DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Manual

Second Year B.Tech

Third Semester

NAME

UNIVERSITY ROLLNO

CLASS ROLLNO

BATCH

BRANCH

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
C-20/1, Sector–62,NOIDA,U.P
 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

EVALUATION SHEET

SN NAME OFTHE EXPERIMENT DATE OF GRADE/ SIGNATUR

SUBMISSION MARKS E

1 To determine the surface tension of a

given liquid.
To determine Meta centric height
2 experimentally.

To verify the Bernoulli's theorem.

3

4 To Determine the coefficient of

discharge using Venturimeter.
To determine the coefficient of
5 discharge using orifice meter.

To determine the coefficient of Velocity

6 Using Pitot Static Tube.
To study the variation of friction factor,
7 ‘f’ for turbulent flow in pipes of
different Diameters.
To determine the coefficient of
discharge of an orifice of a given shape.
8 Also to determine the coefficient of
velocity and the coefficient of
contraction of the orifice mouth piece.
To study the transition from laminar to
9 turbulent flow and to verify the Reynold’s
equation.
To determine the coefficient of discharge
10 using Notch Apparatus.

To verify the momentum equation using

11 the experimental set-up on Impact of Jet.

Signature of faculty

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
To achieve centre of excellence in academic, research and innovation, in the field of Mechanical
Engineering to occupy positions of eminence in diverse fields of society.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

· To foster competence and excellence in academic and research in mechanical engineering to cater
the needs of the modern industries
· Constantly improving pedagogical methods and cultivate the spirit of entrepreneurship.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE (PEOs)

1. Produce mechanical engineers with basic knowledge in mathematics, science and engineering to
develop problem solving skills and use modern tools and techniques necessary for mechanical
engineering & allied disciplines leading to Research and Development.
2. Strengthen themselves professionally and personally to accept responsibilities and pursue higher
education in engineering and other professional fields.
3. Be capable of communicating and working effectively in cross-functional teams and committed to
principles of professional ethics and social responsibilities.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

1. Mechanical engineering graduates will be able to function in the area of design, modeling, simulation
and analysis to realize physical systems /processes by creating knowledge base and facilities.

2. Mechanical Engineering Graduates Will Be Able to apply preceding knowledge of materials, testing
and advanced manufacturing to Realize Physical Systems /Processes leading to Research and
Consultancy Capabilities.

3. Mechanical Engineering Graduates will imbibe holistic approach for lifelong learning to achieve,
deliver and occupy positions of excellence in their chosen areas.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

KME-351: Fluid Mechanics Lab

To demonstrate the fundamental principle of hydrostatics to analyze surface tension of the

C206.1
given liquid and stability of a floating body.
To verify & demonstrate the fundamental theorems governing fluid flows i.e., continuity,
C206.2
energy and momentum in laboratory.
To verify and apply Bernoulli’s theorem experimentally for various flow measurement
C206.3
devices.
To analyze and interpret the laminar and turbulent flow through experimentation, also
C206.4
determine frictional losses in pipes.
C206.5 To demonstrate and analyze the rate of flow of a liquid through a small channel or a tank.

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MAPPING OF CO’s WITH PO’s and PSO’s

Course Program Outcomes PSO

Outcomes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
C206.1 3 3 3 2   1  1  1   2 1      1 1 1
C206.2 3 3 3 2    1  1  1  2  1     1 1 1
C206.3 3 3 3 2    1  1  1  2  1     1 1 1
C206.4 3 3 3 2    1  1  1  2  1          
C206.5 3 3 3 2    1  1  1  2  1          

KME 351: FLUID MECHANICS LAB

List of Experiments: (At least 8 of the following)
1. To determine the coefficient of impact for vanes.
2. To determine coefficient of discharge of an orifice meter.
3. To determine the coefficient of discharge of Notch (V and Rectangular types).
4. To determine the friction factor for the pipes.
5. To determine the coefficient of discharge of venturi meter.
6. To determine the coefficient of discharge, contraction & velocity of an orifice.
7. To verify the Bernoulli’s Theorem.
8. To find critical Reynolds number for a pipe flow.

9. To determine the meta-centric height of a floating body.

10. To determine the minor losses due to sudden enlargement, sudden contraction and bends.
11. To show the velocity and pressure variation with radius in a forced vertex flow.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

· No un-authorised use of equipments.

· Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If u do not understand a direction or part of
procedure, ask your faculty or lab in-charge before proceeding with the activity.
· Perform only those experiments which are authorised by your teacher. Carefully follow all the
instructions.
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· If any laboratory equipment is malfunctioning, making strange noises, sparking or smoking,
inform your teacher and lab in-charge immediately. If is imperative for them to know about any
equipment problems.
· Wear protective shoes. No sandals are allowed.
· No loose fitting clothes are permissible.
· Read and understand the safety signs, instructions and notices.
· Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipments including: first aid kit and
fire extinguisher.
· Walk slowly.
· Eatables are now allowed inside the laboratory.
· Be aware of emergency procedures, emergency buttons & exits.
· Think before you act.
· Please report any unsafe behaviour or conditions to the faculty and lab in-charge.
· Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times
· It is tempting to use available equipments or tools in a way not originally meant for the job to
which they have not been adapted or designed for.

