 Intoxication: x x
(a) prescribed medication; x x
(b) tobacco; x x
(c) alcohol and drugs; x x
(d) caffeine; x x
(e) self-medication. x x
040.04.00.00 Basic aviation psychology
040.04.01.00 Human information processing
040.04.01.01 Attention and vigilance: x x
(a) selectivity of attention; x x
(b) divided attention. x x
040.04.01.02 Perception: x x
(a) perceptual illusions; x x
(b) subjectivity of perception; x x
(c) processes of perception. x x
040.04.01.03 Memory: x x
(a) sensory memory; x x
(b) working or short term memory; x x
(c) long term memory to include motor
x x
memory (skills).
040.05.00.00 Human error and reliability
040.05.01.01 Reliability of human behaviour x x
040.05.01.02 Error generation: social environment (group,
organisation) x x
040.06.00.00 Decision making
040.06.01.01 Decision-making concepts: x x
(a) structure (phases); x x
(b) limits; x x
(c) risk assessment; x x
(d) practical application. x x
040.07.00.00 Avoiding and managing errors: cockpit
management
040.07.01.01 Safety awareness: x x
(a) risk area awareness; x x
(b) situational awareness. x x
040.07.01.02 Communication: verbal and non-verbal communication

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040.08.00.00 Human behaviour

040.08.01.01 Personality and attitudes: x x
(a) development; x x
(b) environmental influences. x x
040.08.01.02 Identification of hazardous attitudes (error
proneness) x x
040.09.01.00 Human overload and underload
040.09.01.01 Arousal x x
040.09.01.02 Stress: x x
(a) definition(s); x x
(b) anxiety and stress; x x
(c) effects of stress. x x
040.09.01.03 Fatigue and stress management: x x
(a) types, causes and symptoms of fatigue; x x
(b) effects of fatigue; x x
(c) coping strategies; x x
(d) management techniques; x x
(e) health and fitness programmes; x x

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050 METEOROLOGY

Aeroplane Helicopter
Syllabus Bridge Bridge
Reference Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL Course PPL Course
050.00.00.00 METEOROLOGY
050.01.00.00 The atmosphere
050.01.01.00 Composition, extent and vertical division
050.01.01.01 Structure of the atmosphere x x
050.01.01.02 Troposphere x x
050.01.02.00 Air temperature
050.01.02.01 Definition and units x x
050.01.02.02 Vertical distribution of temperature Transfer of heat x x
050.01.02.03 Lapse rates, stability and instability x x
050.01.02.04 Development of inversions and types of inversions x x
050.01.02.05 Temperature near the earth’s surface, surface effects, diurnal
x x
and seasonal variation, effect of clouds and effect of wind
050.01.03.00 Atmospheric pressure
050.01.03.01 Barometric pressure and isobars x x
050.01.03.02 Pressure variation with height x x
050.01.03.03 Reduction of pressure to mean sea level x x
050.01.03.04 Relationship between surface pressure centres and pressure
x x
centres aloft
050.01.04.00 Air density
050.01.04.01 Relationship between pressure, temperature and density x x
050.01.04.02 ISA x x
050.02.00.00 ICAO standard atmosphere x x
050.02.01.00 Altimetry
050.02.01.01 Terminology and definitions x x
050.02.01.02 Altimeter and altimeter settings x x
050.02.01.03 Calculations x x
050.02.01.04 Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography x x
050.03.00.00 Wind
050.03.01.00 Definition and measurement of wind
050.03.01.01 Definition and measurement x x
050.03.02.00 Primary cause of wind
050.03.02.01 Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force
x x
andgradient wind
050.03.02.02 Variation of wind in the friction layer x x
050.03.02.03 Effects of convergence and divergence x x
050.03.03.00 General global circulation
050.03.03.01 General circulation around the globe x x
050.03.04.00 Local winds
050.03.04.01 Anabatic and katabatic winds, mountain and valley
x x
winds,Venturi effects, land and sea breezes
050.03.05.00 Mountain waves (standing waves, lee waves)
050.03.05.01 Origin and characteristics x x
050.03.06.00 Turbulence
050.03.06.01 Description and types of turbulence x x

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050.03.06.02 Formation and location of turbulence x x

050.04.00.00 THERMODYNAMICS
050.04.01.00 Humidity
050.04.01.01 Water vapour in the atmosphere x x
050.04.01.02 Mixing ratio x x
050.04.01.03 Temperature/dew point, relative humidity x x
050.04.02.00 Change of state of aggregation
050.04.02.01 Condensation, evaporation, sublimation, freezing
x x
andmelting, latent heat
050.04.03.00 Adiabatic processes
050.04.03.01 Adiabatic processes, stability of the atmosphere x x
050.05.00.00 CLOUDS AND FOG
050.05.01.00 Cloud formation and description
050.05.01.01 Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection x x
050.05.01.02 Cloud types and cloud classification x x
050.05.01.03 Influence of inversions on cloud development x x
050.05.02.00 Fog, mist, haze
050.05.02.01 General aspects x x
050.05.02.02 Radiation fog x x
050.05.02.03 Advection fog x x
050.05.02.04 Steaming fog x x
050.05.02.05 Frontal fog x x
050.05.02.06 Orographic fog (hill fog) x x
050.06.00.00 PRECIPITATION
050.06.01.00 Development of precipitation
050.06.01.01 Processes of development of precipitation x x
050.06.02.00 Types of precipitation
050.06.02.01 Types of precipitation, relationship with cloud types x x
050.07.00.00 AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
050.07.01.00 Air masses
050.07.01.01 Description, classification and source regions of air masses x x
050.07.01.02 Modifications of air masses x x
050.07.02.00 Fronts
050.07.02.01 General aspects x x
050.07.02.02 Warm front, associated clouds and weather x x
050.07.02.03 Cold front, associated clouds and weather x x
050.07.02.04 Warm sector, associated clouds and weather x x
050.07.02.05 Weather behind the cold front x x
050.07.02.06 Occlusions, associated clouds and weather x x
050.07.02.07 Stationary front, associated clouds and weather x x
050.07.02.08 Movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle x x
050.07.02.09 Changes of meteorological elements at a frontal wave x x
050.08.00.00 PRESSURE SYSTEMS
050.08.01.00 Anticyclone
050.08.01.01 Anticyclones, types, general properties, cold and
x x
warmanticyclones, ridges and wedges, subsidence
050.08.02.00 Non frontal depressions
050.08.02.01 Thermal-, orographic-, polar depressions, troughs x x
050.09.00.00 CLIMATOLOGY
050.09.01.00 Climatic zones

