1

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati

Faculty: Science and Technology

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology

Programme Outcome (POs):

Upon completion of the M.Sc. Biotechnology programme, the students would be able to:

PO1. Create manpower and human resource capable of high order thinking and skills.

PO2. Produce manpower equipped with the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that are required to lead a
productive life and participate in the country’s development process.

PO3. Get trained in Biotechnology wherein engineering and technology principles could be used to probe
biological questions or to develop technologies, devices and systems that require substantive expertise in
Biology, Agriculture, Pharmaceutical, Industrial, as well as Clinical Research components.

PO4. Acquire knowledge, critical thinking skills and experience in conducting cutting edge research.

PO5. Develop as human capital for advanced scientific research and entrepreneurship.

PO6. Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern tools to complex activities with an
understanding of the limitations.

PO7. Demonstrate effective adaptability to new and emerging technologies.

PO8. Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex problems reaching substantiated and
innovative conclusions.

PO9. Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the standard
practices.

PO10. Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary
settings.

PO11. Use the strengths of others to achieve common goals, and use interpersonal skills to coach and develop
others

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

Upon successful completion of the programme, students would be able to

PSO1: demonstrate and apply their knowledge of cell biology, biochemistry, microbiology and molecular
biology to solve the problems related to the field of biotechnology.

PSO2: demonstrate and apply the principles of bioprocess engineering in the design, analysis, optimization
and simulation of bioprocess operations.

PSO3: gain fundamental knowledge in animal and plant biotechnology and their applications.

PSO4: be equipped to understand three fundamental aspects in biological phenomenon: a) what to seek; b)
how to seek; c) why to seek?

PSO5: (a) Describe fundamental molecular principles of genetics; (b) Understand relationship between
phenotype and genotype in human genetic traits; (c) Describe the basics of genetic mapping; (d) Understand
how gene expression is regulated.

PSO6: (a) elaborate concepts of biochemistry with easy to run experiments; (b) get familiarized with basic
laboratory instruments and understand the principle of measurements using those instruments with experiments
in biochemistry.
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PSO7: understand various facets of molecular procedures and basics of genomics, proteomics and
metabolomics that could be employed in early diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases.

PSO8: gain hands on experience in gene cloning, protein expression and purification. This experience would
enable them to begin a career in industry that engages in genetic engineering as well as in research laboratories
conducting fundamental research.

PSO9: identify the societal as well as market needs and set up their own Start-ups

PSO10: be industry ready for Biopharmaceuticals, Vaccines, Agrobiotech as well as IT driven Biotech
Industries.

The Employability Potential of the Programme:

The Biotechnology sector in India is extremely innovative and on the rise. Next few years are bound to see
exponential growth in this sector. India is among the top 12 Biotechnology destinations in the world and ranks third
in the Asia-Pacific region. The industry comprises around 5000 biotech companies, with 4,240 being start-ups and
760 being core biotech companies, with the number of startups expected to touch 10,000 by 2024.
India has 665 FDA-approved plants; 44% of the global abbreviated new drug applications (ANDA) and more than
1400 manufacturing plants, which are compliant with WHO’s requirements. It is regarded as one of the most
significant sectors in enhancing India’s global economic profile. India has been blessed with a highly talented pool
of students in biotechnology.

The National Biotechnology Development Strategy (2015 – 2020) and National Education Policy (2016) envision
a quality education system to produce graduates equipped with the knowledge, skills, attitude, and values that are
required to lead a productive life and participate in the country’s development process. Improving employability in
this sector is heavily dependent on the overall curriculum of the educational programs. Since the last curriculum
revision exercise was undertaken long ago, it is necessary to update the current curriculum.

The curriculum updating exercise not only brings the course curricula at par with the current development in
Biotechnology sector but also seeks to create manpower and human resource capable of high order thinking and
skills. Remodeled-Biotech Curriculum designed and proposed by the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India,
and Choice Based Credit System approved by Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University are the basis for revising this
curriculum.

The M.Sc. Program of Biotechnology at Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, started in 1994, with the aim to
train students in Biotechnology wherein engineering and technology principles could be used to probe questions
related with biological system or to develop technologies, devices and systems that require substantive expertise
in Biology, Agriculture, Pharmaceutical, Industrial, as well as Clinical Research components. The students in this
program acquire knowledge, critical thinking skills and experience in conducting cutting edge research. This
program develops human capital for advanced scientific research and entrepreneurship.

The programme has been aligned with the National Biotechnology Development Strategy (2015-2020) put forth
by Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, which provides a
strategic roadmap for India’s emergence as a global Biotechnology innovation and manufacturing hub, which also
highlight importance of human resource development and need for nurturing tailor-made human capital for
advanced strategic research and entrepreneurship.

Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University feels validated in the quality of education
and experience provide to our students when a large number of our students are successfully placed in
Pharmaceutical and Vaccine Industries such as Serum Institute of India Limited (SIIL) Pune, Biologicals E
Hyderabad, Dr. Reddy’s Hyderabad, Intas Biopharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Ahmedabad, Zydus Cadilla Ahmedabad,
Sun Pharma Baroda, Biocon Biologics Bangalore, Enzene Bioscience Ltd. Pune, Yashraj Biotech Mumbai, Hetero
Pharmaceuticals Hyderabad, Lupin Biotech Pune, Diagnostics and Toxicological Industries such as MyLab
Discovery Solutions Pvt Ltd. Pune, Intox Pvt Ltd. Pune etc.

Several students having aptitude in Molecular Biology and Computational Biology have successfully placed in
knowledge based industries such as PierianDx Pune, Cognizant Pune, TCS Pune to name a few.

Several students have ventured in Agro-biotech field and joined the industries such as Jay Biotech, Du Pont India
Hyderabad, Mahyco Jalna etc.
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Students with research aptitude have created their own niche around the globe in organizations like Agriculture
Science Center North Lexington, KY, School of Life Science and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic,
Singapore, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NOVO cellular medicine institute Trinidad and
Tobago, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Mainz, Germany, Molecular Diagnostics at Roche Tucson, Arizona,
United States, Institute für Genetik, Uni Köln, Germany, IKEA Group Country Sustainability Business Partner,
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, Translational Medicine at Kite Pharma, Santa Monica, California, etc.

During 2020-22 two alumni have successfully launched their Start-Up namely Sustainethics Private Limited and
Amogha BioSolutions Private Limited.
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Programme Summary

M.Sc. Biotechnology
DSC - Discipline Specific Core Course - 14
Foundation Course - 02
AEC - Ability Enhancement Course - 03
SEC - Skill Enhancement Course - 01 + Project
DSE - Discipline Specific Elective - 06 Choice based any two
Project - 1
Seminar - 1
OEC - Optional Elective Course
1 Credit = 1 Hours Teaching/Hours for Theory & Tutorials and 1/2 credit for Practicals

Course/Credits Semester I Semester II Semester III Semester IV Total Credits

DSC 12 11 13 7 43

Foundation 2 2

AEC 1 1 2 4

SEC 2 2 4

DSE 2 2 4

Laboratory 12 9 9 6 36

Project 2 6 8

Seminar 2 2

Open Elective /GIC/ 2/4 2/4

Open Skill/MOOC

# Internship/Work 2/3@ 2/3@

Experience/Field
Work

27 25 28 25/27 105/107

Note:

1. # Students may complete their internship /Field work/ work experience in First or Second or Third
semester Of MSc (Biotechnology) according to their convenience, @ denotes Non Examination Credit
2. Internship/ Apprenticeship/ field work/ Work experience (during vacations of Semester I to Semester III)
For a duration of minimum 60 hours to Maximum 90 hours mandatory to all students, We completed
during vacations of Semester I to Semester III. This will carry two credits for learning of 60 hours or 3
Credits for learning of 90 hours. Its credits and grades will be reflected in the Semester IV credit grade
report.
3. Open Elective /GIC/ Open Skill/MOOC can be studied during semester I to IV
4. Project will be allotted in Semester III. Students should prepare project proposals by identifying the
problem, work on review of literature and present status, address the possible solution, prepare a plan of
work and defend the proposal. Students should carry out the work during Semester IV, submit the project
report and defend it.
 5

Semester I
S.N Course/ Credits Subject Code Course Title Hours/Week Credit
o.

1. DSC-I 1BTB-DSC-I Biochemistry 3 3

2. DSC-II 1BTB-DSC-II Cell Biology 3 3

3. DSC-III 1BTB-DSC-III Microbiology 3 3

4. DSC-IV 1BTB-DSC-IV Molecular Biology 3 3

5. Foundation-I 1BTB-F-I Basics of Chemistry & Physics 1 1

6. Foundation-II 1BTB-F-II Classical Genetics 1 1

7. AEC-I 1BTB-AEC-I Basics of Mathematics & Statistics 1 1

8. Laboratory-I 1BTB-LC-I Biochemistry and Analytical 6 3

Techniques

9. Laboratory-II 1BTB-LC-II Cell Biology 6 3

10. Laboratory-III 1BTB-LC-III Microbiology 6 3

11. Laboratory-IV 1BTB-LC-IV Molecular Biology 6 3

12. #Internship/ Internship/ Field Work/Work

Field Experience @
Work/Work
Experience @

13. Open Elective Open Elective /GIC/ Open

/GIC/ Open Skill/MOOC *
Skill/MOOC *

Total 37 H 27
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Semester II
S.N Course/ Credits Subject Code Course Title Hours/Week Credit
o.

1. DSC-V 2BTB-DSC-V Genetic Engineering 3 3

2. DSC-VI 2BTB-DSC-VI Genomics & Proteomics 1 1

3. DSC-VII 2BTB-DSC-VII Immunology 3 3

4. DSC-VIII 2BTB-DSC--VIII Molecular Diagnostics 2 2

5. DSC-IX 2BTB-DSC-IX Plant Biotechnology 3 3

6. AEC-II 2BTB-AEC-II IPR 1 1

7 DSE-I 2BTB-DSE- A, B, Elective 2 2

C, D, E, F

8 SEC-I 2BTB-SEC-I Statistics using R 1 1

9. Laboratory V 2BTB-LC-V Genetic Engineering 6 3

10. Laboratory VI 2BTB-LC-VI Immunology 6 3

11. Laboratory VII 2BTB-LC-VII Plant Biotechnology 6 3

12. #Internship/ Internship/ Field Work/Work

Field Experience @
Work/Work
Experience @

13. Open Elective Open Elective /GIC/ Open

/GIC/ Open Skill/MOOC *
Skill/MOOC *

34 25

DSE (Discipline Specific Elective)

2BTB-DSE-A Cancer Biology; 2BTB-DSE-B Molecular Basis of Drug Discovery; 2BTB-DSE-C Clinical
Trial & Research; 2BTB-DSE-D Phytosecondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity; 2BTB-DSE-E
Nanobiotechnology; 2BTB-DSE-F DNA Fingerprinting

# Students may complete their internship /Field work/ work experience in First or Second or Third semester Of
MSc (Biotechnology) according to their convenience, @ denotes Non Examination Credit

Note: Internship/ Apprenticeship/ field work/ Work experience (during vacations of Semester I to Semester III) For
duration of minimum 60 hours to Maximum 90 hours mandatory to all students, We completed during vacations of
Semester I to Semester III. This will carry two credits for learning of 60 hours or 3 Credits for learning of 90 hours.
Is credits and grades will be reflected inSemester 4 credit grade report.

OEC (Optional) can be studied during semester I to IV

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Semester III
S.N Course/ Subject Code Course Title Hours/Week Credit
o. Credits

1. DSC-X 3BTB-DSC-X Bioprocess Engineering & 3 3

Technology

2. DSC-XI 3BTB-DSC-XI Downstream Processing 1 1

3. DSC-XII 3BTB-DSC-XII Bioinformatics 3 3

4. DSC-XIII 3BTB-DSC-XIII Emerging Technologies 3 3

5. DSC-XIV 3BTB-DSC-XIV Environmental Biotechnology 3 3

6. AEC-III 3BTB-AEC-III Critical Analysis of Classical Papers 2 2

7. Seminal 3BTB-SEM Seminar 2 2

8. Laboratory VIII 3BTB-LC-VIII Bioprocess Engineering & 6 3

Technology and Down Stream
Processing

9. Laboratory IX 3BTB-LC-IX Environmental Biotechnology 6 3

10. Laboratory X 3BTB-LC-X Bioinformatics and Emerging 6 3

Technologies

11. Project 3BTB-P Project (Planing, Review, 2 1

Presentation)

12. #Internship/ Internship/ Field Work/Work

Field Experience @
Work/Work
Experience @

13. Open Elective Open Elective /GIC/ Open

/GIC/ Open Skill/MOOC *
Skill/MOOC *

Total 37 27

# Students may complete their internship /Field work/ work experience in First or Second or Third semester Of
MSc (Biotechnology) according to their convenience, @ denotes Non Examination Credit

Note: Internship/ Apprenticeship/ field work/ Work experience ( during vacations of Semester I to Semester III)
For duration of minimum 60 hours to Maximum 90 hours mandatory to all students, We completed during vacations
of Semester I to Semester III. This will carry two credits for learning of 60 hours or 3 Credits for learning of 90
hours. Is credits and grades will be reflected inSemester 4 credit grade report.

OEC (Optional) can be studied during semester I to IV

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Semester IV
S.N Course/ Subject Code Course Title Hours/Week Credit
o. Credits

1. DSC-XV 4BTB-DSC-XV Animal Cell Science and 3 3

Technology

2. DSC-XVI 4BTB-DSC-XVI Vaccine 1 1

3. DSC-XVII 4BTB-DSC-XVII Industrial Biotechnology 3 3

4. DSE-II 4BTB-DSE- A, B, Elective 2 2

C, D, E, F

5. Laboratory X 4BTB-LC-X Animal Cell Science & 6 3

Technology

6. Laboratory XI 4BTB-LC-XI Industrial Biotechnology 6 3

7. Project 4BTB-P Project - Laboratory Work 12 6

8. #Internship/ Internship/ Field Work/Work

Field Experience @
Work/Work
Experience @

9. SEC-II Introduction to programing 2 2

using ‘Python’

10. Open Elective Open Elective /GIC/ Open

/GIC/ Open Skill/MOOC *
Skill/MOOC *

35 23

DSE (Discipline Specific Elective)

4BTB-DSE-A Cancer Biology; 4BTB-DSE-B Molecular Basis of Drug Discovery; 4BTB-DSE-C Clinical
Trial & Research; 4BTB-DSE-D Phytosecondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity; 4BTB-DSE-E
Nanobiotechnology; 4BTB-DSE-F DNA Fingerprinting

# Students may complete their internship /Field work/ work experience in First or Second or Third semester Of
MSc (Biotechnology) according to their convenience, @ denotes Non Examination Credit

Note: Internship/ Apprenticeship/ field work/ Work experience ( during vacations of Semester I to Semester III)
For duration of minimum 60 hours to Maximum 90 hours mandatory to all students, We completed during
vacations of Semester I to Semester III. This will carry two credits for learning of 60 hours or 3 Credits for
learning of 90 hours. Is credits and grades will be reflected in Semester 4 credit grade report.