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Exp.1 EXPERIMENT TO MEASURE THE SURFACE TENSION

1.1 Objective. 1.2 Apparatus Required. 1.3 Theory 1.4 Procedure. 1.5 Technical Specification 1.6
Observation Table 1.7 Sample Calculations 1.8 Result Table.

1.1 Objective:
To determine the surface tension of a given liquid
1.2 Apparatus:
(i) Capillary tubes of different radii, (ii) Experimental liquid (water/mercury), (iii) Beaker, (iv) Glass
plate to fix the tubes, (v) Laboratory Jack/support base to keep the beaker, (vi) Support stands and
clamps.
1.3 Theory:
Due to molecular attraction, liquids possess certain properties such as cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion
means inter-molecular attraction between molecules of the same liquid. That means it is a tendency of the
liquid to remain as one assemblage of particles. Adhesion means attraction between the molecules of a
liquid and the molecules of a solid boundary surface in contact with the liquid. The property of cohesion
enables a liquid to resist tensile stress, while adhesion enables it to stick to another body.
The cohesion between liquid particles at the surface of the liquid exhibits the property of surface
tension. It is defined as property of the liquid surface film to exert a tension is called surface tension. It is
denoted by ‘σ’ expressed as force per unit length and has a unit N/m. Similarly because of adhesive
properties, a liquid wets the solid surface and if a known (small) diameter tube is immersed in a liquid
there will be a rise or fall of liquid takes place and it is termed as capillary rise or fall as shown in fig 1. In
equilibrium state, the weight of the liquid column ‘h’ must be balanced by the opponent of the surface
tension force at the surface of the liquid in the capillary tube. Thus,
4 σcosθ
h=
ρgd
ρgdh
σ=
4 cosθ
The value of θ between water and clean glass tube is approximately equal to zero. And hence, Cos θ =
unity. For mercury and glass tube is 128o. Hence for water, surface tension =
ρgdh
σ=
4
The experimental setup consist of a small beaker which is partially filled with the liquid, whose surface
tension is to be determined. Besides there are few glass capillary tubes of different diameters viz. 1.0, 2.0,
2.5, 3.5 and 4.0 mm. Suitable arrangement is made so that any of these tubes can be placed upright in the
beaker containing the liquid at a time.

1.4 Procedure:
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1. Partly Fill the beaker with the liquid whose specific weight is known.
2. Dip one of the capillary tube at a time.
3. Note down the capillary rise or fall of the tube.
4. Repeat above steps for the other capillary tubes.
5. Fill up the observation table.
6. Calculate the value of surface tension for different types of liquid for different types of capillary
tubes.
1.5 Observations:
1. Density of a given liquid (Hg) = 13.6 x 1000 kg/m3
1.6 Observation & Result Table:

Diameter of Surface
Capillary rise
S.N. Liquid capillary tube Tension σ Average
‘h’ in (m)
‘d’ in m (N/m)

1 Water

2 Mercury

1.7 Sample Calculations:

1. Surface tension of a given liquid ‘σ’ = (d h g ρ/4 Cos θ) N/m
Where,
d = Diameter of the capillary tube in meters
h= Capillary rise or fall in mm
ρ= Density of liquid kg/m3
g= Acceleration due to gravity m/sec2
θ= Angle of contact between the liquid and the tube

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

1.8 Result & Discussion

The average value of the surface tension of a given liquid σ = ………..N/m

Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Exp.2 EXPERIMENT TO MEASURE THE METACENTRIC HEIGHT

2.1 Objective. 2.2 Apparatus Required. 2.3 Theory. 2.4 Procedure. 2.5 Observations. 2.6 Observation
table & Result Table. 2.7 Sample Calculations. 2.8 Results &Discussions.

2.1 Objective: To determine experimentally the Meta centric height.

2.2 Apparatus Required: Meta centric height apparatus and Different weights
2.3 Theory: A body floating in a fluid is subjected to the following system of forces:
· Weight of the body Wc acting downward at the centre of the gravity G of the body.
· The buoyant force Fb acting upward at the center of the buoyancy B.
The forces Wc& Fb are equal and opposite and as shown in fig 2. The points G and B lie along the
same vertical line, which is the vertical axis of the body. When the body is tilted though an angle q.
The center of gravity G of the body & the center of buoyancy B will change its position from G to G1, B
to B1 respectively. The line of action of F b in the new position cuts the axis of the body at M, which is
called Meta centre and the distance between Center of Gravity G and Meta centre M is called the Meta
centric height.
Stability of floating body: The position of the Meta centre relative to the position of the center of gravity
of a floating body determines the stability of the floating body.
1. Stable equilibrium: If the point M is above G, the floating body will be in stable equilibrium.
2. Unstable equilibrium: If the point M is below G, the floating body will be in unstable
equilibrium.
3. Neutral equilibrium: If the point M is at the center of the gravity of the body, the floating body
will be in neutral equilibrium.
Under equilibrium the moment caused by the movement of the unbalanced mass ‘w’ through a
distance ‘x1’ must be equal to moment caused by the shift of the center of gravity from G to G1.

