TNPSC

text book 2021-22

GROUP - I,II,III,IV & VAO, VII, VIII
Source Book for all Exams

History, Culture, Heritage

and Socio - Political
Movement in Tamil Nadu

3
A collection of Samacheer
Subjects compiled according
to the TNPSC syllabus
 Combined Civil Services Examinations

TNPSC
GROUP-I, II, IV
(Interview Posts and Non-Interview Posts)

General Studies
(Preliminary Examination)
UNIT -VIII

History, Culture, Heritage and Socio -

Political Movement in Tamil Nadu
CHAPTER - 3
Thirukkural : Impact of Thirukkural on Humanity - Thirukkural and
Universal Values - Equality, Humanism etc, Relevance to Socio-
Politico-Economic affairs - Philosophical content in Thirukkural -
Significance as a Secular literature - Relevance to Everyday Life

142, GST Road, Chrompet, Chennai - 44.

Contact: 7550151584, 9176392791, 9943946464
www.aatchithamizhiasacademy.com
 C H AP T E R

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Indian Economy

“India will be a global player in the digital economy”

–Sunder Pichai, CEO Google

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1 To understand the current status of the Indian Economy in terms of features,

Natural resources, infrastructure facilities and so on.

2 To understand the contributions of major Indian Economic

Thinkers.

7.1 Quality of Life Index (PQLI) and Gross

National Happiness Index (GNHI).
Meaning of Growth and
Development
Gross National Happiness Index
(GNHI)
A country’s economic growth is usually
measured by National Income, indicated The term “Gross National Happiness”
by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). was coined by the fourth king of
The GDP is the total monetary value of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, in
the goods and services produced by that 1972. It is an indicator of progress,
country over a specific period of time, which measures sustainable develop-
usually one year. ment, environmental conservation
promotion of culture and good
The level economic development
governance.
is indicated not just by GDP, but by an
increase in citizens’ quality of life or
well-being. The quality of life is being On the basis of the level of economic
assessed by several indices such as Human development, nations are classified as
Development Index (HDI), Physical developed and developing economies.

Indian Economy 143

3
 Developed economies are those countries
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

which are industrialised, utilise their Features of a Developed Economy

resources efficiently and have high per capita 1) High National Income
income. The USA, Canada, U.K, France, and 2) High Per Capita Income
Japan are some of the developed economies.
3) High Standard of Living
Developed economies are also termed as
Advanced Countries. On the other hand, 4) Full Employment of Resources
countries which have not fully utilized their 5) Dominance of Industrial Sector
resources like land, mines, workers, etc., 6) High Level of Technology
and have low per capita income are termed
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

7) High Industrialisation
as under developed economies. Examples of
underdeveloped countries are Sub Saharan 8) High ConsumptionLevel
Africa, Bangla Desh, Myanmar, Pakistan, 9) High Level of Urbanisation
Indonesia etc.They are also termed as 10) Smooth Economic Growth
Undeveloped Countries or Backward
11) Social Equity, Gender Equality
Nations or Third World Nations.
and Low Levelsof Poverty
12) Political Stability and Good
7.2 Governance
Indian Economy
The diametrically opposite features
GDP Growth Rate
of Indian Economy are discussed below in
Top 10 countries by GDP (normal) 2016 detail.
Source : IMF (Outlook October 2016 )
20000
18000
16000
14000
7.3
12000
Features of Indian
Billion dollar

10000
8000 Economy
6000
4000
2000
7.3.1 Strengths of Indian
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Diagram 7.1
1. India has a mixed economy
Indian economy is the Seventh largest
economy of the world. Being one of Indian economy is a typical example
the top listed countries. In terms of of mixed economy. This means both
industrialization and economic growth, private and public sectors co-exist and
India holds a robust position with an function smoothly. On one side, some
average growth rate of 7% (approximately). of the fundamental and heavy industrial
Even though the rate of growth has units are being operated under the public
been sustainable and comparatively stable, sector,while, due to the liberalization of
there are still signs of backwardness. the economy, the private sector has gained

Indian Economy 144

4
importance. This makes it a perfect model Emerging as a top economic giant
for public – private partnership. among the world economy, India bags
2. Agriculture plays the seventh position in terms of nominal

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the key role Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and third
in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Agriculture being the maximum pursued As a result of rapid economic growth
occupation in India, it plays an important Indian economy has a place among the
role in its economy as well. Around G20 countries.
60% of the people in India depend
upon agriculture for their livelihood.
5. Fast Growing Economy
In fact, about 17% of our GDP today is
contributed by the agricultural sector. India’s economy is well known for high
Green revolution, ever green revolution and sustained growth. It has emerged as
and inventions in bio technology have the world’s fastest growing economy in
made agriculture self sufficient and the year 2016-17 with the growth rate of
also surplus production. The export 7.1% in GDP next to People’s Republic of
of agricultural products such as fruits, China.
vegetables, spices, vegetable oils, tobacco,
animal skin, etc. also add to forex earining 6. Fast growing Service Sector
through international trading.

3. An emerging market
India has emerged as vibrant economy
sustaining stable GDP growth rate even
in the midst of global downtrend. This
has attracted significant foreign capital
through FDI and FII.India has a high
potential for prospective growth. This also
Diagram 7.2
makes it an emerging market for the world.
The service sector, contributes a lion’s share
4. Emerging Economy of the GDP in India. There has been a high
rise growth in the technical sectors like
WORLD NATION IN G�20 Information Technology, BPO etc. These
1. Argentina 11. Italy sectors have contributed to the growth
2. Australia 12. Japan
of the economy. These emerging service
3. Brazil 13. Mexico
sectors have helped the country go global
4. Canada 14. Russia
and helped in spreading its branches around
5. China 15. Saudi Arabia
6. European Union
the world.
16. South Africa
7. France 17. South Korea
8. Germany 18. Turkey 7. Large Domestic consumption
9. India 19. United Kingdom
With the faster growth rate in the economy
10. Indonesia 20. United States
the standard of living has improved a lot.
Indian Economy 145
5
 This in turn has resulted in rapid increase The human capital of India is young. This
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

in domestic consumption in the country. means that India is a pride owner of the
The standard of living has considerably maximum percentage of youth. The young
improved and life style has changed. population is not only motivated but
skilled and trained enough to maximize
the growth. Thus human capital plays
8. Rapid growth of Urban areas
a key role in maximizing the growth
Urbanization is a key ingredient of the prospects in the country. Also, this has
growth of any economy. There has been a invited foreign investments to the country
rapid growth of urban areas in India after and outsourcing opportunities too.
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

independence. Improved connectivity in

transport and communication, education
and health have speeded up the pace of 7.3.2 Weakness of Indian
urbanization. Economy
1. Large Population
9. Stable macro economy
India stands secondin terms of size of
The Indian economy has been projected population next to China and our country
and considered as one of the most stable is likely to overtake china in near future.
economies of the world. The current Population growth rate of India is very
year’s Economic survey represents the high and this is always a hurdle to growth
Indian economy to be a “heaven of rate. The population growth rate in India
macroeconomic stability, resilience and is as high as 1.7 per 1000.The annual
optimism. According to the Economic addition of population equals the total
Survey for the year 2014-15, 8%-plus population of Australia.
GDP growth rate has been predicted, with
actual growth turning out to be a little 2. Inequality and poverty
less (7.6%). This is a clear indication of a
There exists a huge economic disparity in
stable macroeconomic growth.
the Indian economy. The proportion of
income and assets owned by top 10% of
10. Demographic dividend Indians goes on increasing. This has led to
an increase in the poverty level in the society
and still a higher percentage of individuals
are living Below Poverty Line (BPL). As a
result of unequal distribution of the rich
becomes richer and poor becomes poorer.

3. Increasing Prices of
Essential Goods
Even though there has been a constant
growth in the GDP and growth

Indian Economy 146

6
opportunities in the Indian economy, „Sex-ratio
there have been steady increase in the „Life-expectancy at birth
prices of essential goods. The continuous
„Literacy ratio

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rise in prices erodes the purchasing power
and adversely affects the poor people, a. Size of Population
whose income is not protected.
Table 7.1 Population Growth
4. Weak Infrastructure Census Population Average annual
Even though there has been a gradual Year (in crores) growth rate
improvement in the infrastructural 1901 23.84 -
development in the past few decades, there 1911 25.21 0.56
is still a scarcity of the basic infrastructure
1921 25.13 -0.03
like power, transport, storage etc.
1931 27.90 1.04
5. Inadequate Employment 1941 31.87 1.33
generation 1951 36.11 1.25
With growing youth population, there 1961 43.92 1.96
is a huge need of the employment 1971 54.81 2.20
opportunities. The growth in production 1981 68.33 2.22
is not accompanied by creation of job.
1991 84.33 2.16
The Indian economy is characterized by
‘jobless growth’. 2001 102.70 1.97
2011 121.02 1.66
6. Outdated technology (Source: Registrar General of India)

The level of technology in agriculture and

Over a period of 100 years, India has
small scale industries is still outdated and
quadrupled its population size. In terms
obsolete.
of, size of population, India ranks 2nd
in the world after China. India has only
about 2.4% of the world’s geographical
7.3.3 Demographic trends in
area and contributes less than 1.2% of the
India
world’s income, but accommodates about
Scientific study of the characteristics of 17.5% of the world’s population. In other
population is known as Demography. The words, every 6th person in the world is an
various aspects of demographic trends in Indian. Infact, the combined population of
India are: just two states namely, Uttar Pradesh and
„Size of population Maharashtra is more than the population
of United States of America, the third most
„Rate of growth
populous country of the world. Some of
„Birth and death rates the states in India have larger population
„Density of population than many countries in the world.
Indian Economy 147
7
 The negative growth during has declined from 27.4 in 1951 to 7.1 in 2011.
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

1911-21 was due to rapid and frequent However, from the data it is clear that the fall
occurrence of epidemics like cholera, in birth rates is less than that of death rates.
plague and influenza and also famines. Kerala has the lowest birth rate (14.7)
The year 1921 is known as the ‘Year of and Uttar Pradesh has the highest birth rate
Great Divide’ for India’s population as (29.5). West Bengal has the lowest death
population starts increasing. rate (6.3) and Orissa (9.2) has the highest.
During 1951, population growth Among States Bihar has the highest decadal
rate has come down from 1.33% to 1.25%. (2001-11) growth rate of population, while
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

Hence it is known as ‘Year of Small divide’. Kerala has the lowest growth rate. The four
In 1961, population of India states Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan
started increasing at the rate of 1.96% and Uttar Pradesh called BIMARU states
i.e, 2%. Hence 1961 is known as ‘Year of have very high population.
Population Explosion’. In the year 2001,
the Population of India crossed one billion c. Density of population
(100 crore) mark. It refers to the average number of persons
The 2011 census reveals growth of residing per square kilometre. It represents
youth population which is described as the man- land ratio. As the total land area
‘demographic transition’. remains the same, an increase in population
causes density of population to rise.
b. Birth rate and death rate
Density of population
Crude Birth rate: It refers to the number
Total population
of births per thousand of population. =
Land area of the region
Crude Death rate: It refers to the number
of deaths per thousand of population Table 7.3 Dens
i ty of population
Crude birth and death rates of India Year Density of population
during various years (No. of persons per sq. km)
Table 7.2 1951 117
Birth rate and death rate 2001 325
Year C.B.R C.D.R. 2011 382
1951 39.9 27.4 (Source: Registrar General of India)