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050.09.01.01 General seasonal circulation in the troposphere x x

050.09.02.00 Typical weather situations in the mid-latitudes
050.09.02.01 Westerly situation x x
050.09.02.02 High pressure area x x
050.09.02.03 Flat pressure pattern x x
050.09.03.00 Local winds and associated weather
050.09.03.01 e.g. Foehn x x
050.10.00.00 FLIGHT HAZARDS
050.10.01.00 Icing
050.10.01.01 Conditions for ice accretion x x
050.10.01.02 Types of ice accretion x x
050.10.01.03 Hazards of ice accretion, avoidance x x
050.10.02.00 Turbulence
050.10.02.01 Effects on flight, avoidance x x
050.10.03.00 Wind shear
050.10.03.01 Definition of wind shear x x
050.10.03.02 Weather conditions for wind shear x x
050.10.03.03 Effects on flight, avoidance x x
050.10.04.00 Thunderstorms
050.10.04.01 Conditions for and process of development,
x x
forecast,location, type specification
050.10.04.02 Structure of thunderstorms, life history, squall lines,
x x
electricityin the atmosphere, static charges
050.10.04.03 Electrical discharges x x
050.10.04.04 Development and effects of downbursts x x
050.10.04.05 Thunderstorm avoidance x x
050.10.05.00 Inversions
050.10.05.01 Influence on aircraft performance x x
050.10.06.00 Hazards in mountainous areas
050.10.06.01 Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal
passage x x
050.10.06.02 Vertical movements, mountain waves, wind
x x
shear,turbulence, ice accretion
050.10.06.03 Development and effect of valley inversions x x
050.10.07.00 Visibility reducing phenomena
050.10.07.01 Reduction of visibility caused by precipitation and obscuration x x
050.10.07.02 Reduction of visibility caused by other phenomena x x
050.11.00.00 METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
050.11.01.00 Observation
050.11.01.01 Surface observations x x
050.11.01.02 Radiosonde observations x x
050.11.01.03 Satellite observations x x
050.11.01.04 Weather radar observations x x
050.11.01.05 Aircraft observations and reporting x x
050.11.02.00 Weather charts
050.11.02.01 Significant weather charts x x
050.11.02.02 Surface charts x x
050.11.03.00 Information for flight planning
050.11.03.01 Aviation weather messages x x
050.11.03.02 Meteorological broadcasts for aviation x x

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050.11.03.03 Use of meteorological documents x x

050.11.03.04 Meteorological warnings x x
050.11.04.00 Meteorological services
050.11.04.01 World area forecast system and meteorological offices x x

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060 NAVIGATION

Aeroplane Helicopter
Syllabus Bridge Bridge
Reference Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL Course PPL Course
060.00.00.00 NAVIGATION
061.00.00.00 GENERAL NAVIGATION
061.01.00.00 Basics of navigation
061.01.01.00 The solar system
061.01.01.01 Seasonal and apparent movements of the sun x x
061.01.02.00 The earth
061.01.02.01 Great circle, small circle and rhumb line x x
061.01.02.02 Latitude and difference of latitude x x
061.01.02.03 Longitude and difference of longitude x x
Use of latitude and longitude co-ordinates to locate
061.01.02.04 x x
anyspecific position
061.01.03.00 Time and time conversions
061.01.03.01 Apparent time x x
061.01.03.02 UTC x x
061.01.03.03 LMT x x
061.01.03.04 Standard times x x
061.01.03.05 Dateline x x
061.01.03.06 Definition of sunrise, sunset and civil twilight x x
061.01.04.00 Directions
061.01.04.01 True north, magnetic north and compass north x x
061.01.04.02 Compass deviation x x
Magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true
061.01.04.03 andmagnetic x x
061.01.05.00 Distance
Units of distance and height used in navigation: nautical
061.01.05.01 x x
miles,statute miles, kilometres, metres and ft
061.01.05.02 Conversion from one unit to another x x
Relationship between nautical miles and minutes of
061.01.05.03 x x
latitudeand minutes of longitude
061.02.00.00 Magnetism and compasses
061.02.01.00 General principles
061.02.01.01 Terrestrial magnetism x x
Resolution of the earth’s total magnetic force into vertical and
061.02.01.02 x x
horizontal components
061.02.01.03 Variation-annual change x x
061.02.02.00 Aircraft magnetism
061.02.02.01 The resulting magnetic fields x x
061.02.02.02 Keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass x x
061.03.00.00 Charts
061.03.01.00 General properties of miscellaneous types of projections
061.03.01.01 Direct Mercator x x
061.03.01.02 Lambert conformal conic x x
The representation of meridians, parallels, great circles
061.03.02.00
and rhumb lines