(w X x)
Meta centric Height H= --------------------- cm
(w+ W) tan q
Where
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W is the weight of the ship model
‘w’ is the weight of unbalanced mass causing the moment on the body
x is the distance of the unbalanced mass from the center of the body
q is the angle of tilt
2.4 Procedure:
1. Note down the relevant dimensions as area of the tank and mass density of water etc.
2. Note down the water level when the pontoon is not in the tank.
3. Pontoon is allowed to float in the tank. Note down the reading of water level in the tank. Mass of
the pontoon can be calculated by using Archmidie’s principle.
4. Position of the unbalanced mass, weight of unbalanced mass and the angle of heel can be noted
down. Calculate the Meta centric height of the pontoon.
5. The procedure is repeated for other positions and different value of unbalanced mass.
6. Also the procedure is repeated while changing the weight of the pontoon by changing the number
of strips in the pontoon.
2.5 Observations:
1. Area of the tank A = __________ m2
2. Specific weight of water = __________ N/m3
3. Water level reading without pantoon Y1 = ___________ m
4. Water level reading with pantoon Y2 = ___________ m

2.6 Observation & Result Table:

Rise of water
Unbalance Angle of Distance of Mass of Metacentric
level Reading
S.N. d mass ‘w’ wheel ‘q’ unbalanced pontoon height ‘H’
with pontoon
(gm) (degree) mass ‘x’ (cm) ‘W’ (kg) (cm)
‘Y’ (cm)

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2.7 Sample Calculations:

1. Mass of the pontoon W= Volume X Density of water
=(Y2-Y1) X Area of the tank X Density of water

(w. x)
2. Meta centric Height H= --------------------- cm
(w+ W) tan q

2.8 Result and Discussion:

The Avg. Meta centric Height of a given ship model H= __________cm

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Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Exp.3 EXPERIMENT TO VERIFY THE BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

3.1 Objective. 3.2 Apparatus Required. 3.3 Theory. 3.4 Formula Used 3.5 Procedure 3.6 Observation
table 3.7 Results 3.8 Precautions

3.1 Objective To verify the Bernoulli's theorem.

3.2 Apparatus Used A supply tank of water, a tapered inclined pipe fitted with no. of piezometer tubes
point, measuring tank, scale, stop watch.

3.3 TheoryBernoulli’s equation relates velocity, pressure and elevation changes of a fluid in motion. The
equation is obtained when the Euler’s equation is integrated along the streamline for a constant density
(incompressible) fluid. The constant of integration (called the Bernoulli’s constant) varies from one
streamline to another but remains constant along a streamline in steady, frictionless, incompressible flow.

Bernoulli’s equation states that the “sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure energy
(static head) and Potential energy (elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at any point remains
constant” provided the flow is steady, irrotational, friction less and the fluid used is incompressible. This
is however, on the assumption that energy is neither added to nor taken away by some external agency. It
is given by,

3.4 Formula Used

2 2
P1 V 1 P V
+ + Z 1= 2 + 2 + Z 2=Constant
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
P
Where: ρg is the pressure head

V2
is the velocity head
2g
Z is the potential head
3.5 Procedure
1. Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank.
2. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and out flow
equal.
3. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes.
4. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of time.

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5. Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube.

6. Compute the area of cross- section under the tube.
7. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.
8. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.

3.6 Observation Table

Area of the Discharge ‘Q’ Velocity

Tube Velocity Pressure Toal head
flow ‘A’ in in (ccs/sec) ‘V’ in
No head in (cm) head in (cm) ‘H’ (cm)
(cm2) (cm/sec)

3.7 Result:

3.8 Precautions

1. When fluid is flowing, there is a fluctuation in the height of piezometer tubes, note the mean position
carefully.
2. Carefully keep some level of fluid in inlet and outlet supply tank.

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Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Lab Assessment Components

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Exp.4 EXPERIMENT ON FLOW MEASUREMENT BY VENTURI METER

4.1 Objective. 4.2 Apparatus Required. 4.3 Theory. 4.4 Procedure. 4.5 Observations. 4.6 Observation
table. 4.7 Sample Calculations. 4.8 Result Table 4.9 Results & Discussions.

4.1 Objective: Determine the coefficient of discharge using Venturimeter

4.2Apparatus Required: Venturimeter test rig and stop watch
4.3 Theory: A Venturimeter is a device, which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid through a
pipe. The basic principle on which a venturimeter works is that by reducing the cross sectional area of the
flow of passage, a pressure difference is created and the measurement of the pressure difference enables
the determination of the discharge through a pipe.
The Venturimeter consists of three main parts as shown in figure 3.
1. Convergent cone
2. A Cylindrical throat
3. Divergent cone
The inlet section of the venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the pipe, which is followed
by a convergent cone. The convergent cone is a short pipe, which tapers from the original size of the pipe
to that of the throat of the venturimeter. The throat of the venturimeter is a short parallel-sided tube
having uniform cross sectional area smaller than that of the pipe. The divergent cone of the venturimeter
is a gradually diverging pipe with its cross sectional area increasing from that of the throat to the original
size of the pipe. At the inlet section and at the throat, (i.e., section 1 and 2) pressure taps are provided to
measure the pressure difference. By applying the Bernoulli equation to the inlet section and at the throat,
(i.e., section 1 and 2) an expression for the discharge is obtained.

Theoretical discharge Qt h=a1 a2 √ ¿ ¿ ….m3/sec

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Venturimeter’s Apparatus

4.4 Procedure:
1. Adjust flow of water (Steady flow) through venturimeter by using the bypass valve at inlet and
flow control valve at outlet.
2. Remove the air bubbles inside the venturimeter and also in the manometer tube.
3. During a particular observation the valve position regulating the flow should be maintained
constant.
4. Note down the reading of differential U tube manometer reading ‘hg’ in cm of Hg.
5. Collect actual discharge of water in the measuring tank by using diversion pan.
6. By changing discharge through the venturimeter by operating flow-control valve at outlet repeat
the procedure.