2001 25.4 8.4 Just before Independence, the density of

2011 21.8 7.11 population was less than 100. But after
(Source: Source: Registrar General of India) independence, it has increased rapidly
from 117 in 1951 to 325 in 2001. According
Birth rate was 39.9 in 1951; it fell to 21.8 in to 2011 census, the present Density of
2011. Although the birth rate has declined, the population is 382. Thus, the pressure of
decline is not so remarkable. The death rate population on land has been rising. Kerala,
Indian Economy 148
8
West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have expectancy is high when death rate is low
density higher than the India’s average and / or instances of early death are low.
density. Bihar is the most densely populated

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state in the country with 1,102 persons Table 7.5 Life Expec
t enc
y
living per sq.km followed by West Bengal Year Male Female Overall
with 880. Arunachal Pradesh has low
density of population of only 17 persons. 1951 32.5 31.7 32.1
1991 58.6 59.0 58.7
d. Sex ratio 2001 61.6 63.3 62.5
It refers to the number of females per 2011 62.6 64.2 63.5
1,000 males. It is an important indicator (Source: Registrar General of India)
to measure the extent of prevailing equity
between males and females at a given During 1901 – 11, life expectancy was
point of time. just 23 years. It increased to 63.5 years
in 2011. A considerable fall in death rate
Table 7.4 Sex Ratio is responsible for improvement in the
Census year Sex ratio life expectancy at birth. However the life
(Number of females per expectancy in India is very low compared
1000 males) to that of developed countries.
1951 946
f. Literacy ratio
2001 933
It refers to the number of literates as a
2011 940 percentage of the total population. In
(Source: Source: Registrar General of India) 1951, only one-fourth of the males and
one-twelfth of the females were literates.
In India, the sex ratio is more favourable to Thus, on an average, only one-sixth of the
males than to females. In Kerala, the adult people of the country were literates. In
sex ratio is 1084 as in 2011. The recent 2011, 82% of males and 65.5% of females
census (2011) shows that there has been a were literates giving an overall literacy
marginal increase in sex ratio. Haryana has rate of 74.04% (2011). When compared
the lowest sex ratio of 877 (2011) among to other developed countries and even Sri
other states, while Kerala provides better Lanka this rate is very low.
status to women as compared to other
States with 1084 females per 1000 males Table 7.6 Literac
y ratio
Census Literate Males Females
e. Life expectancy at birth
year persons
It refers to the mean expectation of life at 1951 18.3 27.2 8.9
birth. Life expectancy has improved over
2001 64.8 75.3 53.7
the years. Life expectancy is low when
death rate is high and / or instances of early 2011 74.04 82.1 65.5
death are high. On the other hand, life (Source: Registrar General of India)

Indian Economy 149

9
 Kerala has the highest literacy ratio (92%) According to Agricultural Census,
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

followed by Goa (82%), Himachal Pradesh the area operated by large holdings (10
(76%), Maharastra (75%) and Tamil Nadu hectares and above) has declined and area
(74%). Bihar has the lowest literacy ratio operated under marginal holdings (less
(53%) in 2011. than one hectare) has increased. This
indicates that land is being fragmented
and become ineconomic.
7.4
Natural Resources
7.4.2 Forest Resources
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

Any stock or reserve that can be drawn India’s forest cover in 2007 is 69.09 million
from nature is a Natural Resource. The hectare which constitutes 21.02 per cent of the
major natural resources are - land, forest, total geographical area. Of this, 8.35 million
water, mineral and energy. India is rich hectare is very dense forest, 31.90 million
in natural resources, but majority of the hectare is moderately dense forest and the rest
Indians are poor. Nature has provided 28.84 million hectare is open forest.
with diverse climate, several rivers for
irrigation and power generation, rich 7.4.3 Important Mineral
minerals, rich forest and diverse soil. Resources
a. Iron-Ore
Types of Natural resources India possesses high quality iron-ore in
abundance. The total reserves of iron-ore
(a) Renewable Resources: Resources
in the country are about 14.630 million
that can be regenerated in a
tonnes of haematiteand 10,619 million
given span of time. E.g. forests,
tonnes of magnetite. Hematite iron is
wildlife, wind, biomass, tidal,
mainly found in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,
hydro energies etc.
Odisha, Goa and Karnataka.The major
(b) Non-Renewable Resources: deposit of magnetite iron is available at
Resources that cannot be western coast of Karnataka. Some deposits
regenerated. E.g. Fossil fuels- of iron ore are also found in Kerala, Tamil
coal, petroleum, minerals, etc. Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

b. Coal and Lignite

7.4.1 Land Resources Coal is the largest available mineral
In terms of area India ranks seventh in resource. India ranks third in the world
the world with a total area of 32.8 lakh after China and USA in coal production.
sq. km. It accounts for 2.42% of total area The main centres of coal in India are the
of the world. In absolute terms India is West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
really a big country. However, land- man Maharashtra,Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
ratio is not favourable because of the huge Bulk of the coal production comes from
population size. Bengal-Jharkhand coalfields.
Indian Economy 150
10
c. Bauxite The new Kimberlile fields have been
discovered in Raipur and Pastar districts
Bauxite is a main source of metal
of Chhattisgarh, Nuapada and Bargarh
like aluminium. Major reserves are

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districts of Odisha, Narayanpet – Maddur
concentrated in the East Coast bauxite
Krishna areas of Andhra Pradesh and
deposits of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
Raichur-Gulbarga districts of Karnataka.
d. Mica
Mica is a heat resisting mineral which 7.5
is also a bad conductor of electricity. It
Infrastructure
is used in electrical equipments as an
insulator. India stands first in sheet mica
production and contributes 60% of mica Infrastructural development means the
trade in the world. The important mica development of many support facilities.
bearing pegmatite is found in Andhra These facilities may be divided into (a)
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan. economic infrastructure and (b) social
infrastructure. Economic infrastructure
includes - transport, communication,
e. Crude Oil
energy, irrigation, monetary and financial
Oil is being explored in India at many places institutions. Social infrastructure includes
of Assam and Gujarat. Digboi, Badarpur, - education, training and research, health,
Naharkatia, Kasimpur, Palliaria, Rudrapur, housing and civic amenities.
Shivsagar, Mourn (All in Assam) and Hay
of Khambhat, Ankaleshwar and Kalol (All
in Gujarat) are the important places of oil 7.6
exploration in India.
Economic
Infrastructure
f. Gold
India possesses only a limited gold reserve. Economic infrastructure is the support
There are only three main gold mine system which helps in facilitating
regions—Kolar Goldfield, Kolar district production and distribution. For instance,
and Hutti Goldfield in Raichur district railways, trucks, posts and telegraph
(both in Karnataka) and Ramgiri Goldfield offices, ports, canals, power plants, banks,
in Anantpur district (Andhra Pradesh). insurance companies etc. are all economic
infrastructure of an economy. They help
g. Diamond in the production of goods and services.
As per UNECE the total reserves of
diamond is estimated at around 4582,
thousand carats which are mostly available 7.6.1 Transport
in Panna(Madhya Pradesh),Rammallakota
For the sustained economic growth of a
of Kurnur district of Andhra Pradesh
country, a well-connected and efficient
and also in the Basin of Krishna River.
Indian Economy 151
11
 transport system is needed. India has
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

7.6.2 Energy
a good network of rail, road, coastal
shipping, and air transport. The total Electrical energy is one of the necessary
length of roads in India being over 30 components of our life. Nowadays, without
lakh km, India has one of the largest electricity, we cannot survive in this
road networks in the world. In terms of world of technology. The energy sources
railroads, India has a broad network of are classified under two heads based on
railroad lines, the largest in Asia and the the availability of the raw materials used,
fourth largest in the world. The total rail while generating energy.
route length is about 63,000 km and of
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

this 13,000 km is electrified. The major 1. Non-renewable energy sources

Indian ports including Calcutta, Mumbai, 2. Renewable energy sources
Chennai, Vishakhapatnam and Goa
handle about 90% of sea- borne trade and 1. Non-renewable energy sources
are visited by cargo carriers and passenger As the name suggests, the sources
liners from all parts of the world. A of energy which cannot be renewed
comprehensive network of air routes or re-used are called non-renewable
connects the major cities and towns of energy sources. Basically these are
the country. The domestic air services are the energy sources which will get
being looked after by Indian Airlines and exhausted over a period of time.
private airlines. The international airport Some of the examples of this kind of
service is looked after by Air India. resources are coal, oil, gas etc.
2. Renewable energy sources

Indian Railways Provide Wi-Fi These are the kind of energy source
Facility First in India is Bangalore which can be renewed or reused again
Railway Station and again. These kinds of materials
do not exhaust or literally speaking
these are available in abundant or
infinite quantity. Example for this
Air India and Indian Airlines were kind include
merged on August 27, 2007 to from 1. Solar energy
National Aviation Company of India
2. Wind energy
Ltd. (NACIL)
3. Tidal energy
4. Geothermal energy

The National Harbour board was 5. Biomass energy

set up in1950 to advise the Central Sometimes renewable sources are also
and State Governments on the called non-conventional sources of energy
management and development of since, these kinds of materials or these
ports, particularly minor ports ways of energy production were not used
earlier or conventionally.
Indian Economy 152
12
 7.7 The education system in India
consists of primarily six levels:
Social Infrastructure
„Nursery Class