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061.03.02.01 Direct Mercator x x

061.03.02.02 Lambert conformal conic x x
061.03.03.00 The use of current aeronautical charts
061.03.03.01 Plotting positions x x
Methods of indicating scale and relief (ICAO topographical
061.03.03.02 chart) x x
061.03.03.03 Conventional signs x x
061.03.03.04 Measuring tracks and distances x x
061.03.03.05 Plotting bearings and distances x x
061.04.00.00 DR navigation
061.04.01.00 Basis of DR
061.04.01.01 Track x x
061.04.01.02 Heading (compass, magnetic and true) x x
061.04.01.03 Wind velocity x x
061.04.01.04 Air speed (IAS, CAS and TAS) x x
061.04.01.05 Groundspeed x x
061.04.01.06 ETA x x
061.04.01.07 Drift and wind correction angle x x
061.04.01.08 DR position fix x x
061.04.02.00 Use of the navigational computer
061.04.02.01 Speed x x
061.04.02.02 Time x x
061.04.02.03 Distance x x
061.04.02.04 Fuel consumption x x
061.04.02.05 Conversions x x
061.04.02.06 Air speed x x
061.04.02.07 Wind velocity x x
061.04.02.08 True altitude x x
061.04.03.00 The triangle of velocities
061.04.03.01 Heading x x
061.04.03.02 Ground speed x x
061.04.03.03 Wind velocity x x
061.04.03.04 Track and drift angle x x
061.04.04.00 Measurement of DR elements
061.04.04.01 Calculation of altitude x x
061.04.04.02 Determination of appropriate speed x x
In-flight navigation
Use of visual observations and application to in-flight
061.05.00.00 navigation x x
Navigation in cruising flight, use of fixes to revise
061.05.01.00 navigation data
061.05.01.01 Ground speed revision x x
061.05.01.02 Off-track corrections x x
061.05.01.03 Calculation of wind speed and direction x x
061.05.01.04 ETA revisions x x
061.06.00.00 Flight log x x
061.07.00.00 RADIO NAVIGATION
061.07.00.00 Basic radio propagation theory
061.07.01.00 Antennas
061.07.01.01 Characteristics x x
061.07.02.00 Wave propagation

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061.07.02.01 Propagation with the frequency bands x x

061.08.00.00 Radio aids
061.08.01.00 Ground DF
061.08.01.01 Principles x x
061.08.01.02 Presentation and interpretation x x
061.08.01.03 Coverage x x
061.08.01.04 Range x x
061.08.01.05 Errors and accuracy x x
061.08.01.06 Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
061.08.02.00 NDB/ADF
061.08.02.01 Principles x x
061.08.02.02 Presentation and interpretation x x
061.08.02.03 Coverage x x
061.08.02.04 Range x x
061.08.02.05 Errors and accuracy x x
061.08.02.06 Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
061.08.03.00 VOR
061.08.03.01 Principles x x
061.08.03.02 Presentation and interpretation x x
061.08.03.03 Coverage x x
061.08.03.04 Range x x
061.08.03.05 Errors and accuracy x x
061.08.03.06 Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
061.08.04.00 DME
061.08.04.01 Principles x x
061.08.04.02 Presentation and interpretation x x
061.08.04.03 Coverage x x
061.08.04.04 Range x x
061.08.04.05 Errors and accuracy x x
061.08.04.06 Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
061.09.00.00 Radar
061.09.01.00 Ground radar
061.09.01.01 Principles x x
061.09.01.02 Presentation and interpretation x x
061.09.01.03 Coverage x x
061.09.01.04 Range x x
061.09.01.05 Errors and accuracy x x
061.09.01.06 Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
061.09.02.00 Secondary surveillance radar and transponder
061.09.02.01 Principles x x
061.09.02.02 Presentation and interpretation x x
061.09.02.03 Modes and codes x x
061.10.00.00 GNSS
061.10.01.00 GPS, GLONASS OR GALILEO
061.10.01.01 Principles x x
061.10.01.02 Operation x x
061.10.01.03 Errors and accuracy x x
061.10.01.04 Factors affecting accuracy x x

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070 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