4.5 Observations:
1. Diameter at inlet of the venturimeter d1 = _________ m
2. Diameter at throat of the venturimeter d2 = __________ m
3. Cross-sectional area of collecting tank A = __________ m2

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4.6 Observation Table:

Manometer reading in terms of Rise of fluid in Discharge Time taken

S.N. mercury column ‘hg’in (m of Hg) reservoir h ‘Q’ in for discharge
h1 h2 hg=h1- h2 in m (m3/sec) ‘t’ in (sec)

1
2
3
4
5

4.7 Specimen Calculations:

1. Cross sectional area at inlet of the Venturimeter a1=_________ m2
2. Cross sectional area at outlet of the Venturimeter a2= _________m2
3. Manometer reading ‘hw’ in terms of water
hw = hg (13.6-1) =______m of water
Where hg=Manometer reading in terms of m of Hg
13.6 = Specific gravity of hg
AX h
4. Actual discharge Qac = ….. m3/sec
t

Where t= time taken for discharge of water in seconds

5. Theoretical discharge Qt h=a1 a2 √ ¿ ¿ ….. m3/sec

Q ac
6. Co-efficient of Discharge C d=
Qt h

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4.8 Result Table:

Manometer reading Actual discharge Theoretical discharge Coefficient of

SN
‘hw’ in (m of water) ‘Qac’ in (m3/sec) ‘Qth’ in (m3/sec) Discharge ‘Cd’

1
2
3
4
5
6

4.9 Result and discussion:

The Average Co-efficient of discharge of the Venturimeter Cd=_______

Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

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Exp.5 EXPERIMENT ON FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICE METER

5.1 Objective. 5.2 Apparatus Required. 5.3 Theory. 5.4 Procedure. 5.5 Observations. 5.6 Observation
table. 5.7 Sample Calculations. 5.8 Result Table 5.9 Results & Discussions.

5.1 Objective: To determine the coefficient of discharge using orifice meter.

5.2 Apparatus Required: Orifice meter test rig and stop watch
5.3 Theory: An orifice meter is a simple device used for measuring the discharge through pipe. The basic
principle on which a orifice meter works is that by reducing the cross sectional area of the flow of
passage, a pressure difference between the two sections is developed and the measurement of the pressure
difference enables the determination of the discharge through pipe. However, an orifice meter is a cheaper
arrangement for discharge measurement through pipes and its installation requires a smaller length as
compared to venturimeter.
An orifice meter consists of a flat circular plate with a circular hole called orifice as shown in
figure 4. The diameter of the hole generally kept as 0.5 times the pipe diameter. The thickness of the plate
is less than or equal to 0.05 times the diameter of the pipe. From the upstream face of the plate the edge of
the orifice is made flat for a thickness less than or equal to 0.02 times the diameter of the pipe and for the
remaining thickness of the plate it is beveled with the bevel angle lying between 30 0 to 450. The plate is
inserted in a pipe for the measurement of the discharge. The beveled edge of the orifice is kept on the
downstream side. Two pressure taps are provided one is upstream side of the orifice plate and another is
downstream side of the orifice plate. (i.e., section 1 and 2) to measure the pressure difference.
By applying the Bernoulli’s equation to the upstream section and downstream section an expression for
the discharge is obtained.

Theoretical discharge Qt h=a1 a2 √ ¿ ¿ ….m3/sec

5.4 Procedure:
1. Adjust flow of water (Steady flow) through Orifice meter by using the flow control valve at outlet
and bypass valve at inlet.
2. During a particular observation the valve position regulating the flow should be maintained
constant.
3. Note down the reading of differential U tube manometer reading ‘hg’ in cm of Hg.
4. Collect actual discharge of water in the measuring tank by using diversion pan in known time.
5. By changing discharge through the orifice meter by operating flow-control valve at outlet repeat
the procedure
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5.5 Observations:
1. Diameter of the Inlet pipe d1 = _________ m
2. Diameter of the Orifice Meter d2 = _________ m
3. Cross-sectional area of collecting tank A= ___________m2
5.6 Observation Table:

Manometer reading in terms of Rise of fluid in Discharge Time taken

S.N. mercury column ‘hg’in (m of Hg) reservoir h ‘Q’ in for discharge
h1 h2 hg=h1- h2 in m (m3/sec) ‘t’ in (sec)

1
2
3
4
5

5.7 Sample Calculations:

1. Cross-sectional area of inlet of orificemeter a1= __________ m2
2. Cross-sectional area of the orifice a2 = __________ m2
3. Manometer reading in terms of water
hw =hg (13.6 - 1)= _____ m of water
Where hg= Manometer reading in terms of m of Hg
13.6=Specific gravity of Hg
AX h
4. Actual discharge Qac = ….. m3/sec
t

Where t= time taken for discharge in seconds

5. Theoretical discharge Qt h=a1 a2 √ ¿ ¿ ….m3/sec

Qac
6. Co-efficient of Discharge C d=
Qt h

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

5.8 Result Table:

Theoretical
Manometer reading Actual discharge Coefficient of
S.N. discharge ‘Qth’ in
‘hw’ in (m of water) ‘Qac’ in (m3/sec) Discharge ‘Cd’
(m3/sec)

1
2
3
4
5
6

5.9 Result and discussion:

The average co-efficient of discharge of the orifice meter Cd=_______

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 25

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 26

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 27

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Exp.6 EXPERIMENT ON PITOT STATIC TUBE

6.1 Objective. 6.2 Apparatus Required. 6.3 Theory. 6.4 Procedure. 6.5 Observations. 6.6 Observation
table. 6.7 Sample Calculations. 6.8 Result Table 6.9 Results & Discussions.