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Social infrastructure refers to those „Primary Class
structures which are improving the quality „Secondary Level
of manpower and contribute indirectly „Higher Secondary Level
towards the growth of an economy.
„Graduation
These structures are outside the system
of production and distribution. The „Post-Graduation
development of these social structures
help in increasing the efficiency and c. Education Institutions in India:
productivity of manpower. For example, Education in India follows the 10+2
schools, colleges, hospitals and other pattern. For higher education, there
civic amenities. It is a fact that one of are various State run as well as private
the reasons for the low productivity of institutions and universities providing
Indian workers is the lack of development a variety of courses and subjects. The
of social infrastructure. The status and accreditation of the universities is decided
developments in the social infrastructure under the University Grant Commission
in India are discussed below. Act. The Education Department consists of
various schools, colleges and universities
7.7.1 Education imparting education on fair means for all
sections of the society. The budget share of
a. Education in India the education sector is around 3% of GDP,
Imparting education on an organized of this largest proportion goes for school
basis dates back to the days of ‘Gurukul’ education. However, per pupil expenditure
in India. Since then the Indian education is the lowest for school students.
system has flourished and developed with
the growing needs of the economy. The 7.7.2 Health
Ministry & Human Resource Development
a. Health in India
(MHRD) in India formulates education
policy in India and also undertakes Health in India is a state government
education programs. responsibility. The Central Council Of
Health and Welfare formulates the various
b. Education system in India health care projects and health department
Education in India until 1976 was the reform policies. The administration of
responsibility of the State governments. health industry in India as well as the
It was then brought under concurrent technical needs of the health sector are the
list (both Centre and State). The Centre responsibility of the Ministry Of Health
is represented by the Ministry of Human And Welfare.
Resource Development decides the India’s Health care in India has many
education budget. forms. These are the ayurvedic medicine
Indian Economy 153
13
 practice, unani or galenic herbal care, support of life. Since rain provides food,
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

homeopathy, allopathy, yoga, and many it forms the basis for stable economic life.
more. Each different healthcare form has Agriculture which is the most fundamental
its own treatment system and practice economic activity depends on rain,”It is rain
patterns. The medical practicing in India that both ruins and aids the ruined to rise”.
needs a proper licensing from the Ministry
of Health. All medical systems are now a. Factors of Production
under one ministry viz AYUSH.
Thiruvalluvar has made many passing
references about the factors of production
b. Health Care Services in India:
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

viz., Land, Labour, Capital, Organisation,

The health care services in India are mainly Time, Technology etc. He says, “Unfailing
the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. harvest, competent body of men, group of
State wise, health status is better in Kerala men, whose wealth knows no diminution, are
as compared to other States. Compared to the components of an economy”.(Kural 61)
other developed countries, India’s health
status is not satisfactory. India’s health b. Agriculture
status is poor compared to Sri Lanka.
According to Thiruvalluvar, agriculture is the
most fundamental economic activity. They
7.8 are the axle-pin of the world, for on their
prosperity revolves prosperity of other sectors
Contributions of Indian of the economy, “The ploughmen alone”, he
Economic Thinkers says “live as the freemen of the soil; the rest
are mere slaves that follow on their toil”(Kural
7.8.1 Thiruvalluvar 1032). Valluvar believes that agriculture is
superior to all other occupation.
The economic ideas of
Thiruvalluvar are found
c. Public Finance
in his immortal work,
Thirukkural, a book Thiruvalluvar has elaborately explained
of ethics. Even though Public Finance under the headings Public
scholars differ widely Revenue, Financial Administration and
over the estimation of the Public expenditure. He has stated these
period of Thiruvalluvar, it is generally believed as 1) Creation of revenue, 2) Collection
that, he belongs to the Sangam age in Tamil of revenue, 3) Management of revenue
Nadu around third century A.D. Thiruvalluvar’s 4) Public expenditure
work is marked by pragmatic idealism.
A large part of Valluvar’s economic d. Public Expenditure
ideas are found in the second part of Valluvarhas recommended a balanced budget.
Thirukkural, the porutpal. It deals with “ It is not a great misfortune for a state if its
wealth. Thiruvalluvaris a fundamental revenues are limited, provided the expenditure
thinker. He believes that rains are the basic is kept within bounds.” He has given certain

Indian Economy 154

14
guidelines for a budgetary policy. “Budget 3) good crop 4) prosperity and happiness
for a surplus, if possible, balances the budget and 5) full security for the people.
at other times, but never budget for a deficit.”

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Valluvar advocates the following main items 7.8.2 Mahatma Gandhi
of public expenditure: 1) Defence 2) Public
Works and 3) Social Services. Gandhian Economics is
based on ethical foundations.
e. External Assistance In 1921, Gandhi wrote,
“Economics that hurts the
Valluvar was against seeking external
moral well-being of an
assistance. According to Kural No. 739,
individual or a nation is immoral, and
countries taking external assistance are not
therefore, sinful.” Again in 1924, he repeated
to be considered as countries at all. In other
the same belief: “that economy is untrue
words, he advocated a self-sufficient economy.
which ignores or disregards moral values”.

f. Poverty and Begging Salient Features of Gandhian

Valluvar consideres freedom from hunger Economic Thought
as one of the fundamental freedoms 1. Village Republics: To Gandhi, India
that should be enjoyed by every citizen. lives in villages. He was interested
According to him ‘poverty’ is the root in developing the villages as self-
cause of all other evils which would lead to sufficient units. He opposed extensive
ever-lasting sufferings. It is to be noted that use of machinery, urbanization and
the number of people living below poverty industrialization.
line, begging, sleeping on the roadsides and 2. On Machinery: Gandhi described
rag picking in India has been increasing. machinery as ‘Great sin’. He said that
“Books could be written to demonstrate
g. Wealth its evils… it is necessary to realize that
Valluvar has regarded wealth as only a machinery is bad. Instead of welcoming
means and not an end. He said, “Acquire machinery as a boon, we should look upon
a great fortune by noble and honorable it as an evil. It would ultimately cease.
means.” He condemned hoarding and 3. Industrialism: Gandhi considered
described hoarded wealth as profitless industrialism as a curse on mankind. He
richness. To him industry is real wealth thought industrialism depended entirely
and labour is the greatest resource. on a country’s capacity to exploit.
4. Decentralization: He advocated
h. Welfare State a decentralized economy, i.e.,
Thiruvalluvar is for a welfare state. In a welfare production at a large number of
state there will be no poverty illiteracy, places on a small scale or production
disease and industry. The important elements in the people’s homes.
of a welfare state are 1) perfect health of the 5. Village Sarvodaya: According to
people without disease 2) abundant wealth, Gandhi, “Real India was to be found in
Indian Economy 155
15
 villages and not in towns or cities.” So
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

7.8.3 Jawaharlal Nehru

he suggested the development of self-
sufficient, self-dependent villages. Jawaharlal Nehru,
6. Bread Labour: Gandhi realized one of the chief
the dignity of human labour. He builders of Modern
believed that God created man to eat India, was the first
his bread by the sweat of his brow. Prime Minister of
Bread labour or body labour was the Independent India and he was there in
expression that Gandhi used to mean that post till his death in 1964. He was a
manual labour. great patriot, thinker and statesman. His
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

7. The Doctrine of Trusteeship: views on economics and social problems

Trusteeship provides a means of are found in the innumerable speeches he
transforming the present capitalist made and in the books he wrote.
order of society into an egalitarian
a. Democracy and Secularism
one. It gives no quarter to capitalism.
However, now India experiences both Jawaharlal Nehru was a firm believer in
casino capitalism and crony capitalism democracy. He believed in free speech
8. On the Food Problem: Gandhi was civil liberty,adult franchise and the Rule
against any sort of food controls. He of Law and Parliamentary democracy.
thought such controls only created Secularism, is another signal contribution
artificial scarcity. Once India was of Nehru to India. In our country,
begging for food grain, but India tops there are many religions - Hinduism,
the world with very large production Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism,
of foodgrains, fruits, vegetables, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism and so on.
milk, egg,meat etc., But there is no domination by religious
majority. Secularism means equal respect
9. On Population: Gandhi opposed for all religions.
the method of population control
through contraceptives. He was, b. Planning
however, in favour of birth control
Jawaharlal Nehru was responsible for the
through Brahmacharya or self-
introduction of planning in our country. To
control. He considered self-control
Jawaharlal Nehru, the Plan was essentially
as a sovereign remedy to the problem
an integrated approach for development.
of over-population.
Initiating the debate on the Second Plan
10. On Prohibition: Gandhi advocated in the Lok Sabha in May 1956, Nehru
cent per cent prohibition. He regarded spoke on the theme of planning. He said,
the use of liquor as a disease rather “the essence of planning is to find the best
than a vice. He felt that it was better for way to utilize all resources of manpower, of
India to be poor than to have thousands money and so on.” Planning for Nehru was
of drunkards. But ,now many states essentially linked up with industrialization
depend on revenue from liquor sales. and eventual self-reliance for the country’s

Indian Economy 156

16
economic growth on a self- accelerating degree in 1921. And his theis“ The Problem
growth. Nehru carried through this basic of the Rupee” was accepted for the award
strategy of planned development. Nehru’s of the D.Sc degree by the London School of

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contribution to the advancement of science, Economics in 1923. It is a miracle that RBI
research, technology and industrial was conceptualized as per the guidelines
development cannot be forgotten. It was presented by Ambedkar in his book, “The
during his period, many IITs and Research Problem of the Rupee;Its origin and its
Institutions were established. He always solution”. The main economic ideas of
in insited on “scientific temper”. Ambedkar may be studied under four broad
headings:
c. Democratic Socialism 1. Financial Economics
Socialism is another contribution of Nehru Much of the work done by Ambedkar
to India. He put the country on the road during his stay abroad mostly
towards a socialistic pattern of society. But during the period 1913-1923, was
Nehru’s socialism is democratic socialism. in the field of Finance Economics.
Ambedkar divided the evolution of
7.8.4 B. R. Ambedkar provisional finance into three stages:
(i). Budget by Assignment (1871-72
B. R. Ambedkar (1891- to 1876-77); (ii) Budget by Assigned
1956) was a versatile Revenue (1877-78 to 1881-82); and
personality. He was (iii) Budget by Shared Revenues
the architect of the (1882-83 to 1920-1921).
Indian Constitution, 2. Agricultural Economics
a custodian of social In 1918, Ambedkar published a paper
justice and a champion “Small Holding in India and their
of socialism and state Remedies”. Citing Adam Smith’s ‘Wealth
planning. Ambedkar’s of Nations”, he made a fine distinction
writings included between “Consolidation of Holdings”
“Ancient Indian Commerce” (a thesis and “Enlargement of Holdings”.
submitted to the Columbia University for the
3. Economics of Caste
award of the Mater of Arts Degree in 1915),
‘National Dividend of India: A Historical Ambedkar believed that caste was an
and Analytical Study (a thesis for which he obstacle to social mobility. It resulted
was awarded Ph.D). His thesis was published in social stratification. He was of
as ‘The Evolution of Provincial Finance the firm view that individuals must
in British India: A Study of the Provincial be free to change their occupations.
Decentralization of Imperial Finance”. Moreover, the caste system caused
social tensions. The caste system
Ambedkar’s thesis on “Provincial
has resulted in the absence of social
Decentralization of Imperial Finance in
democracy in India as distinct from
British India” was accepted for the M. Sc
political democracy.