Aeroplane Helicopter

Syllabus Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL Bridge PPL Bridge
Reference Course Course
070.00.00.00 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
070.01.00.00 General
070.01.01.00 Operation of aircraft: ICAO Annex 6, General requirements
070.01.01.01 Definitions x x x x
070.01.01.02 Applicability x x x x
070.02.00.00 Special operational procedures and hazards (general
aspects) x x x x
070.03.00.00 Noise abatement
070.03.01.01 Noise abatement procedures x x x x
070.03.01.02 Influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise
andapproach) x x x x
070.03.01.03 Runway incursion awareness (meaning of surface markings and
x x x x
signals)
070.04.00.00 Fire or smoke
070.04.01.01 Carburettor fire x x x x
070.04.01.02 Engine fire x x x x
070.04.01.03 Fire in the cabin and cockpit, (choice of extinguishing
x x x x
agentsaccording to fire classification and use of the
extinguishers)
070.04.01.04 Smoke in the cockpit and (effects and action to be taken)
x x x x
andsmoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions
taken)
070.05.01.00 Windshear and microburst
070.05.01.01 Effects and recognition during departure and approach x x x x
070.05.01.02 Actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter x x x x
070.06.00.00 Wake turbulence
070.06.01.01 Cause x x x x
070.06.01.02 List of relevant parameters x x x x
070.06.01.03 Actions taken when crossing traffic, during take-off and landing x x x x
070.07.00.00 Emergency and precautionary landings
070.07.01.01 Definition x x x x
070.07.01.02 Cause x x x x
070.07.01.03 Passenger information x x x x
070.07.01.04 Evacuation x x x x
070.07.01.05 Action after landing x x x x
070.08.00.00 Contaminated runways
070.08.01.01 Kinds of contamination x x
070.08.01.02 Estimated surface friction and friction coefficient x x
070.09.00.00 Rotor downwash x x
070.10.00.00 Operation influence by meteorological conditions
(Helicopter)
070.10.01.01 White out, sand or dust x x
070.10.01.02 Strong winds x x
070.10.01.03 Mountain environment x x
070.11.00.00 Emergency procedures

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070.11.01.00 Influence by technical problems

070.11.01.01 Engine failure x x
070.11.01.02 Fire in cabin, cockpit or engine x x
070.11.01.03 Tail, rotor or directional control failure x x
070.11.01.04 Ground resonance x x
070.11.01.05 Blade stall x x
070.11.01.06 Settling with power (vortex ring) x x
070.11.01.07 Overpitch x x
070.11.01.08 Overspeed: rotor or engine x x
070.11.01.09 Dynamic rollover x x
070.11.01.10 Mast bumping x x

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081 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT - AEROPLANE

Aeroplane Helicopter

Syllabus Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL Bridge PPL Bridge
Reference Course Course
080.00.00.00 PRINICIPLES OF FLIGHT
081.00.00.00 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT: AEROPLANE
081.01.00.00 Subsonic aerodynamics
081.01.01.00 Basics concepts, laws and definitions
081.01.01.01 Laws and definitions: x x
(a) conversion of units; x x
(b) Newton´s laws; x x
(c) Bernoulli’s equation and venture; x x
(d) static pressure, dynamic pressure and total pressure; x x
(e) density; x x
(f) IAS and TAS. x x
081.01.01.02 Basics about airflow: x x
(a) streamline; x x
(b) two-dimensional airflow; x x
(c) three-dimensional airflow. x x
081.01.01.03 Aerodynamic forces on surfaces: x x
(a) resulting airforce; x x
(b) lift; x x
(c) drag; x x
(d) angle of attack. x x
081.01.01.04 Shape of an aerofoil section: x x
(a) thickness to chord ratio; x x
(b) chord line; x x
(c) camber line; x x
(d) camber; x x
(e) angle of attack. x x
081.01.01.05 The wing shape: x x
(a) aspect ratio; x x
(b) root chord; x x
(c) tip chord; x x
(d) tapered wings; x x
(e) wing planform. x x
081.02.01.00 The two-dimensional airflow about an aerofoil
081.02.01.01 Streamline pattern x x
081.02.01.02 Stagnation point x x
081.02.01.03 Pressure distribution x x
081.02.01.04 Centre of pressure x x
081.02.01.05 Influence of angle of attack x x
081.02.01.06 Flow separation at high angles of attack x x
081.02.01.07 The lift – α graph x x
081.03.01.00 The coefficients
081.03.01.01 The lift coefficient Cl: the lift formula x x
081.03.01.02 The drag coefficient Cd: the drag formula x x

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081.04.01.00 The three-dimensional airflow round a wing and a fuselage

081.04.01.01 Streamline pattern: x x
(a) span-wise flow and causes; x x
(b) tip vortices and angle of attack; x x
(c) upwash and downwash due to tip vortices; x x
(d) wake turbulence behind an aeroplane (causes,
x x
distribution and duration of the phenomenon).
081.04.01.02 Induced drag: x x
(a) influence of tip vortices on the angle of attack; x x
(b) the induced local α; x x
(c) influence of induced angle of attack on the
x x
direction of the lift vector;
(d) induced drag and angle of attack. x x
081.05.01.00 Drag
081.05.01.01 The parasite drag: x x
(a) pressure drag; x x
(b) interference drag; x x
(c) friction drag. x x
081.05.01.02 The parasite drag and speed x x
081.05.01.03 The induced drag and speed x x
081.05.01.04 The total drag x x
081.06.01.00 The ground effect
081.06.01.01 Effect on take off and landing characteristics of an aeroplane x x
081.07.01.00 The stall
081.07.01.01 Flow separation at increasing angles of attack: x x
(a) the boundary layer: x x
(1) laminar layer; x x
(2) turbulent layer; x x
(3) transition. x x
(b) separation point; x x
(c) influence of angle of attack; x x
(d) influence on: x x
(1) pressure distribution; x x
(2) location of centre of pressure; x x
(3) CL; x x
(4) CD; x x
(5) pitch moments. x x
(e) buffet; x x
(f) use of controls. x x
081.07.01.02 The stall speed: x x
(a) in the lift formula; x x
(b) 1g stall speed; x x
(c) influence of: x x
(1) the centre of gravity; x x
(2) power setting; x x
(3) altitude (IAS); x x
(4) wing loading; x x
(5) load factor n: x x
(i) definition; x x
(ii) turns; x x