6.1 Objective: To determine the coefficient of Velocity Using Pitot Static Tube.
6.2 Apparatus Required: Pitot static tube apparatus and stopwatch
6.3 Theory: A pitot tube is a simple device used for measuring the velocity of flow. The basic principle
used in this device is that if the velocity of flow at a particular point is reduced to zero, which is known as
stagnation point, the pressure is increased due to conversion of the kinetic energy into pressure energy,
and by measuring the increase in the pressure energy at this point the velocity of flow can be determined.
The simple Pitot tube consists of a glass tube, large enough for capillary effects to be negligible
and bent at right angles. A single tube of this type may be used for measuring the velocity of flow in an
open channel. If the Pitot tube is used for measuring the velocity of flow in a pipe or any other closed
conduit then the Pitot tube may be inserted in the pipe as shown in figure 5. Since the pitot tube measures
the stagnation pressure head (or the total head) at its dipped end, the static pressure head is also required
to be measured at the same section where the tip of the pitot tube is held, in order to determine the
dynamic pressure head ‘hg’. For measuring the static pressure head a pressure tap is provided at this
section to which a Piezometer may be connected. Alternatively the dynamic pressure head may also be
determined directly by connecting a suitable differential manometer between the Pitot tube and the
pressure tap meant for measuring the static pressure.
The equipment is designed as a self-sufficient system, which includes a sump tank, measuring
tank and a pump with piping circuit. An acrylic duct is fitted in the line with a provision of a traversing
type pitot tube. Flow through the duct can be varied with the bypass valve provided at the outlet of the
pump. A manometer is fitted across the pitot tube to measure the dynamic pressure head

6.4 Procedure:
1. Start the pump and the water shall start flowing through the duct.
2. Adjust the flow and the Pitot tube to the lower most position.
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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
3. Allow some time for the flow to get uniform flow.
4. Take reading of inclined tube manometer
5. Lift the tube towards center. Take two readings at central position.
6. Repeat the procedure in the other half side of the diameter.
7. Measure the actual discharge by using diversion pan and measuring tank to calculate actual
velocity.

6.5 Observations:
1. Diameter of pipe d=______ m
2. Area of collecting tank A = _______ m2

6.6 Observation Table:

Manometer reading in terms of mercury

Sl. column ‘hg’in (m of Hg) Discharge ‘q’ in Time taken for
No (m3/sec) discharge ‘t’ in (sec)
h1 h2 hg=h1-h2

1
2
3
4
5

6.7 Sample Calculations:

1. Manometer reading in cm of water
hw=hg (13.6-1)=_________ m of water
2. Theoretical Velocity V t =√ ¿…..m/s
3. Area of the duct a=______ m2
AX h
4. Actual discharge Qac = ….. m3/sec
t
5. Actual Velocity Va= Qa / a =__________m/sec
6. Coefficient of Velocity Cv = Va / Vt =______
7.
5.8 Result Table:

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Manometer reading Theoretical Velocity Actual Velocity Coefficient of velocity

S.N.
‘hw’ in (cm of water) ‘Vt’ in (cm/sec) ‘Va’ (cm/sec) ‘Cv’

1
2
3
4
5

6.9 Result and discussion:

The average Co-efficient of velocity of the Pitot tube Cv =___________

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 30

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 31

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Exp.7 EXPERIMENT TO MEASURE LOSSES IN PIPES DUE TO FRICTION

7.1 Objective. 7.2 Apparatus Required. 7.3 Theory. 7.4 Procedure. 7.5 Observations. 7.6 Observation
table. 7.7 Sample Calculations. 7.8 Result Table 7.9 Results & Discussions.

7.1 Objective: To study the variation of friction factor, ‘f’ for turbulent flow in pipes of different
diameters.
7.2 Apparatus required: Losses in pipes due to friction apparatus and stopwatch
7.3 Theory: A pipe is a closed conduit, which is used for carrying fluids under pressure. Pipes are
commonly circular in section. As the pipes carries fluids under pressure, the pipes always run full. The
fluid flowing in a pipe is always subjected to resistance due to shear forces between fluid particles and the
boundary walls of the pipe and between the fluid particles themselves resulting from the viscosity of the
fluid. The resistance to the flow of fluid is in general known as frictional resistance. Since certain amount
of energy possessed by the flowing fluid will be consumed in overcoming this resistance to the flow,
there will be always loss of energy in the direction of flow, which however depends on the type of flow.
The flow of fluid in a pipe may be either laminar or turbulent. As such the frictional resistance in the
laminar and turbulent flows obeys different laws. On the basis of experimental observations the loss of
fluid friction for the two types of flows may be narrated as follows.
1. Laws of fluid friction for laminar flow.
2. Laws of fluid friction for turbulent flow.
Since mostly the flow of fluids in pipes is turbulent, in the various pipe flow problems turbulent
flow is considered.
The apparatus consists of four pipes of different material for which common inlet connections are
provided with control valves to regulate the flow, near the downstream end of the pipe. Pressure tapings
are taken at suitable distance apart, between which common manometer board is connected.