Indian Economy 157

17
 4. Economics of Socialism development, competition and efficiency
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

Ambedkar was a socialist. He was in free-market economies. Gandhi and

a champion of state socialism. He Kumarappa envisioned an economy focused
advocated the nationalization of all on satisfying human needs and challenges
key industries and suggested state while rooting out socio-economic conflict,
ownership of land and collective unemployment, poverty and deprivation.
farming. He was for state monopoly Kumarappa worked as a Professor
of insurance business. Not only that, of economics at the Gujarat Vidyapith in
he advocated compulsory insurance Ahmedabad, while serving as the editor of
for every citizen.
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

Young India during the Salt Satyagraha. He

There is no doubt that Ambedkar was founded the All India Village Industries
a great economist. But his academic Association in 1935; and was imprisoned
work as an economist was eclipsed for more than a year during the Quit India
by his greater contributions in the movement. He wrote during his imprisonment,
field of law and politics. Above all he Economy of Permanence: The Practice and
was a great social reformer. Precepts of Jesus (1945) and Christianity: Its
Economy and Way of Life (1945).
7.8.5 J. C. Kumarappa Several of Gandhi’s followers
developed a theory of environmentalism.
Joseph Chelladurai
Kumarappa took the lead in a number of
Kumarappa was born
relevant books in the 1930s and 1940s.
on 4 January 1892
Historian Ramachandra Guha calls
in Tanjavur, Tamil
Kumarappa, “The Green Gandhian,”
Nadu. A pioneer of
portraying him as the founder of modern
rural economic development theories,
environmentalism in India.
Kumarappa is credited for developing
economic theories based on Gandhism – Kumarappa worked for the Planning
a school of economic thought he coined Commission of India and the Indian National
“Gandhian Economics”. Congress to develop national policies for
agriculture and rural development. He also
Gandhian Economics travelled to China, Eastern Europe and
J.C.Kumarappa strongly supported Japan on diplomatic assignments and to
Gandhi’s notion of village industries and study their rural economic systems.
promoted Village Industries Associations.
Kumarappa worked to combine Christian
7.8.6 V.K.R.V. Rao
and Gandhian values of “trusteeship”, non-
violence and a focus on human dignity According to P.R. Brahmananda, “ the great
and development in place of materialism trinity of pre- independent and post independent
as the basis of his economic theories. Indian economists consisted of D.R.Gadgill,
While rejecting socialism’s emphasis on C.N.Vakil and V.K.RV. Rao. These scholars
class war and force in implementation, were imbibed with a missionary zeal and
he also rejected the emphasis on material analyzed the Indian economic problems with
Indian Economy 158
18
a view to designing and international attack on world poverty,
propagating economic not only through his contributions to
policies/programmes the question of international aid and

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and plans to India’s improved flows of external resources,
national advantage.” but also through his activities in the
V.K.R.V: Rao was a field of food aid.
prolific writer. 3. Support for Socialism
V.K.R.V: Rao was deeply interested During the early phases of planning
in three large themes. They were: in India, Rao supported the case of a
i. National Income, socialist India, where the state would
ii. Food, nutrition and the distribution control the commanding heights of
of good; and the economy and the public sector
would play a dominant role in
iii. Employment and occupational
economic development.
distributions.
1. National Income Methodology 4. Rao’s Views on Industrialization

As an applied economist, Rao’s name In his pamphlet “What is wrong with

is remembered for his pioneering Indian Economic Life?’ (1938), Rao
work on the enumeration of national gave the following reasons for low
income of India. Rao was a pupil per capita income and low levels of
of J.M. Keynes and he worked with per capita nutrition in India.
Colin Clark. H.W Singer considered i. Uneconomic holdings with sub-
V.K.R.V Rao as “ the best equipped divisions and fragmentation;
of all Keynes’ pupils. He attempted ii. Low levels of water availability for crops;
(i) to develop the national income iii. Excess population pressure on
concepts suited to India and agriculture due to the absence of a
developing countries generally; (ii) large industrial sector;
to analyze the concepts of investment,
iv. Absence of capital;
saving and the multipliers in an
underdeveloped economy; and (iii) v. Absence of autonomy in currency
to study the compatibility of the policy, and in general in monetary
national incomes of industrialized matters encouraging holding of gold.
and underdeveloped countries. 5. Village Clusters
Rao’s paper on “Full Employment
Rao felt that rural communities had
and Economic Development” was
to be given a viable base.Therefore
one of the earliest contributions in
he suggested that a cluster of
the field of development towards
villages should form a unit for rural
employment.
development, so that both social
2. International Food Aid and economic interactions between
Rao was influential in creating villages could develop, and they
ideas and shaping policy in the could effectively generate and fashion
Indian Economy 159
19
 their own development with a more and drew attention to the incidence of
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

meaningful participation by people. absolute and relative deprivation.

6. Investment, Income and Multiplier 2. Poverty and Inequality
Rao’s examination of the “interrelation Sen has carried out massive work
between investment, income and on poverty and inequality in
multiplier in an under developed India. Sen’s major point has been
economy” (1952) was his major that the distribution of income/
contribution to macroeconomic consumption among the persons
theory. As a thinker, teacher, below the poverty line is to be taken
economic adviser and direct policy into account.
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

maker, V.K.R.V. Rao followed the 3. The Concept of Capability

footsteps of his great teacher, John
The concept of capabilities developed
Maynard Keynes.
by Sen has been cited as a better
7. Institution Builder index of wellbeing than commodities
He founded three national level or utilities. Capability, as defined
research institutes namely Delhi by Sen, is the ability to transform
School of Economics, Institute of Rawlsian primary goods to the
Economic Growth (both at Delhi) achievement of wellbeing.
and Institute for Social and Economic 4. Entitlement
Change (Bangalore)
Sen has included the concept of
entitlement items like nutrition,
food, medical and health care,
7.8.7 Amartya Kumar Sen
employment, security of food
The Nobel citation supply in times of famine etc. He
refers to Sen’s considered famine as arising out of
contributions to the failure of establishing a system of
social choice theory, entitlements.
development 5. Choice of Technique
economics, study on poverty and famines Sen’s ‘Choice of Technique ‘ was a
and concept of entitlements and capability research work where he argued that in
development (1998). a labour surplus economy, generation
1. Poverty and Famines of employment cannot be increased
Sen's Poverty and Famines: An Essay at the initial stage by the adaptation
on Entitlement and Deprivation” of capital- intensive technique.
(1981) is both a theoretical and an Conclusively, Amartyasen, more
applied work. In the book, several than just an economist, is an ethical
famines have been studied in the philosopher. He is a lover of freedom
working of a general theoretical and a humanist. He has focused on the
framework from an original angle. He poor, viewing them not as objects of
examined various meanings of poverty pity requiring charitable hand–outs,
Indian Economy 160

20
 but as disempowered folkneeding
empowerment, education,health, Per Capita Average national
nutrition, gender equality,safety net Income income per head

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in times of distress; all are needed to of population. It is
empower people. obtained by dividing
the National Income by
population size.
7.9
Conclusion
Natural Goods and services
Resources provided by the nature.
This lesson mainly focused on some of
In other words, any
the aspects of the Indian Economy and
stock or reserve that
its resources, infrastructure facilities
can be drawn from
and energy, It also discussed the
nature.
principles of Indian Economic thinkers
to motivate the students to read good
books on Economics Written by the great Renewable Resources that can be
economists. Resources regenerated in a given
span of time.
Glossary
Non- Resources that are
Economic Transformation of an Renewable exhaustive and cannot
Growth economy from a state of Resources be regenerated
under development to
a state of development Deforestation Clearing of forests,
which is measured trees and thereby forest
by Gross Domestic land is converted to a
Product (GDP). non-forest use.
Economic An improvement in
Development citizens quality of Energy Crisis Situation in which
life and well being energy resources are
of a country which less than the demand
is measured by per and there is shortage of
capita income along energy.
with several other
development indicators.
Doctrine of Doners who act as
Gross Total monetary value
Trusteeship the trustees of their
Domestic of the goods and
property or business.
Product services produced by
that country over a
specific period of time,
normally a year.
Indian Economy 161
21
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

UNIT

1 Introduction of Political Science

1.1 Meaning, Definition and Origin of Political Science

Politics
What is Politics??!! I hear about it in tea-stalls, restaurants,
buses and in all other places that I go to... I have been hearing
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

this word since childhood... and everybody is so serious when

they talk about it... so should I get to know what is politics?

The term ‘Politics’ is closely related to the Greek word ‘Polis’ meaning
‘city-state’ (for affairs of the cities-for affairs of the state). The study of
politics dates back to 5th century BCE Greece with immense contributions
by political philosophers Plato (428/427 BCE – 348/347 BCE) and Aristotle
(384  BCE- 322 BCE). Before the 20th century, the study of politics was
integrated with other disciplines such as history and philosophy.

22
In your note you draw three columns as of politics concentrating on the conflict
given in the text book between liberty and equality. In the

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21st century, a central theme has been
the constant conflict between liberty
K-W-L ACTIVITY -1
and security. Some other major themes
that are not central to the study of
POLITICS
politics are development, environmental
what I want what I have sustainability, gender equality and
what I know?
to know? learnt? international peace and co-operation.

POLITICS IS
EVERYONE’S
BUSINESS

All through history, political

philosophers have different perspectives
Learning Objectives
on the central theme of politics. The Greek
 Provides insights into the meaning philosopher Aristotle, the father of
of Politics and the manner in which Political Science, considered the study of
it affects the lives of people. politics as a systematic inquiry to
understand the truth about politics so as
 Examines the definitions of Political to explain the relationship between the
Science and the changing nature of State and the individual. He described and
the discipline. classified different political systems.
 Explains the scope of Political Aristotle and Plato made immense
Science. contributions to the origin and
 Throws light on the various development of the discipline. Plato
approaches to the study of Political analyzed different political systems and
Science. Aristotle, closely following the trails of his
teacher Plato, gave the analysis a historical
 Discusses the relationship between perspective. They tried to understand the
Political Science and other Social working of different forms of governments.
Sciences.

Politics was primarily concerned

with the study of ethics. It further focused
on the study of political ideas, political ACTIVITY
institutions and processes within states
and the relations between states. But the Collect information about Arthashastra
last two centuries witnessed the study and have a discussion in class on it.

23
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

ARISTOTLE ON HAPPINESS
Aristotle believed that happiness was the most important thing in life. He
taught that one should not waste one’s time in the pursuits of pleasure, but should
seek happiness instead. According to him, true happiness lay not in material things,
but in understanding one’s true nature, and regaling one’s full potential. In short,
happiness depends upon ourselves, and not on the outside world. One of Aristotle’s
most famous quotes is
“...happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

existence...”

CONVERSATION

Student: Sir, we make a mention of Greek Thinkers can be correlated with the contemporary concepts
like Plato and Aristotle in our discussion about of political science like state, government etc.
the study of politics. In the Indian context, who is
considered the first political thinker?
Qualities of King: (Kural no: 382 & 383).
Teacher: In the Indian context, Thiruvalluvar,
the author of Thirukkural, the ancient legal text, is i) Courage ii)Liberal hand iii) Wisdom & energy
considered as one of the first political thinker. iv) Knowledge v) Taking strong decisions.
Student: Sir! It is very interesting to know that What a kingdom should and should not have?
an ancient Tamil literature seems to be the first (Kural no: 734).
political manual in India.
i) Complete cultivation i) Excessive starvation
Teacher: Though Kautilya, who was the author of
Arthasastra, wrote his book in 300BCE that book ii) Virtuous person ii)Irremediable epidemics.
concentrated more on the Political Economy, while
the Thirukkural of Thiruvalluvar concentrated iii) Merchants with inexhaustible wealth
more on Political governance. iii).Destructive foes.