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(iii) forces. x x
081.07.01.03 The initial stall in span-wise direction: x x
(a) influence of planform; x x
(b) geometric twist (wash out); x x
(c) use of ailerons. x x
081.07.01.04 Stall warning: x x
(a) importance of stall warning; x x
(b) speed margin; x x
(c) buffet; x x
(d) stall strip; x x
(e) flapper switch; x x
(f) recovery from stall. x x
081.07.01.05 Special phenomena of stall: x x
(a) the power-on stall; x x
(b) climbing and descending turns; x x
(c) t-tailed aeroplane; x x
(d) avoidance of spins: x x
(1) spin development; x x
(2) spin recognition; x x
(3) spin recovery. x x
(e) ice (in stagnation point and on surface): x x
(1) absence of stall warning; x x
(2) abnormal behaviour of the aircraft during stall. x x
081.08.01.00 CL augmentation
Trailing edge flaps and the reasons for use in take-off and
081.08.01.01 landing: x x
(a) influence on CL - α-graph; x x
(b) different types of flaps; x x
(c) flap asymmetry; x x
(d) influence on pitch movement. x x
Leading edge devices and the reasons for use in take-off and
081.08.01.03 landing x x
081.09.01.00 The boundary layer
081.09.01.01 Different types: x x
(a) laminar; x x
(b) turbulent. x x
081.10.00.00 Special circumstances
081.10.00.01 Ice and other contamination: x x
(a) ice in stagnation point; x x
(b) ice on the surface (frost, snow and clear ice); x x
(c) rain; x x
(d) contamination of the leading edge; x x
(e) effects on stall; x x
(f) effects on loss of controllability; x x
(g) effects on control surface moment; x x
(h) influence on high lift devices during takeoff,
x x
landingand low speeds.
081.11.00.00 Stability
081.11.01.00 Condition of equilibrium in steady horizontal flight
081.11.01.01 Precondition for static stability x x
081.11.01.02 Equilibrium: x x

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(a) lift and weight; x x

(b) drag and thrust. x x
081.12.00.00 Methods of achieving balance
081.12.01.01 Wing and empennage (tail and canard) x x
081.12.01.02 Control surfaces x x
081.12.01.03 Ballast or weight trim x x
081.13.00.00 Static and dynamic longitudinal stability
081.13.01.01 Basics and definitions: x x
(a) static stability, positive, neutral and negative; x x
(b) precondition for dynamic stability; x x
(c) dynamic stability, positive, neutral and negative. x x
081.13.01.02 Location of centre of gravity: x x
(a) aft limit and minimum stability margin; x x
(b) forward position; x x
(c) effects on static and dynamic stability. x x
081.14.00.00 Dynamic lateral or directional stability
081.14.01.01 Spiral dive and corrective actions x x
081.15.00.00 Control
081.15.01.00 General
081.15.01.01 Basics, the three planes and three axis x x
081.15.01.02 Angle of attack change x x
081.16.01.00 Pitch control
081.16.01.01 Elevator x x
081.16.01.02 Downwash effects x x
081.16.01.03 Location of centre of gravity x x
081.17.01.00 Yaw control
081.17.01.01 Pedal or rudder x x
081.17.02.00 Roll control
081.17.02.01 Ailerons: function in different phases of flight x x
081.17.02.02 Adverse yaw x x
081.17.02.03 Means to avoid adverse yaw: x x
(a) frise ailerons; x x
(b) differential ailerons deflection. x x
081.18.01.00 Means to reduce control forces
081.18.00.01 Aerodynamic balance: x x
(a) balance tab and anti-balance tab; x x
(b) servo tab. x x
081.19.01.00 Mass balance
081.19.00.00 Reasons to balance: means x x
081.20.01.00 Trimming
081.20.01.01 Reasons to trim x x
081.20.01.02 Trim tabs x x
081.21.00.00 Limitations
081.21.01.00 Operating limitations
081.21.01.01 Flutter x x
081.21.01.02 Vfe x x
081.21.01.03 Vno, Vne x x
081.22.01.00 Manoeuvring envelope
081.22.01.01 Manoeuvring load diagram: x x
(a) load factor; x x

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(b) accelerated stall speed; x x

(c) Va; x x
(d) manoeuvring limit load factor or certification category. x x
081.22.01.02 Contribution of mass x x
081.23.01.00 Gust envelope
081.23.01.01 Gust load diagram x x
081.23.01.02 Factors contributing to gust loads x x
081.24.00.00 Propellers
081.24.01.00 Conversion of engine torque to thrust
081.24.01.01 Meaning of pitch x x
081.24.01.02 Blade twist x x
081.24.01.03 Effects of ice on propeller x x
081.25.01.00 Engine failure or engine stop
081.25.01.01 Windmilling drag x x
081.26.01.00 Moments due to propeller operation
081.26.01.01 Torque reaction x x
081.26.01.02 Asymmetric slipstream effect x x
081.26.01.03 Asymmetric blade effect x x
081.27.00.00 Flight mechanics
081.27.01.00 Forces acting on an aeroplane
081.27.01.01 Straight horizontal steady flight x x
081.27.01.02 Straight steady climb x x
081.27.01.03 Straight steady descent x x
081.27.01.04 Straight steady glide x x
081.27.01.05 Steady coordinated turn: x x
(a) bank angle; x x
(b) load factor; x x
(c) turn radius; x x
(d) rate one turn. x x