OEC (Optional) can be studied during semester I to IV

 9

Appendix A1
Scheme of Teaching, Learning and Examination leading to the Degree Master of Science (Biotechnology)
(Two Years-Four Semesters Degree Programme-C. B. C. S)
(M.Sc. Part-I) Semester-I
S. Subject Subject Teaching and Learning Scheme Duratio Examination & Evaluation Scheme
No Code n of
. Teaching Period Credits Exam Maximum Marks Minimum Passing
Per Week Hours Theory Practical Total
Mark
L T P Tot L/ Practical Total Theory + Theory Internal Externa s Marks Grade
al T MCQ Internal l Ext. Int.
External
1 DSC-I Bio- 1BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
Chemistry DSC-I
2 1BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
DSC-II Cell Biology DSC-II
3 DSC-III 1BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
Microbiology DSC-III
4 DSC-IV Molecular 1BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
Biology DSC-IV
5 Foundation-1 Basic 1BTB-F-I - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 25 - - 25 - 10 P
of Chemistry and
Physics
6 Foundation-2 1BTB-F-II - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 25 - - 25 - 10 P
Classical Genetics
7 AEC-I Basic 1BTB- - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 25 - - 25 - 10 P
Mathematics AEC-I
Statistics
8 Laboratory-I 1BTB-LC- - - 6 6 - 3 3
Biochemistry I 12 - - 20 80 100 10 40 P
9 Laboratory-II- Cell 1BTB-LC- - - 6 6 - 3 3
Biology II
10 Laboratory-III- 1BTB-LC- - - 6 6 - 3 3
Microbiology III 12 - - 20 80 100 10 40 P
 10

11 Laboratory-IV 1BTB-LC- - - 6 6 - 3 3
Molecular Biology IV
12 # Internship/Field
Work/Work
Experience@
13 Open
Elective/GIC/Open
Skill/MOOC*
TOTAL 39 27 675
L: Lecture, T: Tutorial, P: Practical
# Student may complete their Internship/Field work/Work Experience in First OR Second OR Third Semester of M. Sc. (Biotechnology) according to their convenience; @ denotes Non-Examination Credits
Note: Internship/ Apprenticeship/ Field work/Work Experience (During vacation of Semester I to Semester III) for duration of minimum 60 hours to maximum 90 hours mandatory to all the students, to
be completed during vacations of semester I to III, This will carry 2 Credits for Learning of 60 hours or 3 Credits for learning of 90 hours. Its credits and grades will be reflected in final semester IV credit
grade report.
OEC (Optional) can be studied during semester I to IV
 11

Appendix A2
Scheme of Teaching, Learning and Examination leading to the Degree Master of Science (Biotechnology)
(Two Years-Four Semesters Degree Programme-C. B. C. S)
(M.Sc. Part-I) Semester-II
S. Subject Subject Teaching and Learning Scheme Duratio Examination & Evaluation Scheme
No. Code n of
Teaching Period Credits Exam Maximum Marks Minimum Passing
Per Week Hours Theory Practical Total
Mark
L T P Tot L/ Practical Total Theory + Theory Internal Ext s Marks Grade
al T MCQ Internal ern Ext. Int.
External al
1 DSC-V Genetic 2BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
Engineering DSC-V
2 DSC-VI Genomics 2BTB- 1 - - 1 1 - 1 1 25 - - 25 10 P
& Proteomics DSC-VI

3 DSC-VII 2BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P

Immunology DSC-VII
4 DSC-VIII 2BTB- - 2 - 2 2 - 2 1 - 50 - - 50 - 20 P
Molecular DSC-VIII
Diagnostics
5 DSC IX Plant 2BTB- 3 3 3 3 3 80 20 100 32 8 P
Biotechnology DSC-IX
6 2BTB- - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 25 - - 25 - 10 P
AEC-II IPR AEC-II
7 2BTB- - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 - 50 - - 50 - 20 P
DSE-
A/B/C/D/E/
DSE - A/B/C/D/E F
8 SEC-I: Statistics 2BTB- - 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 25 - - 25 - 8 P
using - ‘R’ SEC-I
9 Laboratory- V 2BTB-LC- - - 6 6 - 3 3 12 - - 20 80 100 40 10 P
Genetic V
Engineering
 12

10 Laboratory-VI 2BTB-LC- - - 6 6 - 3 3
Immunology VI
11 Laboratory-VII 2BTB-LC- - - 6 6 - 3 3
Plant VII
Biotechnology
12 # Internship/Field -
Work/Work
Experience@
13 Open -
Elective/GIC/Open
Skill/MOOC*
TOTAL 34 25 575
L: Lecture, T: Tutorial, P: Practical
# Student may complete their Internship/Field work/Work Experience in First OR Second OR Third Semester of M. Sc. (Biotechnology) according to their convenience; @ denotes Non-Examination Credits
Note: Internship/ Apprenticeship/ Field work/Work Experience (During vacation of Semester I to Semester III) for duration of minimum 60 hours to maximum 90 hours mandatory to all the students, to
be completed during vacations of semester I to III, This will carry 2 Credits for Learning of 60 hours or 3 Credits for learning of 90 hours. Its credits and grades will be reflected in final semester IV credit
grade report.
OEC (Optional) can be studied during semester I to IV
DSE (Discipline Specific Elective)
2BTB-DSE-A Cancer Biology; 2BTB-DSE-B Molecular Basis of Drug Discovery; 2BTB-DSE-C Clinical Trial & Research; 2BTB-DSE-D Phytosecondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity; 2BTB-DSE-E
Nanobiotechnology; 2BTB-DSE-F DNA Fingerprinting
 13

Scheme of Teaching, Learning and Examination leading to the Degree Master of Science (Biotechnology)
(Two Years-Four Semesters Degree Programme-C. B. C. S)
(M.Sc. Part-I) Semester-III
S. Subject Subject Teaching and Learning Scheme Duratio Examination & Evaluation Scheme
No. Code n of
Teaching Period Credits Exam Maximum Marks Minimum Passing
Per Week Hours Theory Practical Total
Mark
L T P Tot L/ Practical Total Theory + Theory Internal Externa s Marks Grade
al T MCQ Internal l Ext. Int.
External
1 DSC-X Bioprocess 3BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
Engineering & DSC-X
Technology
2 DSC-XI Downstream 3BTB- 1 - - 1 1 - 1 1 25 - - 25 10 P
Processing DSC-XI
3 3BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
DSC-XII DSC-
Bioinformatics XII
4 3BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
DSC-XIII Emerging DSC-
Technologies XIII
5 DSC-XIV 3BTB- 3 - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
Environmental DSC-
Biotechnology XIV
6 AEC-III Critical 3BTB- - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 - 50 - - 50 - 20 P
Analysis of Classical AEc---
Papers III
7 3BTB- - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 - 50 - - 50 - 20 P
Seminar SEM
8 Laboratory VII 3BTB- - - 6 6 - 3 3
Bioprocess LC-VIII 12 - - 20 80 100 10 40 P
Engineering &
Technology and
 14

Down Stream
Processing
9 Laboratory VIII 3BTB- - - 6 6 - 3 3
Environmental LC-IX
Biotechnology
10 Laboratory IX 3BTB- - - 6 6 - 3 3 12 - - 20 80 100 10 40 P
Bioinformatics & LC-X
Emerging
Technologies
11 Project (Planing, 3BTB-P 2 2 2 2 1 - - 50 - 50 - 20 P
Review,
Presentation)
12 # Internship/Field
Work/Work
Experience@
13 Open
Elective/GIC/Open
Skill/MOOC*
TOTAL 39 28 675
L: Lecture, T: Tutorial, P: Practical
# Student may complete their Internship/Field work/Work Experience in First OR Second OR Third Semester of M. Sc. (Biotechnology) according to their convenience; @ denotes Non-Examination Credits
Note: Internship/ Apprenticeship/ Field work/Work Experience (During vacation of Semester I to Semester III) for duration of minimum 60 hours to maximum 90 hours mandatory to all the students, to
be completed during vacations of semester I to III, This will carry 2 Credits for Learning of 60 hours or 3 Credits for learning of 90 hours. Its credits and grades will be reflected in final semester IV credit
grade report. OEC (Optional) can be studied during semester I to IV
 15

Scheme of Teaching, Learning and Examination leading to the Degree Master of Science (Biotechnology)
(Two Years-Four Semesters Degree Programme-C. B. C. S)
(M.Sc. Part-I) Semester-IV
S. Subject Subject Teaching and Learning Scheme Duratio Examination & Evaluation Scheme
No. Code n of
Teaching Period Credits Exam Maximum Marks Minimum Passing
Per Week Hours Theory Practical Total
Mark
L T P To L/ Practical Total Theory + Theory Internal Externa s Marks Grade
tal T MCQ Internal l Ext. Int.
External
1 DSC-XV Animal Cell 4BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
Science and DSC-
Technology XV
2 4BTB- 1 - - 1 1 - 1 1 25 - - 25 10 P
DSV-
DSC-XVI Vaccine XVI
3 4BTB- 3 - - 3 3 - 3 3 80 20 - - 100 32 8 P
DSC-XVII Industrial DSC-
Biotechnology XVII
4 4BTB- - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 - 50 - - 50 - 20 P
DSE - A/B/C/D DSE-
5 Laboratory X Animal 4BTB- - 6 6 3 3 6 - - 20 80 100 10 40 P
Cell Science & LC-XI
Technology
6 Laboratory XI 4BTB- - - 6 6 3 3
Industrial LC-XII
Biotechnology
7 4BTB- 12 12 6 6 6 - - 100 50 150 75 25 P
Project P
8 SEC-II Introduction to 4BTB- - 2 - 2 2 - 2 1 - 50 - - 50 - 10 P
programing using SEC-II
 16

‘Python’
8 # Internship/Field
Work/Work
Experience@
9 Open
Elective/GIC/Open
Skill/MOOC*
TOTAL 35 23 575

L: Lecture, T: Tutorial, P: Practical

# Student may complete their Internship/Field work/Work Experience in First OR Second OR Third Semester of M. Sc. (Biotechnology) according to their convenience; @ denotes Non-Examination Credits
Note: Internship/ Apprenticeship/ Field work/Work Experience (During vacation of Semester I to Semester III) for duration of minimum 60 hours to maximum 90 hours mandatory to all the students, to
be completed during vacations of semester I to III, This will carry 2 Credits for Learning of 60 hours or 3 Credits for learning of 90 hours. Its credits and grades will be reflected in final semester IV credit
grade report.
OEC (Optional) can be studied during semester I to IV

DSE (Discipline Specific Elective)

4BTB-DSE-A Cancer Biology; 4BTB-DSE-B Molecular Basis of Drug Discovery; 4BTB-DSE-C Clinical Trial & Research; 4BTB-DSE-D Phytosecondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity; 4BTB-DSE-E
Nanobiotechnology; 4BTB-DSE-F DNA Fingerprinting
 17

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

1BTB-DSC-I Biochemistry 45

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. Gain fundamental knowledge in biochemistry;

2. Demonstrate an understanding of fundamental biochemistry principles, including topics specific to
chemistry and biochemistry.
3. Describe the chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids and nucleic acids
4. Determine the molecular basis of various pathological conditions from the perspective of biochemical
reactions.
5. Evaluate inter relationships of the pathways.
6. Judge how the energy sources are managed in an efficient manner.
7. Determine interdependence as well as intricate equilibrium of the pathways and their regulation.
8. Identify the classes of enzymes: exploit the mechanism of enzyme action and factors affecting action for
product optimization.
9. Identify the commercial applications of enzymes

Unit Content

Unit Proteins and Amino Acids (9 periods)

I
Amino acids: Classification, properties, peptide bond,

Proteins: Classification and function, evolution of protein structure, Protein folding: Anfinsen’s Dogma,
Levinthal paradox, cooperativity in protein folding, free energy landscape of protein folding and pathways
of protein folding, molten globule state, chaperons, diseases associated with protein folding. Introduction to
molecular dynamic simulation. Protein degradation and introduction to molecular pathways controlling
protein degradation, structure-function relationships in model proteins like ribonuclease A, myoglobin,
haemoglobin, chymotrypsin etc.; Anabolism and catabolism of Amino Acids.

Unit Enzymes as Biocatalysts (9 periods)

II

International classification of enzymes. Enzyme Kinetics; Methods for measuring kinetic and rate constants
of enzyme reactions and their magnitudes, Inhibitors. Isozymes Enzyme turnover: methods of its
measurements and significance

Allosteric enzymes, sigmoidal kinetics and their physiological significance. Symmetric and sequential
modes for action of allosteric enzymes, negative and positive cooperativity, General mechanisms of enzyme
regulation: Feedback inhibition and feed forward stimulation, enzyme repression, induction and degradation,
control of enzyme activity by products and substrates;

Co-enzymes and cofactors: Water soluble vitamins and their co-enzymes, metalloenzymes. Ribozymes and
abzymes, Enzymes as druggable targets.

Unit Carbohydrates (9 periods)

III
Carbohydrates: Glycolysis and TCA cycle; Glycogen breakdown and synthesis; Gluconeogenesis;
Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses; Mitochondrial respiratory chain: Organization of carrier, proton
gradient, iron sulphur proteins and cytochromes. Reversed electron transfer, respiratory controls and
oxidative phosphorylation, uncouplers and inhibitors of energy transfer ATP: Synthetase complex,
microsomal electron transport, partial reduction of oxygen, superoxides ATP cycle and cell bioenergetics.

Unit Lipids (9 periods)

IV
Classification (simple, compound and derived lipids), Structure, function and their industrial significance,
Oxidation of lipids; Biosynthesis of fatty acids; Triglycerides; Phospholipids; Glyco and Lipoproteins,
Sterols, membrane lipids and lipid rafts, Circulating lipids with relevance to pathological changes.
 18

Nucleic Acids:

Nucleotides, their synthesis, de novo and salvage pathway, Regulation of pathways.

Unit Techniques (9 periods)

V
Basic principles of protein purification; tools to characterize expressed proteins. Sequencing of proteins,
Sanger-Edman, MS-ESI, MALDI-TOF, Physical and chemical methods for study of Protein-protein and
protein-ligand interactions. and sequencing of nucleic acids. Dideoxy , automated, Nanopore, Ion torrent,
Illumina,

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry (5th edition) by Nelson DL, and Cox MM, CBS Publications, 2008, ISBN:
9780230226999, 023022699X

2. Biochemistry by Stryer L. (5th edition) W.H. Freeman & Co., New York, USA, 2002, ISBN, 0716730510,
9780716730514

3. Fundamentals of Enzymology (3rd edition) by Price NC and Stevens L. Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 1999
.ISBN: 019850229X 0198502303

4. Principles of protein structure by Shulz and Schirmer, Springer Verlag, 1979, ISBN: 978-1-4612-6137-7

5. Fundamentals of Enzymology by Royer. 1982 ,ISBN 10: 0471046752 ISBN 13: 9780471046752

6. Harper’s Biochemistry. (31st Edition) Ed. Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA and Rodwell VW. Appleton and
Lange, Stamford, Connecticut. McGraw Hill Companies, 2018, ISBN-10 : 1259837939 ISBN-13 : 978-1259837937

7. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations. (6th Edition) Ed. Thomas M. Devlin.Wiley-Liss Publishers.
2005, ISBN 0-471-67808-2.