Student: Oh is it! Sir! Will you please say something Components of Kingdom: (Kural no: 381)
about Kautilya!
i)People ii)Army iii)Resources iv)Ministry
Teacher: With Pleasure! Kautilya, was the chief v)Friendship vi)Fort
Minister of Chandra Gupta Mauryia, who ruled a
North Indian State about 300 BCE wrote the book Duties of King:
Arthasastra, which literally means Artha=wealth i) Identifying resources
and Sastra=knowledge. In short a first literary ii) Collecting revenue
source on political economy. iii) Protecting revenue.
iv) Distribution of revenue.
Student: Sir! Then what is the contribution of
Thiruvalluvar to political science? Student: Oh! It is very much Interesting to know
more from you, about our ancient literary sources
Teacher: Thiruvalluvar has given many concepts on Political Science!
in Thirukkural regarding king and kingdom which

24
 Politics was a matter of discussion Political scientists have explained
in the churches during the medieval politics through its basic concepts such

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period as political power remained as power, order and justice. Power is the
with the church under the Holy Roman ability to make and enforce rules and to
Empire. The works of philosophers such influence the behaviour of the individuals.
as St. Augustine (‘The City of God’) Power may or may not be legitimate.
amalgamated the principles of political One needs to understand the difference
philosophy with those of religion. It between power and authority. Authority
must be noted here that for the Greek is the moral or legal right and is the ability
and medieval philosophers, politics was to control. It implies legitimacy, where
a knowledge centering on the city-state, power is exercised through established
which by and large had spiritual bond. It institutions and people willingly accept
was more of a community than a state. it as proper and just. Power, on the other
hand, may or may not be legitimate.
It was during the Italian
Renaissance that Niccolo Machiavelli Politics is also concerned about
laid the foundations of modern political order which denotes the structures,
science through his emphasis on empirical rules, rituals, procedures and practices
observation and investigation of political that make up the political system. As the
structures and political behaviour from a majority is ruled by the minority, there is
secular perspective. Politics, in the words always an apprehension of the fairness of
of Harold Lasswell, an American Political the government mechanism. Therefore,
Scientist, is ‘Who gets What, When and the exercise of power should be based
How?’ This definition is based on the on the foundations of justice. Thus,
assumption that all societies exhibit sharp power, order and justice are regarded the
diversities with people pursuing different basic concepts in politics. Since the late
interests and values and hence there 19th century, the study of politics as an
requires a mechanism through which the academic discipline is commonly referred
conflicting interests are reconciled. Also, to as ‘Political Science’.
scarcity of resources is a feature of all
modern societies and so politics would
mean the mechanism through which
goods and resources are distributed. For Quotable
uote
The world around is clearly a
Karl Marx, politics was all about class political world. All mankind has been drawn
conflict and political power and to David into some political association through
Easton politics meant ‘the authoritative which men engage in operation and conflict.
allocation of values’. -D.G. Hitchner

25
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

CONVERSATION
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

STUDENT 1: If authority is all about legitimacy, does it mean that only democracy
is the legitimate form of government?

STUDENT 2: No! Not at all! Monarchy or dictatorship could also be considered

legitimate as long as people agree with it.

STUDENT 3: Oh yes!! I now understand. Britain still has a queen because people
there have approved of constitutional monarchy with elected government.

STUDENT 2: Exactly!!

There is a limited amount

of power in society, which
can only be held by one Man is by nature a political
person or group at a time. animal and he, who by
nature and not by mere
- Karl Marx accident is without state is either above
humanity or below it.
-Aristotle in his book Politics
Power is a relationship
in which one group Political Science
of persons are able to
The switch from ‘Politics’ to
determine the actions of
‘Political Science’ occurred as the
the others in the direction of the former’s
discipline began to emerge as an
own end.
autonomous discipline in the modern
- David Easton
period. The term politics referred to the
affairs of the city state, which was a small
Power breeds power and community, in the ancient Greece. But the
this form the central tenet term nowadays refers to as Gilchrist says,
of elitism. ‘current problems of the government’.
It means that when someone says he is
- Robert Michel interested in politics it implies that he
is involved in several political activities
5

26
relating to political issues, legislations, the study of static institutions. There was
labour issues, party activities and the rest a conscious effort by scientists such as

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which has far wider canvass. On the other Arthur Bentley to develop an objective,
hand, the political studies are distinct value-free analysis of politics and the
and hence they need to be differentiated principle impetus in this regard came
from current problems. Further, politics during the 1920’s from the Chicago
in one country differ from the others. University. Charles E. Merriam was
What is ‘politics’ in India may not mean the leading figure in this movement for
the same in other places. But ‘political empirical observation and measurement
science’ will mean one and the same thing in political analysis. Charles E. Merriam’s
everywhere. Hence it would be better to ‘Political Power’ and Harold Lasswell’s
name the discipline as Political Science ‘Politics: Who Gets What, When, How?’
than as Politics. The Political Scientists made the aspect of power the central
who met at Paris in 1948 also found the theme of politics. The totalitarian regimes
term ‘Political Science’ more acceptable. in Europe and Asia in the 1920’s and
It is not appropriate to use the two terms 30’s and the onset of the Second World
as synonyms, though a few still prefer to War turned the discipline away from its
style the discipline also as politics. focus on institutions and procedures.
Works during this phase focused more on
The important developments in political parties, pressure groups, elites
Political Science since the time it became and the basis of electoral choices. This
a distinct academic discipline occurred in new focus on political behaviour came
the United States. Until then, Politics was to be known as ‘behaviouralism’. The
a part of disciplines such as philosophy, term was borrowed from ‘behaviourism’
law and economics. Political Science as in psychology. Later, the 1960’s saw the
an autonomous discipline dates back to emergence of a new trend known as
1880 when John W. Burgess established ‘Post-Behaviouralism’. It was a reaction
a School of Political Science at the against the orthodoxy and dominance of
Columbia University. By 1920’s most of the behavioural methods in the study of
the leading Universities established an politics. The call for the development of
exclusive department for the study of this trend was given by David Easton,
Political Science. The American Political who ironically, was one of the leading
Scientists showed tremendous interest in advocates of the behavioural revolution.
this direction and took efforts to separate He claimed that the behavioural method
it from history, law and philosophy. The lost touch with reality and hence post-
discipline then had very formalistic and behaviouralism argued that research did
institutional approach and this trend not have to be necessarily value free and
continued up to the Second World War. the emphasis had to be on relevance over
precision. Thus, the intellectual revolution
But later, scholars such as Woodrow resulted in many political scientists
Wilson and Frank Goodnow stressed attempting to comprehend the sociological,
more on the study of social facts over anthropological and psychological aspects
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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

of the study of Political Science. They one instantly enlarges the scope of political
vehemently criticized the traditional science as it tends to include everything.
methods and its formal and parochial Thus Political Science has been variously
tools of analysis. They pointed out that the defined though for most part of the history
political theorists in the past concentrated the emphasis was placed on state, its
on state, government, institutions and institutions, laws and processes. Political
their formal structures and did not behaviour of individuals and groups also
take into consideration the interactions became a part of it after the behavioural
between them and the subjects and failed revolution. The latest addition to this has
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

to examine the political behaviour of been the concept of governance.

humans. Thus, modern political analysis
CONVERSATION
began to rest upon the following four
principles:

 the search for comprehensive scope

 the search for realism

 the search for precision

 the search for intellectual order

STUDENT 1: What? Did Aristotle
ACTIVITY say democracy was a bad form of
government??
Why is Aristotle regarded as a great
political philosopher? Discuss STUDENT 2: Yes! But by democracy
Aristotle meant mob rule. He thought
polity was a much better and stable form
Why do we say that both Plato and
of government.
Aristotle had a profound influence on
Greek social, political and economic life? STUDENT 1: By the way, what is polity?

Read more about Charles E. Merriam, STUDENT 2: In polity, the supreme

Woodrow Wilson and Arthur Bentley power is vested in the hands of a large
proportion of population and it was
and find out their important works.
used for common good.
Definition of Political Science
STUDENT 1: Oh! I see!
Scholars have defined Political
Science in different ways. For Garner it
Political Science is a science which is
begins and ends with State. Leacock and
concerned with the State, endeavors to
Seeley see its dealing with government.
understand and comprehend the State
Robson and Lasswell regard it as the study
in its essential nature, various forms,
of power and influence. Some scholars
manifestations and development.
define it as the study of political aspects of
organized human society. But the latter - Bluntschli

28
 Political Science deals with the origin, development, purpose and all political

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problems of the State.

- Garris

The study of Politics concerns itself with the life of men in relation to organized
states.

- Harold Laski

Political Science investigates the phenomena of government as Political Economy

deals with Wealth, Biology with Life, Algebra with Numbers and Geometry with
Space and Magnitude.

- Seeley

Political Science is an empirical enquiry in the study of shaping and sharing of power.

- Harold Laswell

It is the historical study of the past, analytical study of the present and ethical study
of the future.

-Gettel

Political Science is the process by which scarce resources- human, economic, spiritual
are allocated within a social limit, be it a city, a state, a nation or an organization for
the purpose of providing for human needs and desires.

- David Easton

Ohhh!!!

Looks like there is no consensus on the definition of Political Science.

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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

“Tryst with Destiny”

Case Study
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

The following is the report by The Hindu on 14.8.1947delivered by the first

Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

“Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny and now the time comes when
we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially",
declared India’s first premier, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, moving the resolution
prescribing an Oath for the members in the Constituent Assembly to-night.

“At the stroke of midnight hour,” Pandit Nehru said, “when the world sleeps,
India will awake to life and freedom. (cheers) The moment come, it comes but rarely
in history, when we step our from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when
the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn
moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and
to the still larger cause of humanity”.

“Freedom and power bring responsibility. That responsibility rests upon the
Assembly, a sovereign body representing the sovereign people of India. Before the
birth of freedom, we have endured all the pains of labour and our tears are heavy with
the memory of this sorrow. Some of those pains continue even now. Nevertheless,
the past is over and it is the future that backons to us now.

The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer, it means
the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity. The
ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from
every eye. That may be beyond us, but so long as there are tears and suffering, so
long our work will not be over. And so we have to labour and to work and work
hard to give reality our dreams. Those dreams are for India, but they are also for the
world, for all the nations and peoples are too closely knit together to day for any one
of them to imagine that it can live apart. Peace has been said to be indivisible, so is
freedom, so is prosperity now, and so is prosperity now, and so also is disaster in this
one world that can no longer be split into isolated fragments”.