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082 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT - HELICOPTER

Aeroplane Helicopter
Syllabus PPL Bridge PPL Bridge
Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective
Reference Course Course
082.00.00.00 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT: HELICOPTER
082.01.01.00 Subsonic aerodynamics
082.01.01.01 Basic concepts, laws and definitions x x
082.01.01.02 Conversion of units x x
082.01.01.03 Definitions and basic concepts about air: x x
(a) the atmosphere and International
x x
StandardAtmosphere;
(b) density; x x

(c) influence of pressure and temperature on density. x x

082.01.01.04 Newton’s laws: x x

(a) Newton’s second law: Momentum equation; x x
(b) Newton’s third law: action and reaction. x x
082.01.01.05 Basic concepts about airflow: x x
(a) steady airflow and unsteady airflow; x x
(b) Bernoulli’s equation; x x
(c) static pressure, dynamic pressure, total
x x
pressureand stagnation point;
(d) TAS and IAS; x x
(e) two-dimensional airflow and three-
x x
dimensionalairflow;
(f) viscosity and boundary layer. x x
082.01.01.06 Two-dimensional airflow x x
082.01.01.07 Aerofoil section geometry: x x
(a) aerofoil section; x x
(b) chord line, thickness and thickness to chord
x x
ratio ofa section;
(c) camber line and camber; x x
(d) symmetrical and asymmetrical aerofoils sections. x x
082.01.01.08 Aerodynamic forces on aerofoil elements: x x
(a) angle of attack; x x
(b) pressure distribution; x x
(c) lift and lift coefficient x x
(d) relation lift coefficient: angle of attack; x x
(e) profile drag and drag coefficient; x x
(f) relation drag coefficient: angle of attack; x x
(g) resulting force, centre of pressure and
x x
pitchingmoment.
082.01.01.09 Stall: x x
(a) boundary layer and reasons for stalling; x x

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(b) variation of lift and drag as a function of angle

x x
ofattack;
(c) displacement of the centre of pressure and
x x
pitchingmoment.
082.01.01.10 Disturbances due to profile contamination: x x
(a) ice contamination; x x
(b) ice on the surface (frost, snow and clear ice). x x
082.01.01.11 The three-dimensional airflow round a wing and a fuselage x x
082.01.01.12 The wing: x x
(a) planform, rectangular and tapered wings; x x
(b) wing twist. x x
082.01.01.13 Airflow pattern and influence on lift: x x
(a) span wise flow on upper and lower surface; x x
(b) tip vortices; x x
(c) span-wise lift distribution. x x
082.01.01.14 Induced drag: causes and vortices x x
082.01.01.15 The airflow round a fuselage: x x
(a) components of a fuselage; x x
(b) parasite drag; x x
(c) variation with speed. x x
082.02.01.00 Transonic aerodynamics and compressibility effects
082.02.01.01 Airflow velocities x x
082.02.01.02 Airflow speeds: x x
(a) speed of sound; x x
(b) subsonic, high subsonic and supersonic flows. x x
082.02.01.03 Shock waves: x x
(a) compressibility and shock waves; x x
(b) the reasons for their formation at upstream
x x
highsubsonic airflow;
(c) their effect on lift and drag. x x
082.02.01.04 Influence of wing planform: sweep-angle x x
082.03.01.00 Rotorcraft types x x
082.03.01.01 Rotorcraft x x
082.03.01.02 Rotorcraft types: x x
(a) autogyro; x x
(b) helicopter. x x
082.03.01.03 Helicopters x x
082.03.01.04 Helicopters configurations: the single main rotor helicopter x x
082.03.01.05 The helicopter, characteristics and associated terminology: x x
(a) general lay-out, fuselage, engine and gearbox; x x
(b) tail rotor, fenestron and NOTAR; x x
(c) engines (reciprocating and turbo shaft engines); x x
(d) power transmission; x x
(e) rotor shaft axis, rotor hub and rotor blades; x x
(f) rotor disc and rotor disc area; x x
(g) teetering rotor (two blades) and rotors with
x x
morethan two blades;
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(h) skids and wheels; x x

(i) helicopter axes and fuselage centre line; x x
(j) roll axis, pitch axis and normal or yaw axis; x x
(k) gross mass, gross weight and disc loading. x x
082.04.01.00 Main rotor aerodynamics x x
082.04.01.01 Hover flight outside ground effect x x

082.04.01.02 Airflow through the rotor discs and round the blades: x x
(a) circumferential velocity of the blade sections; x x
(b) induced airflow, through the disc and x x
downstream;
(c) downward fuselage drag; x x
(d) equilibrium of rotor thrust, weight and fuselage
x x
drag;
(e) rotor disc induced power; x x
(f) relative airflow to the blade; x x
(g) pitch angle and angle of attack of a blade section; x x
(h) lift and profile drag on the blade element; x x
(i) resulting lift and thrust on the blade and rotor
x x
thrust;
(j) collective pitch angle changes and necessity of
x x
bladefeathering;