8. Genes IX. by Lewin B. Pearson Education International, NJ, USA, 2007. ISBN : 0763740632, 978-0763740634

9. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. (5th Edition) Ed Voet D and Voet JG. And Pratt CW. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016,
ISBN: 1118918401, 978-1118918401

10. Biochemistry by Garrett and Grisham, Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham ( 5th edition) Cengage Learning,
2012 ISBN: 1133106293, 978-1133106296

11. The Protein Protocols Handbook. Editor John M. Walker, Humana Press, 2009, ISBN10 160327474X ISBN13
9781603274746

12. Biochemistry by Dr.SwagataDasgupta https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc22_cy06/preview

13. https://www.skillmd.com/course/biochemistry-nptel-video-lessons/

14. https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/Home/ViewSubject?catid=MNhNzp1RQlU+6LM40KjY1Q==
 19

Syllabus Prescribed for M.Sc. I Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

1BTB-DSC-II Cell Biology 45 hrs

Cos
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..
1. Interpret/differentiate how cells work in healthy and diseased states
2. Use knowledge to work in animal, plant and medical science to develop new vaccines, more effective
medicines, plants with improved qualities
3. Make career as scientist by carry out research on disease or disorder such as meningitis, malaria,
diabetes, a type of cancer, cystic fibrosis, or Alzheimer’s disease.
4. Complete the prerequisite for making career in research in advance fields such as Forensic Science,
Plant Sciences as well as Microbial science.
5. Use information and technologies of cell biology to clone plants as well as animals; to produce and
insure high quality food available at low costs; to produce better medicines and organs for many people
who may need transplantation.
6. Describe how cells transport materials and communicate..
7. Critique biotechnology currently being used to diagnose and treat diseases.

Unit Content
Unit I Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: (9 Periods)

Origin of basic biological molecules; abiotic synthesis of Organic monomers and

polymers , concept of Oparin and Haldane; experiment of Miller (1953); the first cell;
evolution of prokaryotes; Origin of eukaryotic cells; Evolution of Unicellular eukaryotes;
anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism. Diversity of cell size and
shape. Cell theory - Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells- Isolation and growth
of cells

Microscopic Techniques : Visualization of cells and sub cellular components by light

microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells,
Scanning and Transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for
EM, Freeze-etch and Freeze-fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in
microscopy.
Unit II Membrane structure and function: (9 Periods)

Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion
channels, active transport, membrane pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of
intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes.

Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Cell wall, nucleus,

mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids,
vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility, Cell
motility- cilia, flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Unit III Cell signaling:. (9 Periods)

Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signalling through G-protein coupled
receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling
pathways, bacterial and plant two component systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial
chemotaxis and quorum sensing.

Cellular communication: Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell

communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions,
extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. General importance
of cell communication in immune system.
Unit IV Cell division and cell cycle: (9 Periods)
Mitosis and meiosis, Overview of cell cycle, their regulation, phases in cell cycle,
regulation and control of cell cycle, Checkpoints.
Cell Death: different modes of cell death and their regulation (apoptosis, necrosis,
necroptosis, autophagy, senescence etc.). (9 periods)
 20

Unit V Host parasite interaction: (9 Periods)

Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal
and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell
transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both
normal and abnormal cells.

Virus as tool to study cell biology : Introduction to Viruses (different types of viruses).
Host response to viral infection (anti-viral immunity). Drugs against viral infection.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2008).
Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th Ed.). New York: Garland Science.
2. Lodish, H. F. (2016). Molecular Cell Biology (8th Ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
3. Krebs, J. E., Lewin, B., Kilpatrick, S. T., & Goldstein, E. S. (2014).
4. Lewin's Genes XII. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
5. Cooper, G. M., & Hausman, R. E. (2013). The Cell: a Molecular Approach (6th Ed.).
Washington: ASM ; Sunderland.
6. Hardin, J., Bertoni, G., Kleinsmith, L. J., & Becker, W. M. (2012). Becker's World of
the Cell. Boston (8th Ed.). Benjamin Cummings.
Web link to Equivalent MOOC on SWAYAM if relevant:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103012
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc22_bt18/preview
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/102/108/102108086/
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/122103039
Web link to Equivalent Virtual Lab if relevant:
Cell Biology | Learn Science at Scitable (nature.com) https://www.nature.com/scitable/topic/cell-biology-13906536/
https://youtu.be/URUJD5NEXC8
https://youtu.be/RKmaq7jPnYM
 21

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

1BTB-DSC-III Microbiology 45

COs
On completion of this course, students would be able to:

1. Isolate and identify microorganisms from different ecosystem

2. Optimize growth conditions for maximize biomass as well as product formation using microbes.
3. Monitor and assess presence or absence of specific organism in samples from a range of sources.
4. Develop new techniques, products and processes
5. Make strategy and plan methods to prevent the spread of disease
6. Grow microbial cultures, e.g. for use in the food and drink industry or in agriculture
7. Develop products such as enzymes, vitamins, hormones and antimicrobials

Unit Content

Unit Microbial characteristics (9 periods)

I Introduction to microbiology and microbes, Bacterial cell structure and components, Description of various
groups of microorganisms with typical example. Bacterial cell structure and components, growth and
nutrition of bacteria, bacterial growth curve, bacterial culture methods; selective media, bacterial genetics:
mutation and recombination in bacteria, plasmids, transformation, transduction and conjugation;
antimicrobial resistance.

Unit Microbial diversity: Scope and Importance (9 periods)

II Microbial taxonomy and evolution of diversity, classification of microorganisms, criteria for classification;
classification of bacteria, Bergey’s Manual; Cyanobacteria, acetic acid bacteria, Pseudomonads, lactic and
propionic acid bacteria, endospore forming bacteria, Mycobacteria and Mycoplasma. Archaea: Halophiles,
Methanogens, Hyperthermophilicarchae, Thermoplasma; eukarya: algae, fungi, slime molds and protozoa;
extremophiles, anaerobes and unculturable microbes.

Unit Control and management of microorganisms (9 periods)

III Sterilization – High temperature- Tyndallization, Pasteurization, inspissation, incineration, moist heat under
pressure, Disinfection and antisepsis - Mode of action and evaluation; Various physical and chemical
methods for control of microorganisms, antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal drugs, biological control of
microorganisms; Low temperature – preservation; filtration- membrane filters, depth filters; centrifugation;
radiation- principle, use and Quality control.

Unit Viruses (9 periods)

IV Introduction: History and principles of virology, virus taxonomy, introduction to replication
Strategies; Virus structure and morphology, Applicability of animal, plant viruses and bacteriophages,
general properties of viruses,, taxonomy of virus, viral replication, cultivation and identification of viruses;
sub-viral particles –viroids and prions. Life cycles of viruses, Principles of biosafety, Infrastructure
requirement; containment facilities, maintenance and handling of laboratory animals and requirements of
virological laboratory.

Unit Host-microbes interaction (9periods)

V
Host-pathogen interaction, ecological impact of microbes; symbiosis (Nitrogen fixation and ruminant
symbiosis); microbes and nutrient cycles; microbial communication system; bacterial quorum sensing;
microbial fuel cells; prebiotics and probiotics
Antibiotics – Classification, Mode of Action, mechanism of resistance, Evaluation – Disc Diffusion; MIC –
Broth dilution, agar dilution; MBC; E- test with Quality control for each method; Emergence of resistance
to drugs; Biofilms and their significant role.

Recommended Textbooks and References:

1. Aidan Coffey and Colin Buttimer (2020). Bacterial Viruses: Exploitation for Biocontrol and Therapeutics.
Book: 978-1-913652-51-7. Ebook: 978-1-913652-52-4.
2. Akikazu Sakudo and Takashi Onodera (2019). Prions: Current Progress in Advanced Research (Second
Edition).Book: 978-1-910190-95-1. Ebook: 978-1-910190-96-8.
3. David Greenwood, Richard C. B. Slack, John F. Peutherer (2007). Medical Microbiology: A Guide to
Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. 17th Edition. Elsevier Health
Sciences.
 22

4. Donald R. Demuth, Richard Lamont (2006). Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Communication. Role in Virulence and
Pathogenesis. (Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology, Series Number 11) 1st Edition. Cambridge
University Press.
5. Jason C. Gallagher, Conan MacDougall (2016). Antibiotics Simplified. 4th Edition. John and Bartlett
Publishers.
6. Larry R. Snyder, Joseph E. Peters, Tina M. Henkin, Wendy Champness (2014). Molecular Genetics of Bacteria,
4th Edition.ASM Press.
7. Matthai, W., Berg, C. Y., & Black, J. G. (2005). Microbiology, Principles and Explorations. Boston, MA: John
Wiley & Sons.
8. Matthew A. Wallig, Wanda M. Haschek, Colin G. Rousseaux (2009). 2 nd edition. Fundamentals of
Toxicologic Pathology. Elsevier
9. Pelczar, M. J., Reid, R. D., & Chan, E. C. (2001). Microbiology (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
10. Roger G. Finch, David Greenwood, S. Ragnar Norrby, Richard J. Whitley (2010). Antibiotic and Chemotherapy:
Anti-Infective Agents and Their Use in Therapy. Saunders Elsevier
11. Scott C. Weaver, Mark Denison, Marilyn Roossinck and Marco Vignuzzi (2016). Virus Evolution: Current
Research and Future Directions. Book: 978-1-910190-23-4. Ebook: 978-1-910190-24-1
12. Willey, J. M., Sherwood, L., Woolverton, C. J., Prescott, L. M., & Willey, J. M. (2011). Prescott’s
Microbiology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
13. Wendy Champness, Tina M. Henkin, Joseph E. Peters, Larry R. Snyder(2014). Molecular Genetics of
Bacteria.ASM Press
14. Stainer, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L., Wheelis, M.L. and Painter, P.R. General Microbiology The MacMillan Press Ltd.
15. Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M. and Parker, J. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Prentice-Hall.(1996)
16. Cappuccino, J.G. and Sherman, N. Addison Wesley. Microbiology - a Laboratory Manual
17. Microbiological Applications, (A Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology) Benson, H.J. WCB: WmC.
Brown Publishers.
18. Dariel Burdass, John Grainger & Janet Hurst., Basic Practical Microbiology: A manual © 2016
Microbiology Society
 23

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme:
Semester1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

1BTB-DSC-IV Molecular Biology 45

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..
1. Gain fundamental knowledge in genome at molecular level.;
2. Demonstrate an understanding of various cellular processes at molecular level, including processes such
as specific gene expression and protein synthesis.
3. Compare the genomes of different living system/
4. Create physical map of genomes
5. Identify and differentiate vital characteristics / processes unique in pathogens and use them as target for
drug development.
6. Identify mutations in genomes and use them in disease diagnostics.
7. Improve the strains of industrially important microbes by using tools of molecular biology.

Unit Content
UnitI Introduction to molecular biology, basic concept of molecular biology. (9-periods)
DNA Replication :Prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication. Models of replication, theta mode
of replication, rolling circle model of replication, Bi directional replication, replication of
linear DNA, unidirectional replication. Functions of various proteins involved in prokaryotic
replication of DNA and eukaryotic replication. Properties of various replication enzymes.
Replication of telomeres and enzymes involved in telomere replication. DNA damage and
Repair; Various enzymes involved in repair of DNA.
Recombination of DNA: Recombination of viral DNA in genome, various models of
recombination, Homologous and site-specific recombination.

UnitII Transcription: (9-periods)

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. Various RNA polymerases and their properties. Role
of sigma sub factor in initiation of transcription. Various domains of subunits of RNA
polymerase. Structure and regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes. Initiation and
elongation transcription factors. Various mechanisms of termination of transcriptions.
Transcriptional and post transcriptional gene silencing.
Modification of RNA : 5‘ cap formation, 3‘ end processing, addition of polyA tail, enzyme
involved in polyadenylation and function of poly A tail. Splicing of RNA, classes of introns,
exon ligation, editing, Nuclear transport of RNA, and stability of RNA.
UnitIII Translation: . (9-periods)
Organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation machinery. Structure of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic ribosomes and their components. Shine Dalgarno sequence, Ribosomal protein
synthesis. Regulation of protein synthesis, co and post translational protein modification. Non
ribosomal protein synthesis.
Protein localization: Synthesis of secretory and membrane protein. Mechanism of secretion
of extracellular enzymes, Mechanism of localization of proteins in nucleus, chloroplast,
mitochondria, peroxisomes and receptor mediated endocytosis.