30
 Political Science is concerned with
On the basis of your reading /
the theory and practice of politics. It

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understanding of the above report
describes and analyzes political systems
answer the following questions briefly:
and political behaviour. It traces the origin
1. What do you understand by the term and development of State. It studies the
“Tryst with destiny” ? associations and institutions related to the
2. List any three challenges highlighted State. Political Science attempts to explain
by the Prime Minister Nehru. what men and women do in political
3. Discuss why freedom, power, peace situations. At the initial stages the
and security are considered as core discipline was closely aligned with subjects
components in our day to day life. such as history and philosophy. The
American Political Science Association
founded in 1903 made efforts to separate
ACTIVITY
the study of politics from other social
Divide the class into groups and hold a sciences such as history and economics.
discussion on the various definitions of At the later stages, when scientific
Political Science. approach became the order of the day it
Collect pictures of any five political was aligned with disciplines such as
philosophers and write a short note on any psychology and anthropology. The
three of them. behavioural revolution stressed on the
1.2 Nature of Political Science need for a scientific and systematic
analysis of individual and group behaviour.
Human being is a social animal. With the advent of Post-Behaviouralism,
They prefer company to solitude. Humans relevance to social problems along with
are never self-sufficient and depend on political facts became the focus of Political
fellow beings for the satisfaction of their Science.
diverse needs. So, they have always lived
in social groups. They have been a part
ACTIVITY
of the society with set rules of common
behaviour. Such a society had to be
properly organized with individuals to Make a list of the important works of
enforce rules and regulations and also Plato and Aristotle.
their observance had to be ensured. The
society thus organized is called the State, 1.3. Scope of Political Science
the rules that govern social conduct are Scope of the discipline implies its
the laws of the State and the individuals jurisdiction or subject-matter. Political
who enforce the same and ensure their Science covers a vast field. Basically it is
observance is the government. Thus, seen as a study of State. The state is located
Political Science deals with human being on a territory with its own people and a
in relation to the State and government. government to maintain and promote
It is the study of humans in the process of orderly and happier life. Hence the
governing themselves.
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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

scope of the discipline takes a quantum the study of State alone as they believe the
jump. Further the human nature will not State includes also the government. The
remain static. Men Change and the scope government is considered the part and
of the discipline keep expanding. As the parcel of the State. On the other hand,
subject matter of political science includes other writers such as Karl Deutsch opines
enacting legislations that binds every one that Political Science deals only with the
and every other activity its areas of inquiry government. Scholar such as Harold Laski
also includes fields like economics, argue that Political Science is the study of
commerce, sociology, law, etc., both state and government. Despite the
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

fundamental differences between the state

In the year 1948, the International and government, the scope of one cannot
Political Science Association mentioned be separated from that of the other. The
the following as the Scope of Political scope of Political Science includes the
Science; study of the past, present and future
developments of the State.
 Political Theory
 Political Institutions Political Theory is an important
 Political Dynamics component of Political Science. It includes
 International Relations political thought and philosophy and
further explains the basic concepts of the
As the scope of Political Science discipline. Political Science examines the
cannot be limited to the above mentioned nature, structure and working of political
sub-disciplines, the following diagram institutions. It undertakes a comparative
illustrates the broad scope of Political analysis of different constitutions and
Science. governments. The scope of the discipline
also includes the study of contemporary
State and Political Political forces in government and politics. This
Government Theory Institutions
includes the study of political parties,
interest groups and pressure groups. An
Relations International
Political
Dynamics
between the Relations and empirical study of political dynamics
individual International
and the state Law explains the political behaviour of
individuals, groups and organizations.
Public Policy
Most importantly, Political Science
throws light on the relationship between
Political Science primarily studies individuals and the state. Consequently,
the problems of the State and Government. modem political scientists under the
State possesses the authority to frame rules behavioural and systems approach have
for governing its people. The State executes widened the scope of political science to
its will through the government. The cover many more aspects like political
government is an agency of the State. Some socialization, political culture, political
political theorists such as Bluntschli have development and informal structures like
restricted the scope of Political Science to pressure groups, etc.
11

32
Moreover, the study of International purview of Political Science. It is also
Relations which includes diplomacy, a study of Public policy explaining the

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international laws and international governmental and non-governmental
organizations also come within the responses to public issues.

1.4. Is Political Science, a Science or an Art?

There is a great debate on the scientific nature of Political Science. Some scholars
consider it a science of the State and the Government. While others are of the opinion that
it is one of the most backward of all the arts. Writers like Auguste Comte and Maitland
are of the opinion that social sciences lack scientific character as there is no consensus
of opinion among experts on its nature, methods and approaches. It lacks continuity and
development and the elements that constitute a basis of precision. There are no universal
principles and the scientific methods of observation and experimentation may not be
applicable to Political Science. The elements of reliability, verifiability, precision and
accuracy found in natural sciences are absent in Political Science. There is no uniformity in
the principles of Political Science and it does not strictly observe the relation of cause and
effect as the other sciences do. Similarly we do not find that exactness and absoluteness in
Political Science as it is found in Physics and Chemistry. Hence several scholars identify
it with Arts.

What is Political Science?

I’m hungry Stop Talking
What is political science?
Politics
The scientific study of politics
and government
What political science is not?
A perfect science that has all
the answers
Is political science is a
science? If so, how is politics
scientific?
The subject of Politics is popularly called as Political Science only after the empirical approaches
entering into the subject after the Contributions of American Political Scientists’ contributions.
Though it is called as “Political Science” it cannot be claimed a status of a pure science like Physics,
Chemistry, Biology, etc. It can be called only as social science, as it is mainly dealing about human
behaviour.

On the other hand, some writers argue that Political Science is the science of state
and government. Aristotle was the first one to call it as a supreme science. Writers such
as Bodin, Hobbes, Montesquieu and Bluntschli subscribe to this view. Dr. Garner defines
science as knowledge relating to a particular subject acquired by a systematic study,
observation or experience. If science is thus defined, conclusions in Political Science are
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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

also drawn after systematic study, observation or experience. Though Political Science
cannot claim of universal laws as in the case of natural sciences, there are conclusions that
can be proven. For instance, it cannot be denied that democracy is the most suited form of
government in pluralistic societies and that it is best possible one to promote social welfare.
This conclusion was derived after a systematic study of the other forms of governments
in different parts of the world during the ancient, medieval and modern period. There
is no consensus among scholars on the nature, methods and principles of the discipline
as it engages in the study of human beings and the institutions manned by them. These
institutions adapt themselves to changing needs of human life and hence scholars are also
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

of different views and opinions. Nevertheless, all Political Scientists unanimously agree
that Imperialism, Colonialism, inequality, illiteracy and poverty affect the society at large.

Though Political Science does not strictly adhere to the theory of cause and effect,
certain political phenomena have their own cause and effect. For instance, poverty and
unemployment are causes that can result in the consequence of revolution. Hence, some
writers conclude that Political Science is undoubtedly a ‘Science’.

Though Political Science cannot be equated with the natural sciences but
nevertheless, it is a social science dealing with individuals and their relations with the
State and government. One can say that, whether Political Science could be seen as an
Art or Science would largely depend on the chosen subject matter for the study and the
approaches used to carry out the study.

ACTIVITY

Identify the personality and write a note on any two of his important
works.

CONVERSATION

STUDENT 1: Looks like Political Science is a

very important subject.
STUDENT 2: Why do you say so?
STUDENT 1: Because it is the analysis of
political life that enables us to understand and
solve the problems of social life.
STUDENT 3: Not just that, a galaxy of political
philosophers like Plato, Aristotle and Hobbes
has engaged themselves in both social criticism
and reconstruction.

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 Quotable
uote
but be careful….. you and your spouse
should have crossed the minimum age

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Whoever you are or want to be, you may
limit required by law to get married..
not be interested in politics, but politics
is interested in you. - Marshall Bermen Then you buy a house… bound
by laws relating to housing loans…
ACTIVITY subsequently you need to pay property
tax to the local administration..
Several activities – political,
economic, social, religious, etc
At some point you retire... and
continuously and simultaneously take
the benefits you might get are defined by
place in societies. These activities involve
law….
individuals, groups, institutions as well
as other internal and external actors. All One day you leave this world…
these activities and all those involved in Your wards need death certificate… legal
such activities are governed and controlled heir certificate…. etc…
by the actions of the state through its laws.
There is an obligation on the part of the Further, the safety and security
subjects / citizens to abide by the laws. No of your life, property, possessions are
one can say I am above the law. Violation ensured by the laws.. The police, military,
of law is punishable. The government has Judiciary take care of this…
the authority to punish those violators as
it has the responsibility to maintain peace Every activity in life is subject to laws …
and order in a society besides ensuring the
security of all its subjects / citizens. Hence Education, business, societal
whether you like it or not you are bound activities, electoral participation, your
by the laws. Note the following: rights, liberty, all day-today activities are
subject to certain rules and regulations
The inborn child has been given conditioned by law…
certain rights
Remember, all such laws are defined,
There are restrictions regarding framed, enforced by the state, government
the age of entry in schools, for which you and other political / administrative
need birth certificate from municipal agencies. No one can stay out of this…
administration. Hence studying political science becomes
all the more important.
You finish your studies…but you
need the certificates …to get a job… 1.5 Approaches to the Study of Political
Science
Once in job you start earning… but
An approach is the way of looking
you have to pay tax…
at a political phenomenon and then
At some point you get married… explaining it. The approaches and

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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

methods to the study of Political Science are many. There are both traditional and modern
or scientific approaches. The traditional approaches are highly speculative and normative
and the modern approaches are more empirical and scientific in nature.

TRADITIONAL APPROACHES MODERN APPROACHES

PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH

EXPONENTS: EXPONENTS:
Plato, Aristotle, Leo Strauss Mac lver, Almond Gabriel
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
HISTORICAL APPROACH
EXPONENTS:
EXPONENTS:
Graham Wallas, David Truman
Machiavelli, Sabine

ECONOMIC APPROACH
EXPONENTS:
LEGAL APPROACH
KARL MARX, FRIEDRICH ENGELS
EXPONENTS:
Cicero, Jean Bodin, John Austin

BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH
EXPONENTS:
INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH David Easton, Robert A Dahl
EXPONENTS: Harold Laski,
Arthur Bentley, James Bryce
MARXIST APPROACH
EXPONENTS:
V I Lenin Antonio Gramsic

ii. Historical Approach

I. Traditional Approaches This approach throws light on the
i. Philosophical Approach past and traces the origin and development
of the political institutions. It seeks to
It is the oldest approach to the study study the role of individuals and their
of politics. It is also known as speculative, motives, accomplishments and failures in
metaphysical or ethical approach. The the past and its implications for the future.
study of state, government and the political In understanding the political issues
behaviour of man is intricately linked of today, the help of historical parallels
with the quest for achieving certain goals, are sought. However, critics argue that
morals or truths. Here, the discipline historical parallels can be illuminating,
moves closer to the world of ethics. The but at the same time they can also be
approach is criticized for being highly misleading as it is loaded with superficial
speculative and abstract. resemblances.
15

36
iii. Legal Approach sociological factors. But critics are of
the opinion that too much of emphasis
The study of politics is linked with

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on the social context can affect the very
the study of legal institutions created autonomy of the discipline.
by the State for the maintenance of the
political organization. As the State is ii. Psychological Approach
engaged in the maintenance of law and
This approach studies and explains
order, the study of judicial institutions
political and social institutions through
become the concern of political theorists.
psychological laws. It assumes that the
This approach looks at the State as an psychological analysis of political leaders
organization primarily concerned with reveals significant knowledge about
the creation and enforcement of law. politics. However, this approach ignores
However, critics argue that this approach the sociological, legal and economic
has a narrow perspective. The State has factors in the study of politics.
various other functions to perform other
than enforcement of law and order. Laws iii. Economic Approach
deal with only one aspect of an individual’s As matters pertaining to production
life and do not enable the complete and distribution of goods are regulated
understanding of his political behaviour. by the State, the economic matters
also become a concern for the political
iv. Institutional Approach theorists. This approach emphasizes
This approach is also known as on the role of the State in regulating
the structural approach. It lays stress the economic matters and argues that
economic affairs are intimately linked
on the formal structures of the political
to the political process of the State. The
organization such as legislature, executive
approach is inclined towards linking and
and judiciary. The informal structures are
understanding the political and economic
also studied and a comparative study of life of individuals. However, the approach
the governmental systems are encouraged. takes into account only the economic
However, this approach is criticized for factors and ignores other factors such as
laying too much emphasis on formal and social and psychological factors.
informal structures and ignoring the role
of individual in those institutions. iv. Behavioural Approach