(k) required total main rotor-torque and rotor-power; x x

(l) influence of the air density. x x

082.04.01.03 Anti-torque force and tail rotor: x x
(a) force of tail rotor as a function of main
x x
rotor-torque;
(b) anti-torque rotor power; x x
(c) necessity of blade feathering of tail rotor
x x
bladesand yaw pedals.
082.04.01.04 Maximum hover altitude OGE: x x
(a) total power required and power available; x x
(b) maximum hover altitude as a function of
x x
pressurealtitude and OAT.
082.04.01.05 Vertical climb x x
082.04.01.06 Relative airflow and angles of attack: x x
(a) climb velocity VC, induced and relative velocity
x x
andangle of attack;
(b) collective pitch angle and blade feathering. x x
082.04.01.07 Power and vertical speed:
x x
(a) induced power, climb power and profile power;
(b) total main rotor power and main rotor torque; x x
(c) tail rotor power; x x
(d) total power requirement in vertical flight. x x
082.04.01.08 Forward flight x x
082.04.01.09 Airflow and forces in uniform inflow distribution: x x

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(a) assumption of uniform inflow distribution on

x x
rotordisc;
(b) advancing blade (90°) and retreating blade (270°); x x
(c) airflow velocity relative to the blade sections,
x x
areaof reverse flow;
(d) lift on the advancing and retreating
x x
blades atconstant pitch angles;
(e) necessity of cyclic pitch changes; x x
(f) compressibility effects on the advancing blade
x x
tipand speed limitations;
(g) high angle of attack on the retreating blade,
x x
bladestall and speed limitations;
(h) thrust on rotor disc and tilt of thrust vector; x x
(i) vertical component of the thrust vector and
x x
grossweight equilibrium;
(j) horizontal component of the thrust vector and
x x
dragequilibrium.
082.04.01.10 The flare (power flight): x x
(a) thrust reversal and increase in rotor thrust; x x
(b) increase of rotor RPM on non-governed rotor. x x
082.04.01.11 Power and maximum speed: x x
(a) induced power as a function of helicopter speed; x x
(b) rotor profile power as a function of helicopter
x x
speed;
(c) fuselage drag and parasite power as a
x x
function offorward speed;
(d) tail rotor power and power ancillary equipment; x x
(e) total power requirement as a function of
x x
forwardspeed;
(f) influence of helicopter mass, air density and
x x
drag ofadditional external equipment;
(g) translational lift and influence on power required. x x
082.04.01.12 Hover and forward flight in ground effect x x
082.04.01.13 Airflow in ground effect and downwash: rotor power x x
decrease as a function of rotor height above the ground
atconstant helicopter mass
082.04.01.14 Vertical descent x x
082.04.01.16 Vertical descent, power on: x x
(a) airflow through the rotor, low and
x x
moderatedescent speeds;
(b) vortex ring state, settling with power
x x
andconsequences.
082.04.01.17 Autorotation: x x
(a) collective lever position after failure; x x
(b) up flow through the rotor, auto-rotation and
x x
anti-autorotation rings;
(c) tail rotor thrust and yaw control; x x

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(d) control of rotor RPM with collective lever; x x

(e) landing after increase of rotor thrust by
x x
pullingcollective and reduction in vertical speed.
082.04.01.18 Forward flight: Autorotation x x
082.04.01.19 Airflow through the rotor disc: x x
(a) descent speed and up flow through the disc; x x
(b) the flare, increase in rotor thrust,
x x
reduction ofvertical speed and ground speed.
082.04.01.20 Flight and landing: x x
(a) turning; x x
(b) flare; x x
(c) autorotative landing; x x
(d) height or velocity avoidance graph and dead
x x
man’s curve.
082.05.01.00 Main rotor mechanics x x
082.05.01.01 Flapping of the blade in hover x x
082.05.01.02 Forces and stresses on the blade: x x
(a) centrifugal force on the blade and attachments; x x
(b) limits of rotor RPM; x x
(c) lift on the blade and bending stresses on a
x x
rigidattachment;
(d) the flapping hinge of the articulated rotor
x x
andflapping hinge offset;
(e) the flapping of the hinge less rotor and
x x
flexibleelement.
082.05.01.03 Coning angle in hover: x x
(a) lift and centrifugal force in hover and blade
x x
weightnegligible
(b) flapping, tip path plane and disc area. x x
082.05.01.04 Flapping angles of the blade in forward flight x x
082.05.01.05 Forces on the blade in forward flight without
x x
cyclicfeathering:
(a) aerodynamic forces on the advancing and
x x
retreatingblades without cyclic feathering;
(b) periodic forces and stresses, fatigue and
x x
flappinghinge;
(c) phase lag between the force and the flapping
x x
angle(about 90°);
(d) flapping motion of the hinged blades and
x x
tilting ofthe cone and flap back of rotor;
(e) rotor disc attitude and thrust vector tilt. x x
082.05.01.06 Cyclic pitch (feathering) in helicopter mode, forward flight: x x
(a) necessity of forward rotor disc tilt and thrust
x x
vectortilt;
(b) flapping and tip path plane, virtual rotation axis
x x
orno flapping axis and plane of rotation;
(c) shaft axis and hub plane; x x