UnitIV Organization of genes and chromosomes: (9-periods)

Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin
and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons.
Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level : regulating the
expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene
expression and gene silencing

UnitV Molecular mapping of genome: (9-periods)

Genetic and physical maps, physical mapping and map based cloning, choice of mapping
population, simple sequence repeat loci, Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for
genome analysis, Chromosome microdissection and micro cloning.
 24

Course Material/ Learning Resources

1: Molecular Biology (Fifth edition) by Robert Weaver
2 Molecular Biology LabFax, TA. Brown (Ed.), Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford, 1991
3. Molecular Biology of the Gene (7th Edition), J.D. Watson, N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A. Steitz and
A.M. Weiner, The Benjamin/Cummings Publ. Co., Inc., California, 1987.
4. Molecular Ceii Biology (8th Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore, Scientific American Books,
Inc., USA, 1994
5. Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J.Lewis,M. Raff, K. Roberts, and
J.D. Watson. Garland publishing, Inc., New York, 1994
6. Gene XII (12th Edition) Benjamin Lewin, Oxford University Press, U.K., 1998
7. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. A comprehensive desk reference, R.A. Meyers (Ed.) VCH
Publishers, Inc., New York, 1995
8. Genomes, by TA. Brown
Web link to Equivalent MOOC on SWAYAM if relevant:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102106025
https://onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in/cec20_ma13/preview
https://alison.com/tag/molecular-biology
https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-molecular-biology19952
 25

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

1BTB-F-I Basics of Chemistry and Physics 15

COs
On completion of this course, students would be able to:

1. Appreciate the efficiency of biological systems

2. Apply principles of Chemistry and Physics for developing biosensors
3. Apply the knowledge for optimizing processes for production of Biological products
4. Apply the knowledge for developing new drugs and therapy
5. Apply the knowledge for maintaining and calibrating biomedical devices

Unit Content

Unit Basic physics for biologists ( 8 Lectures)

I Physical quantities and their dynamics: definitions and dimensions; vectors & scalars, displacement, velocity,
acceleration, kinematic formulas, angular momentum, torque etc. force, power, work, energy (kinetic &
potential/electric charge separation, electromagnetic spectrum, photons etc.); springs & Hookes laws; elastic
and inelastic collisions; Newton’s law of motions (centripetal and centrifugal forces etc.); simple harmonic
motions, mechanical waves, Doppler effect, wave interference, amplitude, period, frequency & wavelength;
diffusion, dissipation, random walks, and directed motions in biological systems; low Reynolds number -
world of Biology, buoyant forces, Bernoulli’s equation, viscosity, turbulence, surface tension, adhesion; laws
of thermodynamics: Maxwell Boltzmann distribution, conduction, convection and radiation, internal energy,
entropy, temperature and free energy, Maxwell’s demon (entropic forces at work in biology, chemical
assemblies, self-assembled systems, role of ATP); Coulomb’s law, conductors and insulators, electric
potential energy of charges, nerve impulses, voltage gated channels, ionic conductance; Ohms law (basic
electrical quantities: current, voltage & power), electrolyte conductivity, capacitors and capacitance,
dielectrics; various machines in biology i.e. enzymes, allostery and molecular motors (molecules to cells and
organisms), cohesion and cappillary action force

Unit Basic Chemistry for biologists (7 Lectures)

II Basic constituents of matter - elements, atoms, isotopes, atomic weights, atomic numbers, basics of mass
spectrometry, molecules, Avogadro number, molarity, gas constant, molecular weights, structural and
molecular formulae, ions and polyatomic ions; chemical reactions, reaction stoichiometry, rates of reaction,
rate constants, order of reactions, Arrhenious equation, Maxwell Boltzmann distributions, rate-determining
steps, catalysis, free-energy, entropy and enthalpy changes during reactions; kinetic versus thermodynamic
controls of a reaction, reaction equilibrium (equilibrium constant); light and matter interactions (optical
spectroscopy, fluorescence, bioluminescence, paramagnetism and diamagnetism, photoelectron
spectroscopy; chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, Van der Walls forces); electronegativity, polarity;
VSEPR theory and molecular geometry, dipole moment, orbital hybridizations; states of matter - vapor
pressure, phase diagrams, surface tension, boiling and melting points, solubility, capillary action,
suspensions, colloids and solutions; acids, bases and pH - Arrhenious theory, pH, ionic product of water,
weak acids and bases, conjugate acid-base pairs, buffers and buffering action etc; chemical
thermodynamics - internal energy, heat and temperature, enthalpy (bond enthalpy and reaction enthalpy),
entropy, Gibbs free energy of ATP driven reactions, spontaneity versus driven reactions in biology; redox
reactions and electrochemistry - oxidation-reduction reactions, standard cell potentials, Nernst equation,
resting membrane potentials, electron transport chains (ETC) in biology, coupling of oxidative
phosphorylations to ETC; theories of ATP production and
dissipation across biological membranes; bond rotations and molecular conformations - Newman projections,
conformational analysis of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes; functional groups, optically asymmetric carbon
centers, amino acids, proteins, rotational freedoms in polypeptide backbone (Ramachandran plot).

Recommended Textbooks and References:

1. Baaquie, B. E. (2000). Laws of Physics: a Primer. Singapore: National University of Singapore.
2. Matthews, C. P., & Shearer, J. S. (1897). Problems and Questions in Physics. New York: Macmillan Company.
3. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (1993). Fundamentals of Physics. New York: Wiley.
4. Ebbing, D. D., & Wrighton, M. S. (1990). General Chemistry. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
 26

5. Averill, B., & Eldredge, P. (2007). Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications. San Francisco: Benjamin
Cummings.
6. Mahan, B. H. (1965). University Chemistry. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub.
7. Cantor, C. R., & Schimmel, P. R. (2004). Biophysical Chemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
 27

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

1BTB-F-II Classical Genetics 15

COs
On completion of this course, students would be able to:

1. Describe fundamental molecular principles of genetics;

2. Correlate relationships between phenotype and genotype in human genetic traits;
3. Describe the basics of genetic mapping.
4. Analyse pedigree
5. Design experiments for plant breeding.

Unit Content

Unit Mendelian genetics

I Mendel's laws, dominance, segregation, independent assortment; incomplete dominance, codominance,
pedigree analysis.

Genetics of bacteria and bacteriophages:

Concept of a gene in pre-DNA era; mapping of genes in bacterial and phage chromosomes by classical
genetic crosses; fine structure analysis of a gene; genetic complementation and other genetic crosses using
phenotypic markers; phenotype to genotype connectivity prior to DNA-based understanding of gene.

Unit Yeast genetics:

II Meiotic crosses, tetrad analyses, non-Mendelian and Mendelian ratios, gene conversion, models of genetic
recombination, yeast mating type switch; dominant and recessive genes/mutations, suppressor or modifier
screens, complementation groups, transposon mutagenesis, synthetic lethality, genetic epistasis.
Complex traits, mapping QTLs, yeast genomics to understand biology of QTLs.

Unit Drosophila genetics as a model of higher eukaryotes:

III Monohybrid & dihybrid crosses, back-crosses, test-crosses, analyses of autosomal and sex linkages,
screening of mutations based on phenotypes and mapping the same, hypomorphy, genetic mosaics, genetic
epistasis in context of developmental mechanism.

Unit Population genetics and genetics of evolution:

IV Introduction to the elements of population genetics: genetic variation, genetic drift, neutral evolution;
mutation selection, balancing selection, Fishers theorem, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage
disequilibrium; in-breeding depression & mating systems; population bottlenecks, migrations, Bayesian
statistics; adaptive landscape, spatial variation & genetic fitness.

Unit Plant genetics :

V Laws of segregation in plant crosses, inbreeding, selfing, heterosis, maintenance of genetic purity, gene
pyramiding.

Conventional plant breeding –Introduction to plant breeding, objectives of plant breeding; Genetic
variability and its role in plant breeding, Methods of reproduction and breeding, Breeding methods in self
pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetatively propagated plants; Heterosis and inbreeding depression, genetic
basis of inbreeding depression, Genetic, physiological and biochemical basis of heterosis; Exploitation of
hybrid vigour, production of hybrids, composite and synthetics; Population improvement

Recommended Textbooks and References:

1. Hartl, D. L., & Jones, E. W. (1998). Genetics: Principles and Analysis. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

2. Pierce, B. A. (2005). Genetics: a Conceptual Approach. New York: W.H. Freeman.

3. Tamarin, R. H., & Leavitt, R. W. (1991). Principles of Genetics. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.

4. Smith, J. M. (1998). Evolutionary Genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

5. Gardner, Simmons, Snustad ()Principles of Genetics, Ed. 8th, Wiley, ISBN : 8126510439,
978-8126510436

6.Allard R.W., (1999), Principle of Plant Breeding, 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons,, ISBN 0471023094, 9780471023098

7. Strickberger (2015), Genetics, Ed. 3rd, Pearson Education India, ISBN-10 : 9332555109, 978-9332555105
 28

Web link to Equivalent MOOC on SWAYAM:

https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-principles-of-genetics-23082

Any pertinent media (recorded lectures, You Tube, etc.)

https://youtu.be/wyqXx-e1dfI
https://youtu.be/lTXygHysNN4
 29

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

1BTB-AEC-I Basics of Mathematics and Statistics 15

COs
On completion of this course, students would be able to:

1. Appreciate the efficiency of biological systems

2. Apply principles of Chemistry and Physics for developing biosensors
3. Apply the knowledge for optimizing processes for production of Biological products
4. Apply the knowledge for developing new drugs and therapy
5. Apply the knowledge for maintaining and calibrating biomedical devices

Unit Content

Unit Algebra ( 5 Lectures)

I Linear equations, functions: slopes-intercepts, forms of two-variable linear equations; constructing linear
models in biological systems; quadratic equations (solving, graphing, features of, interpreting quadratic
models etc.), introduction to polynomials, graphs of binomials and polynomials; basics of trigonometric
functions, Pythagorean theory, graphing and constructing sinusoidal functions, complex numbers, adding-
subtracting-multiplying complex numbers, basics of vectors, introduction to matrices.

Unit Calculus (4 Lectures)

II Differential calculus: Limits, derivatives, Integrations

Unit Statistics (6 Lectures)

III
Probability: counting, conditional probability, discrete and continuous random variables; Error propagation;
Populations and samples, expectation, parametric tests of statistical significance, nonparametric hypothesis
tests, linear regression, correlation & causality, analysis of variance, factorial experiment design.

Importance and application to clinical research and field research Basics software programme

Summarization of Data: measures of center, dispersion, skewness Dependence of

variables: Correlation, linear regression, logistic regression
Basic probability distributions: Binomial, Normal, Chi-squares.
Estimation of parameters: method of moments, maximum likelihood
Testing of hypotheses:
(a) parametric tests: t-test, z-test, chi-squares test, ANOVA
(b) non-parametric tests: Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov

Recommended Textbooks and References:

1. Stroud, K. A., & Booth, D. J. (2009). Foundation Mathematics. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
2. Aitken, M., Broadhursts, B., & Haldky, S. (2009) Mathematics for Biological Scientists. Garland Science.
3. Billingsley, P. (1986). Probability and Measure. New York: Wiley.
4. Rosner, B. (2000). Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Boston, MA: Duxbury Press.
5. Daniel, W. W. (1987). Biostatistics, a Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. New York: Wiley.
 30

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester 1
Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (No. of Periods/Week)
(Laboratory/Practical/practicum/hands-
on/Activity)

1BTB-LC-I Biochemistry & Analytical 6 H/Week

Techniques

Cos
By the end of the Lab/Practical Course, generally students would be able to:
1. Elaborate concepts of biochemistry with easy to run experiments;
2. Familiarize with basic laboratory instruments and understand the principle of measurements using those
instruments with experiments in biochemistry.
3. quantify the biochemical parameters
4. Create and evaluate the reports of biochemical / diagnostic laboratory.
5. Design the Enzymatic process for product formation
6. Evaluate and compare the Biochemical processes.

* List of Practical/Laboratory Experiments/Activities etc.

1 To preparing various stock solutions and working solutions that will be needed for
the course.

2 To prepare an Acetic-Na Acetate Buffer and validate the Handerson-Hasselbach

equation.

3 Amino Acid Titration and pI determination

4 To determine an unknown protein concentration by plotting a standard graph of

BSA using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and validating the Beer- Lambert’s Law.

5 Titration of Amino Acids and separation of aliphatic, aromatic and polar amino
acids by thin layer chromatography.

6 Isolation, Purification and characterization of an enzyme from a suitable source

7 Enzyme Kinetic Parameters: Km, Vmax and Kcat.

8 Experimental verification that absorption at OD 260 is more for denatured DNA as

compared to native double stranded DNA. reversal of the same following DNA
renaturation. Kinetics of DNA renaturation as a function of DNA size.

9 Identification of an unknown sample as DNA, RNA or protein using available

laboratory tools.

10. Analysis of data from Biophysical methods (Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy,

Fluorescence Spectroscopy, SPR, ITC,other new techniques).

11. Analysis of mass of small molecules and fragmentation patterns by Mass

Spectrometry.

Learning Resources
1. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry by David Plummer (3rd Edition), Mc Graw Hill Edition.
2. Laboratory Manual In Biochemistry by J Jayaraman. New Age International Publisher.
3. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Keith Wilson and John Walker (7th
Edition). Cambridge University Press, New York

Virtual Lab Biochemistry Virtual Lab II : Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering : Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=64
 31

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1
Code of the Title of the Course/Subject (No. of Periods/Week)
Course/Subject (Laboratory/Practical/practicum/h
ands-on/Activity)

1BTB-LC-II Cell Biology 6 H/Week

Cos
By the end of the Lab/Practical Course, generally students would be able to:
1. Use various types of microscope for analysis of cellular objects.
2. Use various types of microscopes for detection of pathogens as well as disease diagnostics.
3. Analyse chromosome aberrations and cancer detection
4. Plan and execute experiments for research in Cellular and molecular biology

1. Principle and utility of microscopy

2. Observation of distinguishing features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

3. To measure the dimension of a microscopic an object using ocular and stage micrometer

4. Preparation of blood smear and differential staining of blood cells

5. Preparation of onion root tip squash and observation of different stages of cell division.

6. To Observe growth and differentiation in single cells (pollen grains) by hanging drop culture method.

7. To estimate the amount of chlorophyll present in the given sample

8. Biological Membranes
● Use a Colorimeter to measure color changes due to disrupted cell membranes.
● Determine the effect of osmotic balance on biological membranes.
● Determine the effect of detergents on biological membranes.
● Determine the effect of pH on biological membranes.
9. Cell fractionation and organ isolation
● Mitochondria Isolation
● Chloroplast Isolation
● Membrane protein extraction
● Nuclear protein extraction
● Subcellular protein extraction
10. Analyze the Human karyotype chart for different genetic disorders

Learning Resources

1. Cell Biology Laboratory Manual by William H. Heidcamp

http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/lab_protocols/cell-biology-lab-manual-heidcamp.htm

2. Biological Membranes - Vernier https://www.vernier.com/experiment/bwv-9_biological-

membranes/

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1
 32

Code of the Title of the Course/Subject (No. of Periods/Week)

Course/Subject (Laboratory/Practical/practicum/h
ands-on/Activity)

1BTB-LC-III Microbiology 6 H/Week

COs
By the end of the Lab/Practical Course, generally students would be able to:

1. Isolate, characterize and identify common bacterial and fungal organisms;

2. Determine bacterial load of different samples;
3. Perform antimicrobial sensitivity tests;
4. Preserve bacterial and fungal cultures.

1. Preparation of simple laboratory nutrient media (Nutrient agar/broth, MacConkey’s agar). ii. Checking
sterilization efficiency of autoclave using a biological/chemical indicator.

2. Demonstration of Special staining techniques: i. Grams Staining ii. Endospore staining

3. Isolation of bacteria by streak plate technique (Colony and cultural characteristics) 1 4 Enumeration of
bacteria from fermented food / soil / water by: i. Spread plate method ii. Pour plate method.

4. To study the effect of different parameters on growth of E. coli: pH, temperature, sodium chloride
concentration.

5. Biochemical characterization of bacteria: a. Sugar utilization test (minimal medium + sugar) b. Sugar
Fermentation test c. IMViC d. Enzyme detection – Gelatinase, Catalase, Oxidase e. Oxidative-fermentative
test.

6. Primary screening of industrially important organisms: a. Organic acid producing microorganisms b.

Antibiotic producing microorganisms (crowded plate technique).

7. Bacteriological tests for potability of water a. MPN, Confirmed and Completed test. b. Membrane filter
technique (Demonstration).