This approach focuses on political

II. Modern Approaches
behaviour and studies the attitudes and
i. Sociological Approach preferences of humans in the political
context. Thus, the study of politics moved
This approach emphasizes on the its focus from formalism and normativism
understanding of the social context to to the study of political behaviour.
explain the political behaviour of the However, critics argue that this approach
members of the community. The state is is based on a false conception of scientific
considered primarily as a social organism methods.
and politics is understood through the

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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

v. Marxist Approach called Political Science by the name of

Political Economy. Political Economy
This approach is basically different
attempts to understand how political
from the other modern approaches.
institutions, political environment and
It perceives State as an inevitable
economy influence each other. Historians
consequence of class contradictions.
have explained as to how groups with
It assumes that there is a continuous
common economic interests have utilized
interaction between the political and
the political process and environment to
economic forces and separating one from
effect changes for their own benefit. The
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

the other is not possible. However, this

study of Political Science and Economics
approach gives undue importance to the
are directed towards the same end
economic factors and ignores the other
providing the best possible life for its
important factors.
people.
After careful analysis of the
iii. Political Science and Ethics
approaches, it is understood that each
approach has its own relevance in the Philosophy is closely associated
study of political phenomenon and also with ethics. Ethics deals with morality
suffer from certain limitations. and formulates rules and regulations
governing the behaviour of individuals in
III. Relationship with other Social Sciences
the society. Ethics is the science of moral
i. Political Science and History order and Political Science is the science
of political order. Both Political Science
The state and its institutions are and Ethics aim at the noble and righteous
a product of slow historical growth and life of humans.
Political Science uses historical facts to
discover general laws and principles. iv. Political Science and Sociology
Political History is the narrative of
Political Science and Sociology are
political events and movements. The
intimately related and it is Sociology that
relationship between History and Political
provides the basic information regarding
Science is well explained by Freeman as he
the origin and evolution of state and other
says ‘History is past Politics and Politics
political institutions. Political Science is
is present History’. John Seeley adds to
also called as Policy Science and policies
it through his quote, ‘History without
of the State cannot be formulated without
Political Science has no fruit, Political
the careful analysis of the social needs
Science without History has no root’.
of the people. Political Science provides
ii. Political Science and Economics information to Sociology about the
organization and functions of the state
Economics was considered a branch and how the policies and programmes of
of Political Science and in fact, the Greeks the State affect the society at large.
17

38
v. Political Science and Psychology influence the government. It borrows
heavily from the other social sciences but
Psychology deals with all the aspects of

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its focus on power differentiates it from
human behaviour while Political Science
the other disciplines. Apart from power,
deals only with the political behaviour
Political Science also focuses on
of humans. Psychology throws light on
comparative politics, international
why individuals and groups behave in a
relations, political theory, public law and
certain manner. It aids Political Science in
public policy. Most importantly, the study
understanding the behaviour of political
of Political Science gives us the basic
parties and varied other groups in the state.
understanding of the political process, the
Barker rightly says, ‘The application of
system of government and the way in
psychological clue to the riddles of human
which it affects the life of every citizen.
activity has indeed become the fashion
of the day. If our forefathers thought
ACTIVITY
biologically, we think psychologically’.
Write a short note on how politics affects
vi. Political Science and Public your daily life.
Administration

Political Science is closely related ACTIVITY

to Public Administration and in fact,
the term ‘public’ denotes ‘government’ Collect pictures on the life and works of
though Public Administration also your favorite political thinker and explain
includes the study of non-governmental to the class about his contributions to
organizations. Public Administration the discipline.
is the implementation of governmental
policies and Political Science deals with
the process of policy formulation. There Glossary
is a similarity in the objective of Political
Science and Public Administration as they Inquiry the act of inquiring or of seeking
both aim at optimum use of resources and information by the method of questioning
social welfare. or interrogation.
Political Systems Various Forms of
Thus, we understand that Political
governments with different types of
Science is the systematic study of
Constitutions
governance by the application of empirical
and scientific methods of analysis. Though Arthashastra It is a work on political
it involves empirical investigations, it does economy and administrative governance
not generally produce precise predictions. written by Kautilya in 3rd century BCE.
Political Science examines the state and its
City-State A community oriented small
organs and institutions. It also
state with the governance of small
encompasses the study of societal, cultural,
population centered around a city.
economic and psychological factors that

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UNIT

15 Tamil Nadu Political Thought

15.1 Historical Background

The 'Classical Tamil homeland
(Tamizhagam) is called
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

as Tamil Nadu besides

some parts of kerala,
Andhra and Karnataka;
Strabo (63 BC(BCE) to
c. AD(CE) 24), a famous
Greek geographer and historian observed
the early diplomatic history of ancient Tamil
Kingdom of Pandiyas. Naval expeditions
Learning Objectives
of Cheras, Cholas, Pandiyas and Pallavas
inform early maritime power and influence The students will be able to
of Tamils. Ports in the coast of Tamil Nadu  Learn about ancient political ideas
were important centres of trade between in Tamil Nadu.
India and the Mediterranean, and India and  State clearly the political ideas of
southeast Asia, in the period. 200 BC(BCE) Thiruvalluvar.
to 300 AD(CE). The ancient ports of Korkai,  Understand about Nationalism
Poompuhar, Vasavasamudram, Perimula, through Bharathiyar
Arikamedu, Alagankulam, Mamallapuram  Learn about communist ideas
reveal the active trade, commerce and cultural that existed in Tamilnadu through
exchanges with the Southeast Asian countries, Singaravelar's writings on
Sri Lanka, China, Egypt, Greece and Rome. communism.
An established tradition of shipbuilding  Learn and understand Dravidian
combined with rich maritime heritage of Ideology and its impact on the
ancient Tamils are definite indicators of the society, polity and economy
foundations of influential polity, society, in Tamil Nadu through the
culture, trade and commercial ties with the contributions of E.V.R.Periyar
outside world. on social justice, equality and
Sangam literature dated approximately liberation from oppression of
300 BC(BCE) to 300 AD(CE) is another higher caste.
valuable literary source(s) that reflects  Describe clearly the core meaning
society, economy, culture and politics. The of Tamil Movement and Dravidian
classification of Sangam poetry into akam movement and its political
(on love) and puram (on war, good and discourse.

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 evil, community, justice and kingdom) claims to have destroyed a ‘Tamil federation’

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is a revelation of the Tamil polity. The which existed for 132 years. Similarly such
Sangam literary works have been grouped a Tamil federation of kings to fight foreign
into eight anthologies (Ettuthogai): invasion is also mentioned in ‘Agananooru’,
(1) Natrinai, (2) Kuruntogai, (3) Aingurunooru, a sangam literature. Hence the idea and
(4) Paditruppattu, (5) Paripadal, (6) Kalittogai, prevalence of Tamil nationalism is not simply
(7)Agananooru, and (8) Purananooru; and a consequence of colonialism. The roots of
there is a ninth group of poems called the Tamil nationalism are linked to the historical
Patthupattu (Ten Idylls).The early part of the role and significance of Tamil language and
first two books of Tholkappiyam, a work on culture in defining politics that could be
Tamil grammar, belongs to the same period. traced even in the Sangam age.
The famous post-Sangam literature The concept of State and the idea king
which was collected later as an anthology coincided with the territorial emphasis of
is known as the Kilkkanakku. There are 18 polity as the Greek city-state. The classical
works as part of this collection and the most Tamil country known as Tamizhagam
famous is Silappadikaram, Manimekalai and covered areas south of Tirupati hills up to the
Eighteen Minor Works (Pathinen kilkkanakku, tip of the Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The
which includes the Thirukkural) were written land was traditionally classified according
during this period. Prabandha literature to its nature into five geographical regions
consists of poetry of various forms: kovai, (tinai): the mountainous region (kurinji), the
in which the verses are arranged according forest areas(mullai), fertile plains (marudam),
to a particular theme (usually about love), coastal region (neidhal) and arid region
and kalambakam, in which the end of one (palai).
stanza/line formed the beginning of the next
Tamil speaking areas were divided
(usually about kings and bravery) and parani.
between the principalities of the Cholas (its
The best illustrations of this tradition are
capital at Uraiyur), the Pandyas (Madurai
the Pantikkovai, Nandikkalambakam, and
as capital), the Cheras in most of present
Kalingattup-parani.
Kongunadu (and Kerala) and the Pallavas
The ancient Tamil literature of (Kanchipuram as capital). Tamil country
Sangam age, Thirukkural, Silapathikaram, included several kingdoms ruled by kings
Manimegalai etc provide deep insights into (vendhar), major and minor chieftains (vel/
the nature of polity, society and culture. velar) who was less powerful than the crowned
Tamil language formed the core and essence kings. The Sangam poets sang songs of praise
of Tamil identity, culture, customs and about the velirs, especially the Seven Patrons,
traditions. Despite the diversity of land, for their generosity towards the poets. Kapilar
geography, rulers and chieftains spread across and Avvaiyar mention chieftains like, Aay,
the Tamil speaking areas the idea of Tamil Pari, Ori, Malayan, Elini, Pegan and Nalli..
country and confederation of Tamil speaking
The virtues of king did include the ideals
areas did exist. This literary finding(s) is
of Just Ruler with qualities of kindness towards
also substantiated by a stone inscription of
the subjects and bravery in the battlefield
Kalinga King Kharavela (BC(BCE) 165), who
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In praise of Citizen Kannagi

Eric Miller punished himself for the injustice he had

done, by simply laying himself down and
Kannagi proved that even a non-
dying. Kannagi walked around the city
native with no money and no family in
three times, tore off her left breast and
sight can fight City Hall and win her case
threw it against the city wall, and called
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

that is inspiring.
for the city to burn but for good
I write in praise of Kannagi, people and animals to be
global symbol of justice, and unharmed.
of the dignity of the Agni, the god of
individual! Fire, accomplished this.
Kannagi wandered to the
This is
western mountains, where some
her story the
people worshipped her.
Silappathikaram,
the Epic of the Eric Miller  did his Ph.D. in
Anklet as I know it: Folklore, University of Pennsylvania,
Kannagi and Kovalan married USA. His dissertation is on Tamil
in Poompuhar, on the east children’s songs and games, and
coast. After some time, language learning. To conduct
Kovalan went off with a dancer research on the  Silappathikaram,
named Madhavi. A year later, he walked in the footsteps of
he returned home. He and Kannagi from Poompuhar,
Kannagi walked to Madurai, to Madurai, to the western
a distance of about 250 km, to mountains. Quotes are from R.
start a new life. There Kovalan Parthasarathy’s translation from
was unjustly put to death by the the original sen-Tamil:  The
local ruler, the Pandian king: Silappatikaram: The Tale of
Kovalan had been falsely an Anklet, by IlankoAtikal,
accused of stealing the Back on the Pedestal: Columbia University Press,
queen’s anklet. Kannagi The Kannagi statue on the 1993.)
came to the court and Marina in Chennai.
proved that her husband had Courtesy : The Hindu,
16.6.2006, article by Eric Miller.
been innocent of this crime. The king

Extended Learning
Refer The Hindu website and read the article by Eric Miller. Share your views in
the classroom.