7.4 Procedure:
1. Allow the water to flow (steady flow) through a particular pipe and remove air in the equipment.
2. During a particular observation the valve position regulating the flow should be maintained constant.
3. Note down the manometer readings, which give the loss of head due to friction for the length of pipe
under consideration.
4. Allow the outlet to flow into the measuring tank of the hydraulic bench and measure discharge.

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
5. Change the discharge through the pipe by operating flow regulating the valve and repeat the above
procedure.
6. Then the manometer is to be connected to other pipes by opening and closing of relevant valves
provided on the pipes and similar observations are to be taken which are taken for the first pipe.

7.5 Observations:
1. Corresponding length of two tapings L=_________ m
7.6 Observation Table:

Manometer reading ‘hg’ in (m of

Diameter of Hg)
SN Rise of liquid in Time taken for
pipe
tank h in m discharge ‘t’in (sec)
‘d’ in (m) h1 h2 hg=h1-h2

7.7 Sample Calculations:

1. Area of the pipe a =_________m2

AX h
2. Discharge Qac = ……..m3/sec
t

Where t= time taken for discharge ‘q’in seconds

3. Manometer reading hw in terms of water
hw = hg (13.6-1) =___________m of water
Where hg =Manometer reading in terms of m of Hg
13.6=Specific gravity of Hg
4. Velocity of water V= Q/a =__________m/seconds

4fLV2 2gdhf
5. Coefficient of friction hf= => f =
2gd 4LV2

7.8 Result Table:

Velocity
Manometer reading ‘hw’ in Discharge ‘Q’ Coefficient of
S.N. Diameter of Pipe ‘V’
(m of water) in (m3/sec) friction ‘f’
(m/sec)

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

7.9 Result and discussion:

1. The Co-efficient of friction for larger diameter Pipef=_______
2. The Co-efficient of friction of smaller Diameter Pipe f=_______

Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 34

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

EXP. 8 EXPERIMENT ON ORIFICES / MOUTHPIECE

8.1 Objective. 8.2 Apparatus Required. 8.3 Theory. 8.4 Procedure 8.5 Observations 8.6 Observation table
8.7 Sample Calculations 8.8 Results and Discussion

8.1 Objective: To determine the coefficient of discharge of an orifice of a given shape. Also to determine
the coefficient of velocity and the coefficient of contraction of the orifice mouth piece.

8.2 Apparatus Required: Orifice and Mouthpiece

8.3 Theory:
Flow through Orifices and Mouthpieces
An orifice is a small aperture through which the fluid passes. The thickness of an orifice in the direction
of flow is very small in comparison to its other dimensions. If a tank containing a liquid has a hole made
on the side or base through which liquid flows, then such a hole may be termed as an orifice. The rate of
flow of the liquid through such an orifice at a given time will depend partly on the shape, size and form of
the orifice.
Mouthpiece is basically a small length of pipe which will be installed with the tank or vessel containing
the fluid. Length of this small pipe will be approximate two to three times of its diameter.
Flow from an Orifice at the Side of a Tank under a Constant Head
Let us consider a tank filled with water and fitted with an orifice of area a as displayed here in following
figure. Let us think that water is flowing through the orifice under a constant head H. Water flowing
through the orifice will be collected in a measuring tank for a time t and the height of water collected in
the measuring tank in time t is also measured.

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
Actual discharge and theoretical discharge through the orifice will be determined by

The liquid, flowing through the orifice, is developing a liquid jet whose cross-sectional area is
smaller than the cross-sectional area of the circular orifice. Area of liquid jet is decreasing and area is
minimum at section CC. Section CC will be approximately at a distance of half of diameter of the circular
orifice. At section CC, the streamlines are straight and parallel with each other and perpendicular to the
plane of the orifice. This section CC will be termed as Vena-contracta. Beyond the section CC, liquid jet
diverges and will be attracted towards the downward direction due to gravity.
Let us consider that a liquid particle which is at vena-contracta at any time and takes the position at P
along the jet in time t. Let us assume following data as mentioned here.
x = Horizontal distance travelled by the particle in time t
y = Vertical distance between P and section CC
V = Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
Let us recall the relation between hydraulic coefficient and coefficient of contraction is calculated by
using the value of coefficient of discharge and coefficient of velocity.

8.4 Procedure:

1) Select an orifice/ mouthpiece and fix it on the mounting plate.

2) Start supply of water in the tank & adjust suitable head with overflow pipe. Wait for setting of
head &ensure little overflow for steady head.
3) Take readings of different head in piezometer tube, X &Y co-ordinate of the jet & discharge in the
measuring tank.
4) Enter the readings in the observation table.
8.5 Observations:

Mouthpiece inner diameter, d = ...... m.