8. Induction of mutations by using physical mutagen (e.g. UV rays/ chemical mutagen).

9. Study of mutations by Ames test

10. Isolation of mutants by any suitable method c. Demonstration of UV survival curve.

11. Isolation and demonstration of bacteriophages from infected water.

Recommended Textbooks and References:

1. Cappuccino, J. G., & Welsh, C. (2016). Microbiology: a Laboratory Manual. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing
Company.
2. Collins, C. H., Lyne, P. M., Grange, J. M., & Falkinham III, J. (2004). Collins and Lyne’s Microbiological Methods
(8 th ed.). Arnolds.
3. Tille, P. M., & Forbes, B. A. Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology.
 33

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester1

Code of the Course/Subject TitleoftheCourse/Subject (No. ofPeriods/Week)

(Laboratory/Practical/practicum/hands-
on/Activity)

1BTB-LC-IV Laboratory IV: Molecular Biology 06

COs
After completion of the course the student would be able to
1. Design the strategy to isolate the DNA from particular biological specimen.
2. Develop the restriction map of given DNA
3. Determine the quantity of the isolated DNA.
4. Determine the purity of the isolated DNA.
5. Generate differences between RNA and DNA isolation
6. Choose or select appropriate method of cell lysis for the isolation of DNA from different sources.

*ListofPractical/LaboratoryExperiments/Activitiesetc.

1 Isolation of genomic DNA from blood (Animal Cell)

2 Isolation of genomic DNA from Spinach leaf(plant Cell)

3 Isolation of DNA from Bacteria

3 Isolation of Plasmid DNA

4 Agarose Gel electrophoresis

5 DNA quantification

6 To determine purity of isolated DNA

7 Restriction Enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA
8 UV mutagenesis to isolate amino acid auxotroph
9 In vitro transcription
10 In vitro translation
11 Isolation of RNA

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual by Joseph Sambrook, David W. Russell. CSHL

Press, 2001
2. Short Protocols in Molecular Biology (5th ed.) A Compendium of Methods from Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, by Frederick M Ausubel, Roger Brent, Robert E Kingston,
David D Moore, J G Seidman, John A Smith, Kevin Struhl.
3. Molecular Biology Lab Manual by Julie B. Wolf Molecular Biology Lab Manual
(ihcworld.com)
4. DNA Extraction & Purification/DNA Extraction from Bacteria and Other Organisms Protocols
(protocol-online.org)
 34

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year UG/PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester II

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSC-V Genetic Engineering 45

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. Get an insight of tools of genetic engineering

2. Create Genomic Library
3. Develop and use technology for molecular diagnostics
4. Develop recombinant proteins as well as primers as tools for developing diagnostics kits.
5. Develop recombinant therapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Biosimilars
6. Design and develop Genetically modified as well as genetically edited plants

Unit Content

Unit Introduction and tools for genetic engineering (9 periods)

I

Impact of genetic engineering in modern society; general requirements for performing a genetic
engineering experiment; Enzymes in Genetic Engineering: restriction endonucleases and methylases;
DNA ligase, Klenow enzyme, T4 DNA polymerase, polynucleotide kinase, Taq polymerase and other
polymerases for PCR, alkaline phosphatase; cohesive and blunt end ligation; linkers; adaptors;
homopolymeric tailing; labelling of DNA: nick translation, random priming, radioactive and non-
radioactive probes,.

Unit Different types of vectors (9 periods)

II

Plasmids; Bacteriophages; M13 vectors; pUC19 and Bluescript vectors, Phagemids; Lambda vectors;
Insertion and Replacement vectors; Cosmids; Artificial chromosome vectors (YACs; BACs); Principles
for maximizing gene expression vectors; pMal; pET-based vectors; Protein purification; His-tag; GST-
tag; MBP-tag etc.; Intein-based vectors; mammalian expression and replicating vectors; Baculovirus and
Pichia vectors system, plant based vectors, Ti and Ri as vectors, yeast vectors, shuttle vectors. Novel
Vectors, co-transfections, super transfections, clone selection, importance of monoclonality.

Unit
III Gene manipulation and protein-DNA interaction (9 periods)

Insertion of foreign DNA into host cells; transformation, electroporation, transfection; construction of
libraries; isolation of mRNA and total RNA; reverse transcriptase and cDNA synthesis; cDNA and
genomic libraries; construction of microarrays – genomic arrays, cDNA arrays and oligo arrays; study of
protein-DNA interactions:

Recently strategies, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9,
multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE), promoter engineering, CRISPR-based regulations,
and synthetic small regulatory RNA (sRNA)-based knockdown, for genome-scale engineering in
microbiological systems. And their applications in metabolic engineering. ZFN, TALEN

Unit
IV (9 periods)

Hybridization techniques: northern, southern, south-western and far-western and colony hybridization,
fluorescence in situ hybridization ,electrophoretic mobility shift assay; DNase footprinting; methyl
interference assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation; protein-protein interactions using yeast two-hybrid
system; phage display, FRET.

Different types of PCR techniques

Principles of PCR: primer design; Various thermostable enzymes and their fidelity; DNA polymerases;
types of PCR – multiplex, nested; reverse-transcription PCR, real time PCR, touchdown PCR, hot start
PCR, colony PCR, asymmetric PCR, cloning of PCR products; T-vectors; proof reading enzymes; PCR
based site specific mutagenesis; PCR in molecular diagnostics; viral and bacterial detection
 35

Current genetic manipulation techniques in the recent therapeutics field: Mabs, Bispecific Mabs, Fabs,
Cell and gene therapy.

Unit
V Gene silencing and genome editing technologies (9 periods)

Gene silencing techniques; introduction to siRNA; siRNA technology; Micro RNA; construction of
siRNA vectors; principle and application of gene silencing; gene knockouts and gene therapy; creation
of transgenic plants; Cre-Lox Technology, debate over GM crops; introduction to methods of genetic
manipulation in different model systems e.g. fruit flies (Drosophila), worms (C. elegans), frogs
(Xenopus), fish (zebra fish) and chick; Transgenics - gene replacement; gene targeting; creation of
transgenic and knock-out mice; disease model; introduction to genome editing by CRISPR-CAS with
specific emphasis on Chinese and American clinical trials.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Old, R. W., Primrose, S. B., & Twyman, R. M. (2001). Principles of Gene Manipulation: an Introduction to Genetic
Engineering. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Green, M. R., & Sambrook, J. (2012). Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
3. Brown, T. A. (2006). Genomes (3rd ed.). New York: Garland Science Pub.
4. Selected papers from scientific journals, particularly Nature & Science.
5. Technical Literature from Stratagene, Promega, Novagen, New England Biolab etc.
6. Bernard R. Glick, Jack J. Pasternak, and Cheryl L. Patten. (2003) Molecular Biotechnology: principles and
applications of recombinant DNA.
 36

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year UG/PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSC-VI Genomics and Proteomics 15

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. Acquire knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of genomics and proteomics,

transcriptomics, and metabolomics.
2. Apply the knowledge to various applied areas of biology.
3. Develop recombinant proteins as well as primers as tools for developing diagnostics kits.
4. Develop recombinant therapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Biosimilars
5. Design and develop Genetically modified as well as genetically edited plants

Unit Content

Unit Basics of genomics and Genome mapping (3 periods)

I
A brief overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization; extra-chromosomal DNA: bacterial
plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplast. Genetic and physical maps; markers for genetic mapping;
methods and techniques used for gene mapping, physical mapping, linkage analysis, cytogenetic
techniques, FISH technique in gene mapping, somatic cell hybridization, radiation hybrid maps, in situ
hybridization, comparative gene mapping.

Unit Genome sequencing projects (2 periods)

II Human Genome Project, genome sequencing projects for microbes, plants, and animals, metagenomes,
accessing and retrieving genome project information from the web.

Unit Comparative genomics (2 periods)

III
Identification and classification of organisms using molecular markers- 16S rRNA typing/sequencing,
SNPs; use of genomes to understand evolution of eukaryotes, track emerging diseases and design new
drugs; determining gene location in genome sequence.

Unit Proteomics (4 periods)

IV
Structure-function relationships: amino acids – structure and functional group properties, peptides and
covalent structure of proteins, elucidation of primary and higher order structures, Ramachandran plot,
evolution of protein structure

Aims, strategies and challenges in proteomics; proteomics technologies: 2D-PAGE, isoelectric focusing,
mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, yeast 2-hybrid system, proteome databases.

Unit Functional genomics and proteomics (4 periods)

V
Transcriptome analysis for identification and functional annotation of gene, Contig assembly,
chromosome walking and characterization of chromosomes, mining functional genes in genome, gene
function- forward and reverse genetics, gene ethics; protein chips and functional proteomics; clinical and
biomedical applications of proteomics; introduction to metabolomics, lipidomics, metagenomics and
systems biology. Types of assays used like 3C etc.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Primrose, S. B., Twyman, R. M., Primrose, S. B., & Primrose, S. B. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and
Genomics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
2. Liebler, D. C. (2002). Introduction to Proteomics: Tools for the New Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
3. Campbell, A. M., & Heyer, L. J. (2003). Discovering Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics. San Francisco:
Benjamin Cummings.
 37

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year UG/PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester II

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSC-VII Immunology 45

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. identify the cellular and molecular basis of immune responsiveness.

2. describe the roles of the immune system in both maintaining health and contributing to disease.
3. describe immunological response and how it is triggered and regulated.
4. demonstrate a capacity for problem-solving about immune responsiveness.
5. transfer knowledge of immunology into clinical decision-making through case studies presented in class.
6. develop diagnostic tools.
7. develop Biologicals for therapeutic applications.

Unit Content

Unit Immunology (9 periods)

I
Fundamental concepts, types and overview of the immune system. Components of innate and acquired
immunity; phagocytosis; complement and inflammatory responses;
Antigens: immunogens, haptens; antigen processing and presentation- endogenous antigens, exogenous
antigens, non-peptide bacterial antigens and super-antigens; cell-cell co-operation, Hapten-carrier system.
Organs of immune system, primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) and pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP);

Unit Immune responses generated by B and T lymphocytes. (9 periods)

II
Immunoglobulins - basic structure, classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins, antigenic determinants;
multigene organization of immunoglobulin genes; B-cell receptor; Immunoglobulin superfamily;
principles of cell signaling; basis of self & non-self discrimination; kinetics of immune response, memory;
B cell maturation, activation and differentiation; generation of antibody diversity; T-cell maturation,
activation and differentiation and T-cell receptors; functional T Cell subsets; cell-mediated immune
responses, ADCC; cytokines: properties, receptors and therapeutic uses.

Unit Antigen-antibody interactions and modifications (9 periods)

III
Precipitation, agglutination and complement mediated immune reactions; advanced immunological
techniques: RIA, ELISA, Western blotting, ELISPOT assay, immunofluorescence microscopy, flow
cytometry and immunoelectron microscopy; surface plasmon resonance, biosensor assays for assessing
ligand –receptor interaction; CMI-Cell mediated immunological techniques: lymphoproliferation assay,
mixed lymphocyte reaction, cell cytotoxicity assays.

Antibody fractionation, Type of antibody fragments, Preparation of Fab, F(ab”) 2, Fc fragments of IgG,
IgM fragmentation, advantages of antibody fragments and Applications in various fields.
Antibody labeling: Antibody conjugates, Secondary antibodies, Types of labels: Biotin, Enzyme
reporters, Fluorescent tags, Label used for different techniques.

Unit Immunogenetics (9 periods)

IV
Major histocompatibility complex genes and their role in immune responsiveness, disease
susceptibility, autoimmune and infectious diseases, Transplantation and HLA typing, human major
histocompatibility complex (MHC), Complement genes of the human major histocompatibility complex:
implication for linkage disequilibrium and disease associations, Hypersensitivity reactions-genetic
studies of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, genetics of human
immunoglobulin, immunogenetics of spontaneous control of HIV, KIR- Killer cell immunoglobulin-like
receptors complex.

Unit Applications of antibodies (9 periods)

V

Use of antibodies in therapeutics and diagnostics, Concept of Antibody engineering and their
types; Production and Purification of polyclonal antibodies in rabbits, mice etc.
Antibodies as therapeutic tools- viz mouse, chimeric, humanized and full human antibodies.
Antibody Discovery platforms - like Hybridoma Technology, Phage Display Technology, Yeast Display
Technology & B-cell sorting etc.
Antibody production in mammalian cells such as CHO and HEK293 cell lines.
 38

Antibodies for the treatment of different types of cancer, immune mediated disorders, infectious diseases,
cardiovascular/Homeostasis, Neurological disorder, Genetic disease, Ophthalmic disorders,
Musculoskeletal disorders etc.
Antibodies for Diagnostic uses - like in detection of Dengue, Malaria, Chikungunya, Covid-19, TB (Both
ELISA and RAPID kits) etc.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai (2022). Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders
of the Immune System 6th Edition. Elsevier
2. Brostoff, J., Seaddin, J. K., Male, D., & Roitt, I. M. (2002). Clinical Immunology. London: Gower
Medical Pub
3. Goding, J. W. (1996). Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice: Production and Application of
Monoclonal Antibodies in Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Immunology. London: Academic Press
4. Helen Chapel, Mansel Haeney, Siraj Misbah, Neil Snowden (2014). Essentials of Clinical
Immunology, Includes Wiley E-Text, 6th Edition. Wiley-Blackwel
5. Ian Tizard (2005).Immunology: An Introduction. CENGAGE LEARNING (RS)
6. Kindt, T. J., Goldsby, R. A., Osborne, B. A., & Kuby, J. (2006). Kuby Immunology. New York: W.H.
Freeman.
7. Lauren M. Sompayrac (2019). How the Immune System Works 6th Edition. Wiley Blackwell.
8. Murphy, K., Travers, P., Walport, M., & Janeway, C. (2012). Janeway’s Immunobiology. New York:
Garland Science.
9. Parham, P. (2005). The Immune System. New York: Garland Science.
10. Paul, W. E. (2012). Fundamental Immunology. New York: Raven Press.
11. Peter J. Delves, Seamus J. Martin, Dennis R. Burton, Ivan M. Roitt (2017). Roitt's Essential Immunology,
13th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell
12. Pravash Sen. Gupta, Clinical Immunology. Oxford University Press. 2003.
13. Noel R. Rose, Herman Friedman, John L. Fahey. Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology. ASM.
3rd ed., 1986.
14. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/102/105/102105083/ Immunology
15. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103038 Cellular & Molecular Immunology
 39

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year UG/PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSC--VIII Molecular Diagnostics 15

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. Acquire knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of genomics and proteomics,

transcriptomics, and metabolomics.
2. Apply the knowledge to various applied areas of biology.
3. Develop recombinant proteins as well as primers as tools for developing diagnostics kits.
4. Get acquainted with current technologies being developed and used in clinic and research.

Unit Content

Unit Genome biology in health and disease (2 periods)

I
DNA, RNA, Protein: An overview; chromosomal structure & mutations; DNA polymorphism: human
identity; clinical variability and genetically determined adverse reactions to drugs.

Unit Genome: resolution, detection & analysis (4 periods)

II
PCR: Real-time; LAMP, Digital PCR, ARMS; Multiplex; ISH; FISH; ISA; RFLP; DHPLC; DGGE;
CSCE; SSCP; Nucleic acid sequencing: new generations of automated sequencers; Microarray chips;
EST; SAGE; microarray data normalization & analysis; molecular markers: 16S rRNA typing;
Diagnostic proteomics: SELDI-TOF-MS & MALDI-TOF ; Bioinformatics data acquisition & analysis.