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(d) cyclic pitch change (feathering) and rotor

x x
thrustvector tilt;
(e) collective pitch change, collective lever,
x x
swashplate, pitch link and pitch horn;
(f) cyclic stick, rotating swash plate and pitch
x x
linkmovement and phase angle.
082.05.01.07 Blade lag motion x x
082.05.01.08 Forces on the blade in the disc plane (tip path
x x
plane) inforward flight:
(a) forces due to the Coriolis effect because of
x x
theflapping;
(b) alternating stresses and the need of the drag or
x x
laghinge.
082.05.01.09 The drag or lag hinge: x x
(a) the drag hinge in the fully articulated rotor; x x
(b) the lag flexure in the hinge less rotor; x x
(c) drag dampers. x x
082.05.01.10 Ground resonance: x x
(a) blade lag motion and movement of the
x x
centre ofgravity of the blades and the rotor;
(b) oscillating force on the fuselage; x x
(c) fuselage, undercarriage and resonance. x x
082.05.01.11 Rotor systems x x
082.05.01.12 See-saw or teetering rotor x x
082.05.01.13 Fully articulated rotor: x x
(a) three hinges arrangement; x x
(b) bearings and elastomeric hinges. x x
082.05.01.14 Hinge less rotor and bearing less rotor x x
082.05.01.15 Blade sailing: x x
(a) low rotor RPM and effect of adverse wind; x x
(b) minimising the danger; x x
(c) droop stops. x x
082.05.01.16 Vibrations due to main rotor: x x
(a) origins of the vibrations: in plane and vertical; x x
(b) blade tracking and balancing. x x
082.06.01.00 Tail rotors x x
082.06.01.01 Conventional tail rotor x x
082.06.01.02 Rotor description: x x
(a) two-blades tail rotors with teetering hinge; x x
(b) rotors with more than two blades; x x
(c) feathering bearings and flapping hinges; x x
(d) dangers to people and to the tail rotor, rotor
x x
heightand safety.
082.06.01.03 Aerodynamics: x x
(a) induced airflow and tail rotor thrust; x x

(b) thrust control by feathering, tail rotor drift and x x

roll;
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(c) effect of tail rotor failure and vortex ring. x x

082.06.01.04 The fenestron: technical lay-out x x
082.06.01.05 The NOTAR: technical lay-out x x
082.06.01.06 Vibrations: high frequency vibrations due to the tail rotors x x
082.07.00.00 Equilibrium, stability and control x x
082.07.01.00 Equilibrium and helicopter attitudes x x
082.07.01.01 Hover: x x
(a) forces and equilibrium conditions; x x
(b) helicopter pitching moment and pitch angle; x x
(c) helicopter rolling moment and roll angle. x x
082.07.01.02 Forward flight: x x
(a) forces and equilibrium conditions; x x
(b) helicopter moments and angles; x x
(c) effect of speed on fuselage attitude. x x
082.07.01.03 Control x x
082.07.01.04 Control power x x
(a) fully articulated rotor; x x
(b) hinge less rotor; x x
(c) teetering rotor. x x
082.07.01.05 Static and dynamic roll over x x
082.08.01.00 Helicopter performances x x
082.08.01.01 Engine performances x x
082.08.01.02 Piston engines: x x
(a) power available; x x
(b) effects of density altitude. x x
082.08.01.03 Turbine engines: x x
(a) power available; x x
(b) effects of ambient pressure and temperature. x x
082.08.01.04 Helicopter performances x x
082.08.01.05 Hover and vertical flight: x x
(a) power required and power available; x x
(b) OGE and IGE maximum hover height; x x
(c) influence of AUM, pressure, temperature
x x
anddensity.
082.08.01.06 Forward flight: x x
(a) maximum speed; x x
(b) maximum rate of climb speed; x x
(c) maximum angle of climb speed; x x
(d) range and endurance; x x
(e) influence of AUM, pressure, temperature
x x
anddensity.
082.08.01.07 Manoeuvring: x x
(a) load factor; x x
(b) bank angle and number of g’s; x x
(c) manoeuvring limit load factor. x x
082.08.01.08 Special conditions: x x
(a) operating with limited power; x x
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(b) over pitch and over torque. x x

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090 COMMUNICATIONS

Aeroplane Helicopter
Syllabus Bridge Bridge
Reference Syllabus details & Associated Learning Objective PPL Course PPL Course
090.00.00.00 COMMUNICATIONS
090.01.00.00 VFR COMMUNICATIONS
090.01.01.00 Definitions
090.01.01.01 Meanings and significance of associated terms x x
090.01.01.02 ATS abbreviations x x
090.01.01.03 Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air
ground communications x x
090.01.01.04 Categories of messages x x
090.02.01.00 General operating procedures
090.02.01.01 Transmission of letters x x
090.02.01.02 Transmission of numbers (including level information) x x
090.02.01.03 Transmission of time x x
090.02.01.04 Transmission technique x x
090.02.01.05 Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF
phraseologyincluded) x x
090.02.01.06 R/T call signs for aeronautical stations including
x x
use ofabbreviated call signs
090.02.01.07 R/T call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call x x
signs
090.02.01.08 Transfer of communication x x
090.02.01.09 Test procedures including readability scale x x
090.02.01.10 Read back and acknowledgement requirements x x
090.03.01.00 Relevant weather information terms (VFR)
090.03.01.01 Aerodrome weather x x
090.03.01.02 Weather broadcast x x
090.04.00.00 Action required to be taken in case of
communicationfailure x x
090.04.01.00 Distress and urgency procedures
090.04.01.01 Distress (definition, frequencies, watch of distress
x x
frequencies,distress signal and distress message)
090.04.01.02 Urgency (definition, frequencies, urgency signal and
urgencymessage) x x
090.05.00.00 General principles of VHF propagation and allocation
x x
offrequencies

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