Mouthpiece length, L= ...... m.
8.6 Observation table:

SN Type of Head “h” in Time in Horizontal Vertical Discharge Discharge

orifice or m. above the sec. for “a” scale “x” scale “y” “Qth” in “Qact” in
mouthpiece centre of m. of m. m. m3/sec. m3/sec.
mouthpiece or height at
orifice measuring
tank
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

8.7 Sample Calculations:

Theoretical discharge Qth = a x √2gh

Where, a= area of orifice/mouthpiece in cm2 (π d2/4 in m2)
g = gravitational acceleration in cm/sec2. (9.81 m/sec2)
h = supply head reading in cm.
Actual discharge = Qact= v/t.
Where, v= delivered volume in measuring tank for ‘t’ time m3.
t = time for ‘v’ volume in sec.

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
Coefficient of discharge = Cd= Qact / Qth
Coefficient of velocity = Cv = x/ √4hy
Where, x= Horizontal scale reading in m.
y= Vertical scale reading in m.
h= reading in m.

Cd = C c × Cv
Where, Cc = coefficient of contraction.
Area of jet at vena contract (ac) = π/4 ×d2
Area of orifice / mouthpiece (ao) = π/4 ×d2
Cc = ac/ao =

8.8 Results and Discussion:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 38

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 39

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Exp.9 EXPERIMENT ON REYNOLD’S APPARATUS

9.1 Objective. 9.2 Apparatus Required. 9.3 Theory. 9.4 Procedure. 9.5 Observations. 9.6 Observation
table & Result Table. 9.7 Sample Calculations. 9.8 Results &Discussions.

9.1 Objective: To study the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and to verify the Reynold’s

equation.
9.2 Apparatus Required: Reynolds Apparatus test rig and stop watch
9.3 Theory: The fluid flow is classified based on the flow pattern as: Laminar and Turbulent flows. In
laminar flow the fluid particles move along well-defined paths or streamlines, such that the paths of the
individual fluid particles do not cross those of neighbouring particles. Laminar flow is possible only low
velocities and when the fluid is highly viscous. But when the velocity is increased or fluid is less viscous,
the fluid particles do not move in straight paths. The fluid particles move in a random manner resulting
mixing of the particles. This type of flow is called as Turbulent flow.
A laminar flow changes to turbulent flow when:
1. Velocity is increased or
2. Diameter of the pipe is increased or
3. Viscosity of fluid is decreased
Reynolds was first to demonstrate that the transition from laminar to turbulent depends not only on the
mean velocity but also on the quantity (rV d)/m. This quantity is a dimensionless and is called Reynolds
Number (Re). In case of circular pipe if Re< 2000 the flow is said to be laminar. If Re>2000 the flow is
said to be turbulent. If Re lies in between 2000 to 4000 the flow changes from laminar to turbulent.
The apparatus consists of a glass tube with one end having bell mouth entrance connected to a water tank.
The tank is of sufficient capacity to store water. At the other end of the glass tube a ball valve is provided
to vary the rate of flow. A capillary tube is introduced centrally in the bell mouth. To this tube dye is fed
from small container placed at the top of tank through polythene tubing.
9.4 Procedure:
1. Open the ball valve so that flow will start. Then adjust flow of dye through capillary tube so that a
fine colour thread is observed indicating laminar flow.

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
2. Increase the flow through glass tube and observe the colour thread. If it is still straight the flow still
remains to be in laminar region and if waviness starts, it is the indication that the flow is not laminar.
3. Note down the discharge at which colour thread starts moving in wavy from which corresponds to
‘Higher critical Reynolds Number’ and higher critical velocity.
4. Increase the discharge still further. The filament starts breaking on indicating creating turbulence.
5. Further increase in the discharge will cause the flow to be turbulent which is apparent from the
diffusion of the dye with the flowing water.
6. Now start decreasing the discharge, first diffusion will continue, further reduced, a stage will be
reached when the dye filament becomes straight. This corresponds to ‘lower critical Reynolds
number’ and lower critical velocity.
7. If the experiment is repeated again it may be seen that the higher critical Reynold’s Number (and the
higher critical velocity) is different for each run whereas the lower critical Reynolds number (and
hence, the lower critical velocity) is constant for each run. As such it can be concluded that “ Lower
Critical Reynolds Number ”and hence the lower critical velocity) is the criteria for distinguish
weather the flow is laminar or not.
9.5 Observations:
1. Diameter of the pipe d = __________m
2. Kinematic viscosity of water ‘n’ =_________m2/sec
1. Observation and Result Table:

Time taken
Rise of fluid Discharge Velocity Reynold’s
SN ‘t’ in (sec)
Type of flow in reservoir h ‘Q’ in ‘V’ Number
for ‘h’
in m (m3/sec) (m3/sec) ‘Re’
height
1
2
3
4
5

2.

9.7 Sample Calculations:

1. Actual Discharge
2. Area of the Pipe a =_________ m2
3. Velocity of the water V=Q/a ___________m/sec
4. Reynolds’s Number Re= (V*d)/υ _________
Where υ =Kinematic viscosity of fluid.