Unit Diagnostic metabolomics (3 periods)

III
Metabolite profile for biomarker detection the body fluids/tissues in various metabolic disorders by
making using LCMS, & NMR technological platforms. protein-protein interactions using yeast two-
hybrid system; FRET

Detection and identity of microbial diseases

Direct detection and identification of pathogenic-organisms that are slow growing or currently lacking a
system of in vitro cultivation as well as genotypic markers of microbial resistance to specific antibiotics.
NGS and its application for microbial diagnostics. Detection of Antimicrobial resistance

Unit Detection of inherited diseases (3 periods)

IV
Exemplified by two inherited diseases for which molecular diagnosis has provided a dramatic
improvement of quality of medical care: Fragile X Syndrome: Paradigm of new mutational mechanism
of unstable triplet repeats, von-Hippel Lindau disease: recent acquisition in growing number of familial
cancer syndromes.

Unit Molecular markers based diagnosis (3 periods)

V
Preliminary concept of RFLP, RAPD, AFLP. Molecular markers linked to disease resistant genes,
application of RFLP in forensic, disease prognosis, genetic counselling, pedigree, varietals etc., Animal
trafficking and poaching, Germplasm maintenance, taxonomy and Biodiversity. Genome size, Genome
mapping by conjugation, organelle genome with concept of DNA barcoding, and cloning in organelle
genome. Genetic defects due to mutations in the organelle genome.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Primrose, S. B., Twyman, R. M., Primrose, S. B., & Primrose, S. B. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and
Genomics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
2. Liebler, D. C. (2002). Introduction to Proteomics: Tools for the New Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
3. Campbell, A. M., & Heyer, L. J. (2003). Discovering Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics. San Francisco:
Benjamin Cummings.
40
 41

Syllabus Prescribed for Two year PG Programme

Programme: M. Sc. Biotechnology Semester II

Code of the course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (No. Of periods / week)

2BTB-DSC-IX Plant Biotechnology 3

COs :
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. create the foundation for plant biotechnology by revising the plant physiology.
2. Gain sound knowledge of principles, practices and application of plant tissue culture.
3. Become familiar to the techniques involved in genetic transformation of plants.
4. Become aware of the basics of rules and regulations about GMOs.
5. Set up Plant tissue culture laboratory horticulture and floriculture
6. Develop safer and better Gene edited crops

Unit I : Plant Photosynthesis: Chloroplast, structure, function, plastid DNA, C3 & C4 pathways,
physiology I photorespiration, Pathways for secondary metabolites: Shikimate, isoprene and
phenylpropanoid pathways; their regulations and applications in industry. (9 periods)
Unit II: Plant Mineral nutrition and Water uptake by plants, Plant hormones, Stress physiology -
physiology II Responses to plant pathogens: Genetic basis of plant pathogen interactions, R genes
and R gene mediated resistance, Biochemistry of plant defense reactions, Responses
to abiotic stress: osmotic adjustment and its role in tolerance to drought and salinity,
flooding and oxygen deficit, genes induced by water stress, Photoperiodism.
(8 periods)
Unit-III : Cell Introduction to cell and tissue culture as a technique to produce novel plants and
and tissue hybrids; Tissue culture media (composition and preparation ) Initiation and
culture maintenance of callus and suspension culture, single cell clones.
Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, transfer and establishment of cut whole plant
in soil Shoot tip culture ; rapid clonal propagation and production of virus free plants,
concept of elite plant; somaclonal variations; Embryo culture and embryo rescue;
Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of
hybrid plants, symmetric and asymmetric hybrids, cybrids; Anther, pollen and ovary
culture for production of haploids plants and homozygous line; Cryopreservation ,
Slow growth and DNA banking for germplasm conservation; Green house and green
home technology. (10periods)
Unit IV: Plant Basis of tumour formation , hairy root, features of Ti and Ri plasmid, Mechanisms of
transformation DNA transfer , role of virulence genes, use of Ti and Ri plasmid as vector, binary vector;
technology Use of 35S and plant specific promoters, genetic markers, use of reporter genes, reporter
genes with introns, use of scaffold attachment regions; Methods of nuclear
transformation, viral vectors and their application , multiple gene transfer; Vectors-less
or direct DNA transfer and particle bombardment, electroporation, microinjection,
Chloroplast transformation, Cre-Lox Technology. (9 periods)
Unit-V : Herbicides resistance, phosphoinothricin, glyphosate, sufonyl urea, atrazine; Insect
Application of resistance , Bt genes, Non-Bt like protease inhibitors, alpha amylase inhibitors; Virus
plant resistance, coat protein mediated , nucleocapsid genes, diseases resistance ; Nematode
Transformation resistance, abiotic stress, post harvest losses, long shelf life of fruits and flowers; Male
for sterile lines, bar and barnase systems,
productivity Genome edited plants, Debate over GM crops. (9 periods)
and
performance:

Recommended textbooks and references

1. Amritrao, P.V.D.A. Evans, W.P. Sharp and Bajaj Y.P.S. (1990) Handbook of Plant Cell Culture volumes
I-V, McGraw Hill Publishing Co. New York.

2. Bhojwani S.S. And Rajdan M.K. (1983). Plant Tissue Culture : Theory and practice.Elsevier, ISBN:
9780080539096

3. Reinert J. and Bajaj Y.P.S. (1977). Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ
Culture, By Springer - Verlag, Berlin. ISBN: 978-3-662-02281-8, 978-3-662-02279-5.

4. Grierson, D. and Coyey S.N. (1988) Molecular Biology, Ed. 2, Springer. ISBN : 0751401447,
978-0751401448.
 42

5. Bhojwani S.S. (1991). Plant tissue culture : Application and limitations, Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN:
9780444598479

6. Chawla H. S (2000). Introduction to plant Biotechnology, Ed. 3, Oxford and IBH Publishing C. Pvt. Ltd.,
ISBN: 978-81-204-1732-8

7. Dixon R.A. and Gonzales, IRL Press, Plant Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. Ed. 2, IRL Press. ISBN:
0-19-963402-5, 978-0-19-963402-6

8. Debergth P.C. and Zimmerman (1990) : Micro propagation : Kluwer, Academic Publication, Dordrecht.
ISBN: 978-94-009-2075-0

9. Stanton B. Gelvin, Robbert A. Schilperoort (1984) : Plant Molecular Biology manual, Springer Link.
ISBN: 978-94-011-0511-8

10. Buchnan B. B. (2015). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2nd Ed., Wiley. ISBN :
9780470714218, 978-0470714218

17. Glick B. R. and Pasternack J. J (2002). Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of
Recombinant DNA, 3rd Ed., American Society for Microbiology, ISBN : 1555812244, 978-1555812249

18. Primrose S. W. and Teyman R. M. (2014). Principles of Gene Manipulation: An Introduction to Genetic
Engineering, John Wiley Blackwell Publication, ISBN 8126548398, 978-8126548392

19. Taiz L, Zeiger E, Moller I M, Murphy A. (2018). Plant Physiology and Development, 6th Ed., OUP
USA; ISBN : 1605357456, 978-1605357454
 43

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester1

Code of the Course/Subject TitleoftheCourse/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-ASC-II IPR 15

Cos
On completion of this course, students would be able to:
1. Formulate the rationale for and against IPR and especially patents;
2. Derive IPR Policy of India and be familiar with broad outline of patent regulations;
3. Compose different types of intellectual property rights in general and protection of products derived
from biotechnology research and issues related to application and obtaining patents;
4. Build knowledge of different types of IPR in general related with Biotechnology in particular.
5. Develop ability to file different types of IPR..

Unit Content
Unit I Introduction to IPR :Introduction to intellectual property; types of IP: patents, trademarks,
copyright & related rights, industrial design, traditional knowledge, geographical indications,
protection of new GMOs; International framework for the protection of IP; IP as a factor in
R&D; IPs of relevance to biotechnology and few case studies; introduction to history of
GATT, WTO, WIPO and TRIPS; plant variety protection and farmers rights act; concept of
‘prior art’: invention in context of “prior art”; patent databases - country-wise patent searches
(USPTO, EPO, India); analysis and report formation(.6-periods)

Unit II Patenting:Basics of patents: types of patents; Indian Patent Act 1970; recent amendments;
WIPO Treaties; Budapest Treaty; Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and implications;
procedure for filing a PCT application; role of a Country Patent Office; filing of a patent
application; precautions before patenting-disclosure/non-disclosure - patent application-
forms and guidelines including those of National Bio-diversity Authority (NBA) and other
regulatory bodies, fee structure, time frames; types of patent applications: provisional and
complete specifications; PCT and conventional patent applications; international patenting-
requirement, procedures and costs; financial assistance for patenting-introduction to existing
schemes; publication of patents-gazette of India, status in Europe and US; patent
infringement- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies and examples; commercialization of
patented innovations; licensing – outright sale, licensing, royalty; patenting by research
students and scientists-university/organizational rules in India and abroad, collaborative
research - backward and forward IP; benefit/credit sharing among parties/community,
commercial (financial) and non-commercial incentives.(9-periods)
 44

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Ganguli, P. (2001). Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing the Knowledge Economy. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.
2. National IPR Policy, Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce,
GoI
3. Complete Reference to Intellectual Property Rights Laws. (2007). Snow White Publication
Oct.
4. Office of the Controller General of Patents, Design & Trademarks; Department of Industrial
Policy & Promotion; Ministry of Commerce & Industry; Government of India.
http://www.ipindia.nic.
5.Karen F. Greif and Jon F. Merz, Current Controversies in the Biological Sciences -Case Studies
of Policy Challenges from New Technologies, MIT Press
6. World Trade Organisation. http://www.wto.org
7. World Intellectual Property Organisation. http://www.wipo.int
8. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. http://www.upov.int
9. National Portal of India. http://www.archive.india.gov.in
10. National Biodiversity Authority. http://www.nbaindia.org

Web link to Equivalent MOOC on SWAYAM if relevant:

https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc22_hs59/preview
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc21_mg96/preview
 45

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSE-A/4BTB-DSE-A Cancer Biology 30

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. analyse the changes in the cells leading to cancer

2. formulate new assay systems for detection of cancer.
3. Get motivated to design markers.
4. help develop new drugs

Unit Content

Unit Hallmarks of cancer

I Cancer: Introduction to cancer, the nature of cancer cancer types and their prevalence, class organization.
Hall Marks of Cancer: Evasion of Apoptosis, Limitless replicative potential, Sustained
Angiogenesis, Inflammation. Diseased and cancerous cell: morphological and microscopic features,
important tumor markers

Unit Molecular basis of Key Players

II Carcinogens, tumor virology, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle regulation in cancer
development, role of genomic instability in cancer pathogenesis, Histone acetylases/deacetylases in
cancer progression, Understanding of post transcriptional and post translational modifications in cancer
cell, angiogenesis and malignancy, stem cell biology & cancer stem cells.

Unit Altered pathways

III Hypoxia/ tumor cell microenvironment and important signaling pathways involved in cancer progression,
Pathways involved in cell differentiation/ immortalization in cancer.
Systems Biology in cancer, epigenetics in cancer, MicroRNAs and cancer, cell death: necrosis and
apoptosis.

Unit Techniques involved in detection

IV Detection: Use of Immunoglobins, Biomarkers in detection, cytological screenings, karyotyping,
chromosome painting, FISH, other techniques involved in detection. Role of Histopathological &
Immunocytochemical techniques in cancer diagnostics and research, initiation and propagation of
cancer cells in cell culture systems: Evaluation of important properties and their relevance with human
biology

Unit Conventional and new treatments

V Discovery and clinical validation of a targets in cancer, tools, techniques & important parameters involved
in screening new bioactive(s) as possible anticancer agent(s), Cell cycle regulators: Role as therapeutic
targets in cancer, gene silencing and RNAi technology in cancer treatment.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. The Biology of Cancer. Weinberg R. A. (2013), 2nd Ed. Garland Publishing Inc, ISBN-10 : 0815342209,
978-0815342205
2. Molecular Biology of Cancer: Mechanisms, Targets, and Therapeutics. Pecorino Lauren, (2021), 5th Ed.
OUP Oxford, ISBN-10 : 0198833024, 978-0198833024
3. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Cooper G. M and Housman R. E, (2009), 5th Ed. Sinauer Associates Inc,
ISBN-10 : 0878933972, 978-0878933976
4. https://www.nature.com/scitable/ebooks/cntNm-16550193/
5. https://bookboon.com/en/introduction-to-cancer-biology-ebook
6. https://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/category/specialized-topics/cancer/
 46

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year UG/PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSE-B/4BTB-DSE-B Molecular Basis of Drug Discovery 30

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..
1. Recall the major steps of drug development and their corresponding processes
2. Interpret relationships between molecule concentration and enzyme or receptor activity
3. Compute a molecule's pharmacokinetic parameters from Cp-time data points
4. Correlate a molecule's structure to its metabolic behavior
5. Prioritize the viability of weakly active molecules for potential drug development
6. Propose molecules with improved properties based upon data from related structures

Unit Content

Unit I Pre-Regulatory Medicine: Natural products, Early Synthetic drugs, Pharmacophores, Need for
Regulations.
Drug development outline, Target based drug discovery and Phenotype based discovery, drug
repurposing. Concept to market

Unit II Proteins and their structures, Enzymes: Enzyme kinetics, Enzyme inhibition and its
measurements, IC50 and Ki, Receptors and Ligands, Occupancy theory: Emax and Kd, Binding
and Response, Upregulation and down-regulation

Unit III
Blood and drug transport: Serum binding, ADME, Pharmacokinetics, Oral
Bioavailability, Understanding Cp and complexity of dosing, Metabolism of drug, Pro-drug..

Unit IV Binding, Structure and Diversity: Intermolecular forces, Drug Target Complementarity,
Molecular diversity, Molecular libraries, Building libraries.

Unit V Lead Discovery: In vitro screening, fragment based screening, Filtering hits, Selective
optimization of side activities, Natural products
Lead optimization: functional group replacements, Alkyl group replacements, Isosters, Directed
Combinatorial Libraries, Peptidomimetics

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF DRUG DISCOVERY: Medicinal Chemistry

Made easy. Barnabas Ifitumi Samuel .ISBN-13: 979-8458903875
2. Basic Principles of Drug Discovery and Development. (11th Edition). Benjamin Blass. ISBN:
9780124115255
3. Drug Discovery and Evaluation Pharmacological Assays (2nd Edition). H. Gerhard Vogel (Ed.). ISBN 3-
540-42396-6 Springer-Verlag
4. Computer-Aided Drug Design Virtual Lab https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=3&brch=277
47
 48

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSE-C /4BTB-DSE-C Clinical Trial and Research 30

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. Demonstrate competency in biopharmaceutical clinical trial research designs and regulatory affairs
management to meet the health and medical needs of current and future biopharmaceutical product
consumers
2. Evaluate critical domestic and global regulatory and health care issues that challenge and influence
biopharmaceutical product development
3. Effectively assess and manage ethical clinical trial programs and biopharmaceutical development projects
4. Manage innovative biopharmaceutical/biotechnology products through the discovery processes and into the
clinical trial phases via identifying research questions and testable hypotheses
5. Demonstrate advanced critical thinking skills necessary to enhance employment opportunities or advance
within the biopharmaceutical industry
6. Effectively communicate and collaborate with health care providers and regulatory agencies to develop
culturally diverse domestic and global strategies for biopharmaceutical product approvals

Unit Content

Unit I Clinical trial Introduction:

Fundamentals of clinical research, Introduction to healthcare, Introduction to Good Clinical
practices, Communication skill, Introduction to New Drug Development process, Preclinical
studies: Selection of animals, selection of doses, protocol preparation and execution. Different
phases of clinical trials: Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, Bridging studies, Post marketing studies,
Sample size determination and Power of a study, Blinding and unblinding of subjects.

Unit II Regulatory Guidelines and Quality assurance

Clinical Research regulations in India – CDSCO / ICMR guidelines, Schedule Y, Clinical trial
application requirements in India, Investigational New Drug (IND), An abbreviated new drug
application (ANDA and New Drug application (NDA). Guidelines from, International Council
for Harmonisation (ICH), United states-Food and Drugs administration (US-FDA), Medicines
and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and Clinical Research regulations in
Europe (EMEA).
Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Clinical Trials, Audit conducts and compliances,
Preparing for FDA/ Pharmacovigilance inspections, Fraud and misconduct management.

Unit III Clinical Trial Ethics and safety:

Ethics committees, constitution and practices, Declaration of Helsinki and Informed consent
process, Liability and indemnity in clinical trials (Insurance and Indemnity: roles and
responsibility), Ethics and clinical trials in special population.
Adverse events and reporting of adverse events, Risk –benefit assessment of adverse events.
Ethical committees (EC), Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB).

Unit IV Scientific Writing and data management:

Clinical Protocols, Investigator’s Brochure, Informed Consent Form, Case report forms (CRF),
Contracts and agreements, Trial Master File preparation and maintenance, Investigator Site File,
Pharmacy File, Dairy Cards
Clinical Data Management (CDM):, Data management plan, Study set-up, Data entry, CRF
tracking and corrections, Central lab, Interactive Web Response Systems (IWRS) Interactive
Voice Response Systems (IVRS), source data. Data cleaning, managing laboratory data, Data
transfer and database lock, Quality Control and Quality Assurance in CDM, Data mining and
warehousing Clinical Data Analysis.
 49

Unit V Clinical Trial Management:

Clinical site management: Review of source documents, CRF, Inform consent form (ICF),
investigational Product (IP) storage, accountability and reconciliation, Study Procedure, EC
communications, Safety reporting, Monitoring visit reporting and follow-up Close-Out visit:
Study related documents collection, Archival requirement, Investigational Product reconciliation
and destruction, Close-Out visit report. Investigational Drug Management: Storage and transport
of drugs, packaging and labelling of materials for blinded and unblinded studies. Query
management.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Lawrence M. Friedman, Curt D. Furberg, David DeMets. Fundamentals of Clinical Trials. Springer
Cham.
2. Warren S. Browner. Publishing and Presenting Clinical Research, Third Edition. Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins (LWW)
3. Dr. Stephen B Hulley, Steven R Cummings, Warren S Browner. Designing Clinical Research.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW)
4. Susanne Prokscha. Practical Guide to Clinical Data Management, Third Edition. CRC Press
5. WHO. Handbook for Good Clinical Research Practice: guidance for implementation.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43392
 50

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSE-D /4BTB-DSE-D Phytosecondary Metabolites and its

Bioactivity 30

Course Outcomes
Students would be able to:
1. Identify and characterize the plants which produces various metabolites.
2. Identify major categories of plant metabolites and their classification, identification
and analysis.
3. Identify and demonstrate various lab techniques for their isolation and purification.
4. Demonstrate and evaluate interactions between metabolites for preventing human health.
.

Unit Content

Unit I Strategies For Discovery Of Bioactive Phytochemicals, Strategies For Choosing A Plant Species
Or Plant Tissue, Tools For Determination Of Active Components From Plants, Isolation And
Characterization Of Plant Constituents, Phytochemical Analysis And Assay.

Unit II QSAR And Molecular Modelling of Bioactive Phytochemicals

1. Lignans And Tannis, As Antiviral And Antitumour Agents

2. Isoflavonoids As Phytoestrogens And Flavonoids As Antiestrogens
3. Antioxidants Phenolics: Physiochemical Properties
4. Curcumins And Related Compounds As Blockers Of Signal Transduction In Inhibition
Of Tumour Promotion
5. Bioactive Components For Treatment Of Diseases.

Unit III Phyto-Antimicrobial (PAM)- Agents As Multifunctional Food Additives; PAM From Oils; PAM
From Spices; PAM From Herbs (Alove); PAM Thiosulphonates From Garlic; PAM
Polyphenolics From Green Tea.

Unit IV Phytobioactives From Plants, Their Compositions And Original Constituents, Natural Extracts;
Specific Process Development Require High Performing Technology Such As Extraction With
Supercritic CO2; Enzymatic Biopurification Or Bioconversion; Characterizing Fraction And
Components By Analytical Methods Including HPLC, TLC, Flurometry And
Spectrophotometry.

Unit V Validating Structure And Functional Claims Using An Assay Of Invitro Cell Based And Cell
Free Assays Targeted Towards- Cosmatics And Neutraceutical Applications; Some Of Assays
Including Antioxidant Activity; Antimicrobial Activity: UV Protection; Antiinflamatery Effects;
Skin Cell Regeneration; Antimutagenic Activity; Induction Of Chemopreventive Enzymes.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Anita Patil (2020). Phytosecondary metabolites: isolation, characterization and their biological
properties. STUDERA PRESS ISBN 978-93-85883-19-4
2. Crozier Alan Et.Al (2013). Plant Secondary Metabolites Occurrence Structure and Role In The Human Diet
by Crozier Alan Et.Al, Wiley India Pvt Ltd
3. Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui, Kamlesh Prasad (2016). Plant Secondary Metabolites, Biological and
Therapeutic Significance. Volume 1. CRC Press
4. Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui, Vasudha Bansal, Kamlesh Prasad (2016). Plant Secondary Metabolites,
Stimulation, Extraction, and Utilization. Volume 2. CRC Press
5. Satish C Bhatla, Manju A. Lal (2019). Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism. Springer
6. Swapna Thacheril Sukumaran, Shiburaj Sugathan, Sabu Abdulhameed (2020).Plant Metabolites:
Methods, Applications and Prospects. Springer
51
 52

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

30
2BTB-DSE-E/4BTB-DSE-E Nanobiotechnology

COs
On successful completion of this course, students would be able to ….
1. Develop a basic scientific concept behind the properties of materials at nanometer scale,
2. Design applications of Nanotechnology inspired from Nature.
3. Formulate methods of Nanomaterial synthesis.
4. Derive information about nanomaterial using different characterization techniques

Unit Content
Unit I Introduction to Bionanotechnology: Concepts, historical perspective and overview
of nanoscale materials; effect of length scale on properties; challenges and
opportunities associated with biology on the Nanoscale, Nanotechnology in Nature
(Lotus effect, Gecko Effect and Iridescence Phenomena); Biomimetic etc.(6-periods)

Unit II Nanomaterial Synthesis: Top-down and bottom-up approach of nanomaterial

Synthesis, Different methods of nanomaterial synthesis (Physical, Chemical, Biological
and Hybrid), Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Biological system, Extracellular
biosynthesis with a case study of silver and gold nanoparticles, Intracellular biosynthesis
case by Bacteria.(6-periods)

Unit III Characterization Techniques: characterization and analysis of nanoparticles by

different techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(NMR), Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM, STEM) , Probe Microscopy (AFM), X-RD,
FTIR, ICP-MS etc.(6-periods)

Unit IV Applications of nanomaterials : Nanoparticles for diagnostics and imaging

(theranostics); concepts of smart stimuli responsive nanoparticles, implications in
cancer therapy, nanodevices for biosensor development, Nanomaterials for catalysis,
development and characterization of nanobiocatalysts, application of nanoscaffolds in
sythesis, applications of nanobiocatalysis in the production of drugs and drug
intermediates. (6-periods)

Unit V Nanotoxicity : Introduction to Safety of nanomaterials, Basics of nanotoxicity, Models

and assays for Nanotoxicity assessment; Fate of nanomaterials in different stratas of
environment; Ecotoxicity models and assays; Life Cycle Assessment, containment;
Guidelines and Best Practices for Safe Handling of Nanomaterials in Research
Laboratories and Industries.(6-periods)
 53

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Gero Decher, Joseph B. Schlenoff, (2003); Multilayer Thin Films: Sequential Assembly of
Nanocomposite Materials, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
2. David S. Goodsell, (2004); Bionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature; Wiley-Liss
3. Neelina H. Malsch (2005), Biomedical Nanotechnology, CRC Press
4. Greg T. Hermanson, (2013); Bioconjugate Techniques, (3rd Edition); Elsevier
5. Recent review papers in the area of Nanomedicine.
Weblink to Equivalent MOOC on SWAYAM if relevant:
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc19_bt28/preview
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/118107015
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/118102003
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc19_mm21/preview
Weblink to Equivalent Virtual Lab if relevant:
https://youtu.be/ebO38bbq0_4
https://youtu.be/Vs5j0CLPHlI
 54

Syllabus Prescribed for TWO Year UG/PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester 1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (Total Number of Periods)

2BTB-DSE-F /4BTB-DSE-F DNA Fingerprinting 30

COs
Students after completion of this course would be able to…..

1. learn the basics of DNA Fingerprinting,

2. use technique of DNA Fingerprinting, Linage markers,
3. solve problems of DNA fingerprinting,
4. follow ethics of DNA analysis
5. carryout DNA analysis and legal aspects
6. study the classical papers and case study with an outcome to learn the presentation of case studies.

DNA Fingerprinting, applications and legal aspects

Unit Content
1. RFLP base DNA Fingerprinting
History of DNA profiling, RFLP based DNA profiling, multilocus probes, locus specific probes,
applications in Forensic science¸ advantages and disadvantages of RFLP based DNA profiling
2. PCR based DNA Fingerprinting
PCR STR based DNA profiling, Automation in detection of PCRSTR profile, classification of
STR, history of STR for DNA profiling, STR profiling used for sex determination, problems of
Amelogenin markers, advantages and disadvantages of STR based DNA profiling, problems of
DNA profiling.

3. Linage markers
Lineage marker: mt DNA, method of mt DNA analysis, Y-STR profiling, methodology for Y
STR analysis, Y STR database and its application, technique, Applications of lineage markers.
Problems of Linage markers.

4 DNA analysis: Legal system, application of database, ethics and social implication
DNA and Legal system in India, Indian DNA bill, DNA fingerprinting database, Combined
DNA Indexing System (CODIS). Forensic genetics and ethical, legal and social implications

5 Case studies using DNA analysis

Atleast 4 case studies for DNA analysis using research papers e.g Czar Nicohlas II case, Prince
Branciforte Barresi, Anna Anderson case etc

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. Gill et al (1985) Forensic application of DNA Fingerprints. Nature 318, 577.

2. Jefferys et al (1985) Individual specific DNA fingerprints of Human DNA. Nature 316, 76.
3. Jefferys et al (1985) Positive identification of an immigration test case using human DNA
fingerprints. Nature 317,818.
4. Jefferys et al (1985) Hypervariable Minisatellite regions in human DNA Nature, 314, 67
5. Rogave et al (2008) Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family,
PNAS www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/ 0811190106/DCSupplemental
6. Clobel et al (2009) The Identification of the Two Missin g Romanov Children Using DNA
Analysis, Plos 4, e4838
7. Wayman and White (1980) A highly polymorphic locus in human DNA, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci.
USA Vol. 77, No. 11, pp. 6754-6758,
8. An Introduction to Forensic Genetic (2007) William Goodwin ed
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ,
England
9. DNA Technology in Forensic Science DNA Technology in Forensic Science
10. Mildred K Cho and Pamela Sankar (2004) Forensic genetics and ethical, legal and social
implications beyond the clinic, Nat Genet. 2004 November ; 36(11 Suppl): S8–12.
 55

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology Semester1

Code of the Course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (No. of Periods/Week)

(Laboratory/Practical/practicum/hands-
on/Activity)

2BTB-LC-V Laboratory V Genetic Engineering 6

COs
After completion of the course student would be able to
1. Formulate an experiment for the gene transfer.
2. Design the in-silico PCR primer and perform e-PCR.
3. Develop the gene amplification protocol
4. Determine the gene transfer efficiency
5. Design an experiment for the expression of genes.

*List of Practical/Laboratory Experiments/Activities, etc.

1 Vector and Insert Ligation

2 Preparation of competent cells

3 Transformation of E.coli with standard plasmids, Calculation of

transformation efficiency

4 Confirmation of the insert by Colony PCR

5 Restriction mapping

6 In-silico primer designing and e-PCR

7 Polymerase Chain Reaction and analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis

8 Expression of recombinant protein, concept of soluble proteins and inclusion

body formation in E.coli, SDS-PAGE analysis/GFP
9 Purification of His-Tagged protein on Ni-NTA columns
a) Random Primer labeling
b) Southern hybridization.
 56

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M. Sc. Biotechnology Semester II
Code of the course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (No. Of periods / week)
2BTB-LC- VI Immunology 6
COs :
The candidate will gain hands-on knowledge and acquire adequate skill
required to identify and enumerate immune cells and also perform agglutination reactions.

By the end of the Lab/Practical Course, generally students would be able to:

1. Carry out routine clinical test

2. Use modern instruments used in diagnostic labs
3. Develop and purify antibodies
4. Develop immunological tests for detection and quantitation of specific molecules etc.

*List of Practical/Laboratory Experiments / Activities etc.

1. Preparation of the Blood film and Identification of various immune cells by morphology using–
Leishman staining/ Giemsa staining.

2. Differential leucocyte counts and Total count of blood cells.

3. Precipitation tests (a) ring test (b) slide test in given solution of an antigen and antibody.

4. Single radial Immunodiffusion (Mancini’s Technique) using antigen and antibody samples.

5. Heamagglutination Reactions- Blood Grouping – forward and reverse, Rh Typing, Coomb’s test,
TPHA.

6. Immune-electrophoresis of given antigen and antibody.

7. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) for separating proteins based on their net charge, size, and shape.