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
9.8 Result and discussion:
1. For Laminar flow Reynolds’s Number Re =_________
2. For Turbulent flow Reynolds’s Number Re =_________
3. For Laminar to Turbulent Reynolds’s Number Re =_________

Reynold’s Apparatus

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 42

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 43

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Exp.10 EXPERIMENT ON NOTCH APPARATUS

10.1 Objective. 10.2 Apparatus Required. 10.3 Theory and formulae 10.4 Procedure 10.6
Observation Table 10.7 Results

10.1 Objective:
To determine the coefficient of discharge using Notch Apparatus.
10.2 Apparatus Required:
(i) Notch Apparatus (ii) Stop Watch

10.3 Theory and formulae:

A notch may be defined as sharp edge obstruction over which flow of liquid occurs. The sheet of water
discharged by a notch is called ‘Nappe’. Notches are used for measuring the flow of water from reservoirs
and are generally rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular in shapes.
Rectangular Notch:
In open channel hydraulics, weirs are commonly used to either regulate or to measure the
volumetric flow rate. They are of particular use in large scale situations such as irrigation schemes, canals
and rivers. For small scale applications, weirs are often referred to as notches and invariably are sharp
edged and manufactured from thin plate material.

Consider the flow in an element of height dh at a depth h below the surface. Assuming that the flow is
everywhere normal to the plane of the weir and that the free surface remains horizontal up to the plane
of the weir, then

velocity through element √ 2 gdh

∴ Theoretical discharge through element Qth = √ 2 gh Ldh

Integrating between h = 0 and h = H

L = length of rectangular notch

Total theoretical discharge

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Triangular Notch:

A sharp edged triangular notch with an included angle of θ is shown in Figure 6

()
5
8 θ
Qth = tan √ 2 g H 2
15 2

( )√ 2 g H
5
8 θ 2
Q act =C d tan
15 2

Fig: Triangular Notch

Coefficient of Discharge:

Cd = Qact / Qth

= ………………
10.4 Procedure:

1. Turn on the motor so that water starts running over the notch arrangement.
2. Note down the length for rectangular notch and angle for triangular notch.
3. Note down the reading for height H.
4. Repeat above steps.
5. Fill up the observation table.
6. Calculate the value of coefficient of discharge for different types of notches.

10.5 Observation Table:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 45
 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

S.N. Notch Type Head over the Time Taken Q ac Q th Cd

notch (H) (t)

10.6 Result:

The Coefficient of discharge Cd for Rectangular Notch…………….

The Coefficient of discharge Cd for Triangular Notch …………….

Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 46

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 47

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
Exp.11 EXPERIMENT ON IMPACT OF JET

11.1 Objective. 11.2 Apparatus Required. 11.3 Introduction 11.4 Procedure. 11.5 Technical
Specification 11.6 Observation Table 11.7 Result Table. 11.7 Sample Calculations. 11.9 Results &
Discussions. 11.10 Precautions

11.1 Objective: To verify the momentum equation using the experimental set-up on Impact of Jet.

11.2 Apparatus Required: Impact of jet test rig, stopwatch, scale and flat and curved vanes.
11.3 Introduction: liquids come out from the nozzle in the form of liquid jet, which is fitted to a pipe
through which the liquid is flowing under pressure. If any of the plate, which may be fixed or moving, is
placed in the path of the jet, the jet on the plate exerts a force. This force is obtained from Newton’s
second law of motion or from impulse-momentum equation. Thus the impact of jet means the force
exerted by the jet on a plate, which may be stationary or moving
11.4 Procedure:
1. Fix a required vane type to the lever.
2. Adjust the initial balancing weight so that the lever becomes horizontal before the test.
3. Start the pump & adjust the bypass valve, the required velocity of water Flowing through the nozzle
will impinge on the vane .The force due to Impact of water .This will disturb the initial balance of
lever.
4. Suitably adjust the position of sliding weight so that the lever takes horizontal i.e. original balanced
position.
5. Note down the distance of the balanced weight from the fulcrum point.
6. Measure the actual discharge by using measuring tank
7. Adjust the bypass valve (varying the discharge) or velocity take different readings for various impact
values.
8. Repeat the procedure for different types of vanes.

11.5 Technical Specification:

For Flat Vane:
Theoretical Force , Ft = ⍴QV
Where : = density of water in kg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3
Q = Ah / t , Q = Flow rate m3/s; A = area of collecting tank;
t = time taken for particular height in collecting tank
V = Velocity of jet in m/s
V = (2 g H)1/2 m/s
H = water head in meters

Actual force Fa = W L1 x 9.81 / L2

11.6 Observation Table:

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Pressure Time
Wt Placed
Gauge taken Actual Theoretic
Details S.N. in Pan , Flow rate % of
reading , for 10 Force, Fa al force,
Wx 10-3 ‘Q’ m3/s efficiency
P cm N Ft N
Kg
(Kg/cm2) water

1
2
Weight
3
basis
4
5

1
2
Pressure
3
Basis
4
5

Taking Moment About hanger point at 0.

WxL1= Fa x L2
W : Weight placed in hanger in grams
L1 : Distance of Weight W from Fulcrum Point
L2 : Distance of vane from fulcrum point
Efficiency η = (Fa / Ft ) 100 %

11.7 Result:
Thus the efficiency of the jet on vane fixed himself hemispherical vane is found out.

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 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Figure 1

Assessment Sheet

Experiment (2) Calculations (2) Result (1) Total (5)

Marks

Mapping (Quiz / Test / Viva)

Question based on Question based on Question based on Question based on Total

Fundamentals Procedure Data result

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Assessment Marks 25

AC1 Written work (5)

AC2 Fundamental Knowledge to conduct Experiment (5)

AC3 Question answered (5)

AC4 Interaction during conduction of Experiment (5)

AC5 Punctuality (5)

Total

Lab Assessment Components

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 50

 KME 351 : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JSSATE NOIDA Page 51