8. Serum lysozyme activity as inflammatory markers for diagnosis of sarcoidosis.

9. Purification of IgG from serum.

10. Detection of Dengue/Malaria/ Chikungunya, Covid-19, TB (Both ELISA and RAPID kits)

Recommended textbooks and references:

1. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s (2006) Textbook of Microbiology. 7 th ed.Universities Press, ISBN: 8173716323
2.Frank C. Hay, Olwyn M. R. Westwood (2002).Practical Immunology, 4th Ed. Blackwell Science,
ISBN:9780865429611
3.Plummer, David T (2004). An Introduction To Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.ISBN
9780070994874
4.C P Talwar, S. K. Gupta (2017). Hand Book Of Practical And Clinical Immunology. Vol 2. 2nd ed. CBS Publishers
& Distributors, ISBN: 9788123900186
5.Tobili Y. Sam-Yellowe (2021). Immunology Overview and Laboratory Manual. Springer Link ISBN: 978-3-030-
64686-8

Virtual Lab: https://ivl1-au.vlabs.ac.in/Introduction.html

 57

Syllabus Prescribed for Two Year PG Programme

Programme: M. Sc. Biotechnology Semester II

Code of the course/Subject Title of the Course/Subject (No. Of periods / week)

2BTB-LC-VII Plant Biotechnology 6

COs :

By the end of the Lab/Practical Course, generally students would be able to:
1. Design their own experiments related to plant tissue culture
2. Should be able to determine the culture conditions for various explants to get desirable results.
3. Acquire the skills required to culture and multiply economically important plants
4. Set up Plant tissue culture laboratory horticulture and floriculture
5. Develop safer and better Gene edited crops
.

*List of Practical/Laboratory Experiments / Activities etc.

1. Prepare culture media with various supplements for plant tissue culture
2. Isolation of explant, induction of callus, establishment and maintenance of callus
3. Organogenesis and plant regeneration through clonal propagation.
4. Induction of embryogenesis in anthers of Datura stramonium
5. Effect of various growth hormones on cell divisions and cell proliferation
6. Culture Agrobacterium tumefaciens and attempt transformation of any dicot species.
7. Embryogenesis in cultured cells from different explants.
8. Micropropagation of banana, citrus Papaya, Sugarcane etc.
9. Hardening of tissue culture raised plants.
10. Cell suspension culture from different tissues.
11. Isolate plant protoplast by enzymatic and mechanical methods (available material).
12. Undertake plant genomic DNA isolation by CTAB method and its quantitation by
visual as well as spectrophotometeric methods.

Recommended textbooks and references:

1. Bhojwani S.S. And Rajdan M.K. (1983). Plant Tissue Culture : Theory and practice, .Elsevier, ISBN:
9780080539096
2. Reinert J.and Bajaj Y.P.S. (1977). Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture,
By Springer - Verlag, Berlin. ISBN: 978-3-662-02281-8, 978-3-662-02279-5.
3. Reinert J.and Yeoman M. M. ( Plant Cell and Tissue Culture : A laboratory manual, McDonald P., (1982),
Springer - Verlag, Berlin. ISBN : 3642817866, 978-3642817861
4. Chawla H. S (2000). Introduction to plant Biotechnology, Ed. 3, Oxford and IBH Publishing C. Pvt. Ltd.,
ISBN: 978-81-204-1732-8
5. Dixon R.A. and Gonzales (1995). Plant Cell Culture : A Practical Approach, Ed. 2, IRL Press. ISBN: 0-19-
963402-5, 978-0-19-963402-6
 58

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF STUDENTS AND PAPER SETTERS

1. The medium of Instructions and for examination shall be English.

2. The pattern of question paper for external evaluation of all DSC having 3 credits will be broadly based on
the following pattern:
a. MCQ - 20 Questions - multiple choice questions from the entire course syllabus for one mark each.
b. The syllabus has been divided into units equal to the number of questions to be answered in the
paper. In each unit, there will be a question either a long answer type or a short answer type.
c. The number of questions will be in accordance with the unit prescribed in the syllabi for each course
i.e. there will be one question on each unit.
d. For every question long answer type or short answer type there will be an alternate choice from the
same unit. However, there will be no internal choice in a question.
e. The division of marks between long answer and short answer type questions will be in the ratio of
40 and 60.
f. Each short type question shall contain 4 to 6 short sub-questions with no internal choice.

3. Evaluation of Foundation Course I & II; AEC I & II, SEC I; DSC VI, VIII & XI; DSE will be broadly based
on the following pattern
a. At the beginning of each semester, every teacher shall inform his/her students unambiguously about
the method he/she proposes to adopt a scheme of marking for internal assessment.
b. A teacher shall announce the schedule of activities for internal assessment in advance in consultation
with the Head of the Department.
c. Normally the teacher concerned may conduct three written tests spread periodically during the
semester and award the marks on the test on passing any two tests.
d. The internal marks shall be displayed on the notice board within one week and the answer sheet
shall be shown to the student. Grievances if any, of the student regarding Internal Assessment marks
shall be settled by the Head of Department in consultation with the concerned teacher.
e. Final submission of internal marks to the University shall be before the commencement of the theory
examination.

4. Evaluation of AEC III (Critical Analysis of Classical Papers)

Students may be divided into groups and each group may be responsible for one classical paper. Each week
there may be a 1.5-hour presentation cum discussion for each of the papers. At the end of the semester, each
student will be asked to write a mini-review (2-3 pages long) on any one classical paper, other than the one
he/she presented/discussed.

5. The internal marks assigned to each course shall be awarded on the basis of continuous evaluation
a. At the beginning of each semester, every teacher shall inform his/her students unambiguously about
the method he/she proposes to adopt a scheme of marking for internal assessment.
b. The teacher shall announce the schedule of activities for the internal evaluation in advance in
consultation with the Head of the Department.
c. Normally the teacher concerned may conduct three written tests spread periodically during the
semester and award the marks on the test on passing any two tests.
d. The internal marks shall be displayed on the notice board within one week and the answer sheet
shall be shown to the student. Grievances if any, of the student regarding Internal Assessment marks
shall be settled by the Head of Department in consultation with the concerned teacher.
e. Final submission of internal marks to the University shall be before the commencement of the theory
examination.

6. The question should be based on Bloom's Taxonomy levels of (a) Remembering (b) Understanding (c)
Application (d) Analysis.

Remember: -
Skill Demonstrated Question Ques / Verbs for tests
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• Ability to recall information like facts, conventions, List, define, describe, state, recite, recall, identify, show,
definitions, jargon, technical terms, classifications, label, tabulate, quote, name, who, when where, etc.
categories, and criteria ability to recall methodology
and procedures, abstractions, principles, and theories
in the field
• Knowledge of dates, events, places.
• Mastery of subject matter

Understand: -
Skill Demonstrated Question Ques / Verbs for test

• Understanding information grasp Describe, explain, paraphrase, restate, associate,

• meaning contrast, summarize, differentiate interpret,
• translate knowledge into new context discuss.
• interpret facts, compare, contrast order,
• group, infer causes predict consequences
•

Apply: -
Skill Demonstrated Question Ques / Verbs for test

•• Use information Calculate, predict, apply, solve, illustrate, use,

use methods, concepts, laws, theories in new demonstrate, determine, model, experiment,
• situations show, examine, modify.
solve problems using required skills of knowledge
• Demonstrating correct usage of method or
procedure

Analysis: -
Skill Demonstrated Question Ques / Verbs for test

• break down a complex problem into parts. Classify, outline, break down, categorize, analyse,
Identify the relationships and interactions diagram, illustrate, infer, select.
• between the different parts of the complex
problem.

Evaluation (Judging)Analysis: -
Skill Demonstrated Question Ques / Verbs for test

Evaluation questions encourage students to .

develop opinions and make valuable decisions Assess, Critique, Determine, Evaluate, Judge, Justify,
about issues based on specific criteria Measure & Recommend
Examples of questions:
● "How could you select...?"
● "How could you prove...?"
● "How would you prioritize...?"
● "What information would you use to support...?"

Synthesis (Creating)
Skill Demonstrated Question Ques / Verbs for test

These questions encourage students to create .

something new by using a combination of ideas Arrange, Combine, Create, Design, Develop Formulate,
from different sources to form a new whole Integrate & Organize

Examples of questions:
● "What could be changed to improve...?"
● "How would you test...?"
● "What way would you design...?"
● "What outcome would you predict for...?"
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The Weightage of marks should be given preferably in the range of :

(a) Remembering 10 to 20%
(b) Understanding 30 to 45%
(c) Application 30 to 45%
(d) Analysis 10 to 20%
(e) Evaluation (Judging) 10 to 15%
(f) Synthesis (Creating) 10 to 15%
--------------------------------------
100 to 160%

Types of Questions: -

a) Multiple Choice Question (M.C.Q.): -

1. Relevant content: The question should be based on relevant and important content.
2. Application of knowledge, not only theory: The question tests the application of knowledge, and does not only
test how the candidate recalls isolated theoretical facts.
3. Focused questions and homogeneous answers: The question focuses on one relevant aspect of the topic, and
all proposed answers belong to the same content dimension (i.e., diagnosis, causes, management decisions, etc.)
4. Clear and unambiguous answer: The best answer clearly stands out. Avoid "correct" answers with existing
controversial doctrines.
5. Appropriate level of difficulty (50% -90% correct answers):
Too difficult - even the best candidates need to guess
Too easy - weak candidates get a "present"
6. Unambiguous, concise, and simple phrasing: Avoid trick questions and double negatives.
Use only common abbreviations, short sentences, etc.
Avoid imprecise qualifications (often, usually, etc.)
7. Avoid clues:
Clues can help candidates guess the correct answer. Examples are:
• One answer is much more detailed than the others
• Only one answer follows grammatically from the stem • Non-logical order of the answers

General strategies
• Test comprehension and critical thinking, not just recall
Ask MCQ so as to interpret facts, evaluate situations, explain cause and effect, make inferences, and predict
results.
• Use simple sentence structure and precise wording
Write test questions in a simple structure that is easy to understand. And try to be as accurate as possible in
your word choices. Words can have many meanings depending on colloquial usage and context.
• Use familiar language.
The question should use the same terminology that was used in the course. Avoid using unfamiliar
expressions or foreign language terms, unless measuring knowledge of such language is one of the goals of
the question. Students are likely to dismiss distracters with unfamiliar terms as incorrect.
• Place most of the words in the question stem
While using a question stem, rather than an entire question, ensure that most of the words are in the stem.
This way, the answer options can be short, making them less confusing and more legible.
• Avoid giving verbal association clues from the stem in the key.
If the key uses words that are very similar to words found in the stem, students are more likely to pick it as
the correct answer.
• Avoid trick questions
Questions should be designed so that students who know the material can find the correct answer. Questions
designed to lead students to an incorrect answer, through misleading phrasing or by emphasizing an otherwise
unimportant detail of the solution, violate this principle.
• Avoid negative wording
Students often fail to observe negative wording and it can confuse them. As a result, students who are familiar
with the material often make mistakes on negatively worded questions. In general, avoid having any negatives
in the stem or the options. In the rare cases where you use negatives be sure to emphasize the keywords by
putting them in upper case, and bolding or underlining them.
• Avoid double negatives
 61

Don't use combinations of the words like not, no, nor, the -un prefix, etc in the same question.
• Make the choices grammatically consistent with the stem.
Read the stem and each of the choices aloud to make sure that they are grammatically correct.
• As far as possible, keep all answer choices of the same length.
This can be difficult to achieve, but expert test-takers can use answer length as a hint to the correct answer.
Often the longest answer is the correct one. When one can't get all four answers to the same length, two
short and two long can be used.
• Place the choices in some meaningful order.
When possible, place the choices in numerical, chronological, or conceptual order. A better-structured
question is easier to read and respond to.
• Randomly distribute the correct response.
• The exam should have roughly the same number of correct answers that are a's, b's, c's, and d's (assuming
there are four choices per question)
• Avoid using "all of the above"
If "all of the above " is an option and students know two of the options are correct, the answer must be "all
of the above". If they know one is incorrect, the answer must not be "all of the above". A student may also
read the first option, determine that it is correct, and be misled into choosing it without reading all of the
options.
• Avoid using "none of the above"
The option "none of the above" does not test whether the student knows the correct answer, but only that
he/she knows the distracters aren't correct.
• Refrain from using words such as always, never, all, or none.
Most students know that few things are universally true or false, so distracters with these words in them can
often be easily dismissed.
• Avoid overlapping choices
Make the alternatives mutually exclusive. It should never be the case that if one of the distracters is true,
another distractor must be true as well.
• Avoid questions of the form "Which of the following statements is correct?"
There is no clear question being asked, and the choices are often heterogeneous. Such questions are better
presented in the form of True/ False questions.
• Instruct students to select the "best answer" rather than the "correct answer"
By doing this, you acknowledge the fact that the distracters may have an element of truth to them and
discourage arguments from students who may argue that their answer is correct as well.

Designing stems
• Express the full problem in the stem.
When creating the item, ask yourself if the students would be able to answer the question without looking at the
options. This makes the purpose of the question clear.

• Put all relevant material in the stem.

Do not repeat each of the alternative information that can be included in the stem. This makes options easier
to read and understand, and makes it easier for students to answer the question quickly.
• Eliminate excessive wording and irrelevant information from the stem.
Irrelevant information in the stem confuses students and leads them to waste time.
Designing alternatives
• Limit the number of alternatives.
Use between three and five alternatives per question. Research shows that three choice items are about as
effective as four or five-choice items, mainly because it is difficult to come up with plausible distracters.
• Make sure there is only one best answer.
Avoid having two or more options that are correct, but where one is "more" correct than the others. The
distracters should be incorrect answers to the question posed in the stem.
Make the distracters appealing and plausible.
All of the wrong answer choices should be completely reasonable. If the distracters are farfetched, students
will too easily locate the correct answer, even if they have little knowledge. When testing for recognition of
key terms and ideas keep the distractors similar in length and type of language as the correct solution. When
testing conceptual understanding, distractors should represent common mistakes made by students.

. b) Short Answer (SA) descriptive 2 - 3 marks as applicable)

A short answer question as the term indicates is one to which a brief answer can be given. When the students
are required to give a brief and precisely defined response, the suitable type is the restricted response
questions. The specific form of the answer should also be indicated, e.g., List, Define, Give a reason, etc.
While framing a question requiring a short answer it should be ensured that:
 62

1. The statement constituting the question is simple, clear, and unambiguous.

2. The scope of the answer is limited.
3. The direction given in the question is clear.
4. The question constitutes a valid testing situation for the ability under consideration
5. The question is likely to be interpreted in the same way by teachers/ students/ examiners.
6. The question does not require further restructuring.

b) Long Answers (LA) ( 12 marks)

Long Answer (LA)

As the term indicates a long answer question is the one that needs a comprehensive explanation incorporating
different ideas. The question should require the student to organize his ideas, choose the form of his answer,
and answer in his own words. While framing a question requiring a long answer it should be ensured that:

1. The situation presented in the question is not new to most of the students.
2. The student will not be able to produce the full, memorized answer.
3. The question involves the use of judgment on the part of the student.
4. The answer can be completed within the limited time given.
5. The length and the scope of the answer are specified.