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 against enemies. The sabhai or mandram the Cholas were represented by the tiger, the
was the highest court of justice presided by Cheras by the bow and arrow the Pandyas by

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the king himself. Every village had its own the fish and the Pallavas by the lion.
mandram which met at a common public
The institution of ‘spy’ was considered as
place and was involved in organizing village
a necessary institution and the maintenance of
and community activities. Warriors were
peace and stability in the kingdom depended
respected, and a man who died in battle
on the effectiveness of this institution. Though
would have memorial stones erected in his
slavery as a form of institution was absent
honour and be worshipped in death. Even if a
yet capturing of slaves after invasions, and
warrior dies in battle field with a wound in his
slave trade or exchange for gifts did remain
back, it is considered derogatory in ‘Sangam’
as practice among the rulers to undertake
traditions.
construction and building works.
Lots of good practices of war find its
The practice of caste system or jati was
mention in sangam literature. Purananooru, a
unknown among ancient Tamils. The idea
sangam literature, hails the Pandyan king who
and concept of class with differences in status
announces all the women, children, sick and
based on professional distinctions did prevail.
elderly people, cattles, to move to safety zone
The caste system was alien and unknown to
before invading a country. The idea of justice
Sangam society. The division of society based
formed the conscience of State and king.
on class has been revealed by the Sangam
Justice is an essential element in a king’s rule.
poets who mention about social categories
A good king should never sacrifice justice.
(kudi): tudiyan, panan, and kadamban; or
Just rule and good deeds always will bring
arasar (rulers), vaishyar (traders), and velalar
everlasting fame to the king. An important
(farmers). Differences in status were accepted
political principle that prevailed was that
as inevitable, yet varna in the form of caste or
(Despite the nature of political system jati seems to be little known to Sangam society.
being monarchy) the legitimacy of the king
Though social stratification did prevail
rests with the consent of the people as long
yet legitimization of Manusmiriti or Aryan-
as he enjoys people’s support and he loses
Brahminical interpretation of caste as divine
legitimacy if he loses their support. Sangam
arrangement was not integral to the cultural
literature (Pattinappaalai) speaks about
universe or worldview of the ancient Tamils.
different types of taxations like customs duty,
The beginnings and early inroads of the
income tax, toll tax etc as specific source of
Aryan-Brahminical account of caste could
revenue to the State. Tamil kings and chieftains
be traced to later period of Sangam era.
ruled the land with simple administrative
The ancient religion of Tamils was based
structure of council of ministers, subordinates
on folk traditions. The worship of nature
and administrative officers. There were
and natural elements were more common.
officers to deal with foreign trade and customs
The worship of Murugan among the tribes
revenue which was an important part of the
of Tamil Nadu and the cult worship of
budget. Pandya inscriptions mention about
Murugan as the warrior God was based
officers for pearl fisheries (kalatika) and the
on folk culture. An earthly composition
chief scribes (kanatikan). In flags and coins,
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of God is rooted in the Tamil – Dravidian the results of this interaction as revealed by
traditions. It was only after the sixth century the themes and dedication of deity at temples.
AD(CE), inscriptions were written in Tamil
Women were highly respected and
as well as Sanskrit. Sanskritisation gradually
performed a variety of jobs and duties
spread to public space with the evoking of
including as bodyguards to the kings, yet
the doctrines of benevolence to Brahmin(s)
power and authority rested with men. Women
and divine blessings to the king .
participated in public assemblies but rulers
The seeking of blessings from the and administrators were mostly men. Women
Brahmin soon became a source of legitimacy formed significant part of social rituals and
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

for the Tamil king after this period. Along functioned as pivots of the family despite
with the Sanskritisation, Vedic rituals, the inheritance rights and formal authority
worship and orientation to social (caste) remained with men.
system as advocated in Manusmiriti found
In narrating the role and status of women
their passage to transform the professionally
in Tamil society we need to mention about the
stratified class structure of Dravidian society
tradition of Avvaiyar (meaning respectable
into a hierarchically classified social (caste)
women). More than a name, this was a title,
system with Vedic divine sanctions.
literary canon, given to distinguished women
The State and king were being seen as one who made contributions to Tamil literature.
and the same. The hereditary principle and There were as many as four to six women who
evoking of divine rights with earthly symbols held this Tamil literary canon title at different
were prevalent among the Tamil kings. The times based on different sources.
idea of territorial State provided inherent
Avvaiyars of Sangam age and Cholas
reconciliation to the changing dynasties
age are best known for their extraordinary
and geographical changes as boundaries of
influence upon literature, culture, moral
principalities were drawn and redrawn. The
universe, nature of polity, war, peace and the
governing principles of power and location of
art of diplomacy. Sangam age Avvaiyar lived
monarchy also moved from culture specific
during the 1st and 2nd century AD(CE). King
to power centric based on authority. Thus
Athiyaman Neduman Anchi of the Velir
in later period, during the post-Sangam era,
Dynasty was her chief patron and considered as
the king gradually became the sole source of
contemporary of literary legends Thiruvalluvar
authority.
and Kabilar with notable contribution of
The Pallavas maintained that as they verses in Natrinai, Kuruntogai, Akananooru
were the descendants of Brahma, the kingship and Purananooru. She is also credited as the
was of divine origin and was hereditary. The most gracious and scholarly diplomat who
Pallava period witnessed the penetration of undertook diplomatic missions for King
the Aryan culture of North India into the Adhiyaman Neduman Anchi. Avvaiyar, a
South as well as the assimilation of some poetess and friend of King Adhiyaman, ruler
of the patterns, ideas and institutions and of Tagadur, is supposed to have helped in
rejection or modification of certain other avoiding war between two kingdom states.
aspects. Tamil devotional culture was one of

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 King Thondaiman, ruler of With the advancement of civilization
Kanchipuram, had sent him a note to the next stage through socio-economic

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declaring his intention to attack Thagadur and technocratic developments, emerging
Avvaiyar spoke “Oh Thondiaman, how new ideas got stumbled by the existing
different indeed are your clean and shiny belief system and functions followed until
weapons from those of Adiyaman, always now. Albeit of these stumbling blocks, the
stained with blood and under repair.” constructive impact made by the thinkers
Thondaiman had far less experience in war and thinking is ever-lasting on the basis
and was unlikely to win — she was making of mind-capturing of the people. Ideas
this clear under the guise of praise. Another are dangerous than the technocratic
famous Avvaiyar was from the Cholas age, revolution, positively.Quite apart, pen is
around 10thCentury AD(CE), who wrote more powerful than sword.
moral universe for children and advocated
ethical principles for all. Whilst her works ACTIVITY
Aathichoodi and Konraiventhan were
 
written for young children, Mooturai and

 

Nalvazhi were written for older children.
Thirukkural
All these classical works not only
reveal the cultural and literary traditions
of the ancient Tamils. They also serve as
Tamil
historical testimony to the nature of Tamil Identity culture
society, socio-cultural and religious beliefs, Philosophy
livelihood, vocations, professions, role and
status of women, marriage, gender, class
structure, origins of caste system, kinship,
polity, governance, ideas of justice, wars,
peace, diplomacy, naval warfare, maritime
 ­€‚ƒ„…†‡…ˆ†„‰†­ˆŠ‹„­‚Œ ŒŽŠ†€„‘€Œ† ’Ž„‘‡€Š“ŽŒ”Š‹Œ •Ž
traditions, trade, commerce, shipbuilding
–‹‡‡‰ ŽŠ‹†‚­ˆˆ„­ˆŒ‡ ˆŒ—†Ž­‚Œ’Š‹†˜Œ •Ž™
and seafaring skills, economy, land, water
systems, agriculture, art, dance, poetry, š›€­ˆ

music, architecture and relationship with the
In your note draw three columns as given
neighbouring countries and far away places.
in the text book
Introduction POLITICS
what I know? what I want what I have
Politics intends to create change- to know? learnt?
oriented awareness in the society. It is not
necessary to adopt and follow the existing
social system which the present politics do.
This awareness can be initiated by ideas and
ideologies of society-laden thinkers.
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The definite part of thinkers is as follows: focuses on social justice. The political
ideologies in Tamil Nadu are a combination
 Being the basis for the social changes and
of all three left, Right and centre ideologies.
subsequent events including the change in
the public minds; 15.2 Ancient Political Ideas
 Having taken political decisions which had Thiruvalluvar
an impact on social turning points;
 Serving as best brains behind the major
political decisions which has benefitted the
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

diversified communities;
 To convert social ideas into common which
assisted people’s advancement belonging
to various communities
New political ideas are supported by
the activities of the political thinkers which
kindles interest and rational thinking of the
common people. The interaction of those
thinkers with the contemporary society makes
a new framework for the entire system.New
political decisions which intend to create great In Arathupal of Thirukkural, Valluvar
changes for the emerging generations were was a great enunciator of morals; In
undertaken.The day-to-day life of common Inbathupal, he has become a poet and
people may be engulfed with many changes by in Porutpal, he is known to be a political
the political decision of the thinkers.At world philosopher. The political philosophy of
level these kind of thinkers made changes
Thiruvalluvar is applicable across times
in the socio-political systems. Such great
even today.
thinkers made their extra-ordinary presence
throughout the past centuries in India in Seven Parts in Porutpal
general and Tamilnadu in particular.
Porutpal consists of 7 parts, further it
National political thinkers, Tamil political has 70 verses / couplets. They are Politics-25,
thinkers, Socialist thinkers, Thinkers of social Ministry-10, Defence-2, Wealth-1, Army-2,
justice are the different parts of modern
Friendship-17, and citizens-13 respectively.
categorization. In this part we can discuss
about different political thinkers of Tamilnadu  
who made out-standing contribution for the 
 

social changes.
“An army, people, wealth, a minister, friends, fort; six things
Political ideologies in Tamilnadu is rich Who owns them all, a lion lives amid the kings”
with ideas, beliefs, opinions and attitudes (Kural: 381)
towards society, polity and economy. This
is evident from the ancient political ideas Thus, in porutpal, at the first verse itself
of Thiruvalluvar, where as Bharathiyar is a valluvar differentiated the six categories
nationalist and Singaravelar is a communist. essential for a state. Thus, different parts
According to periyar, Dravidian ideology
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 of government are ministry, army, wealth, words of Valluvar regarding government

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people, friendship and citizens, which and state is applicable and suitable to all
determines the rule of a king. Moreover, over the period as well as every organization
these components are categorized for king in the world.
in a separate way, thus contributing a lot
Welfare state and King
of ideas regarding administration of a state
and assets for a king. To put it in simple words, Valluvar’s
political system is based on welfare state.
Nature of a king – 25 Chapters
For instance, in Iraimatchi (Qualities of a
In porutpal, Valluvar mentioned ruler), he says
about nature of a king in detailed manner
 

in 25 chapters starting from Qualities of
 



ruler (Iraimatchi – chapter 39) to idukkan
azhaiyaamai (Unfazed in the face of trouble Who guards the realm and justice strict maintains,
– chapter 63) in 25 chapters, in the name That king as god over subject people reigns.
of “Arasar”, “Vender”, “Nilan Aandavar” (Kural: 388)
“Mannavar” he has indicated 46 times about
If a king delivered justice by doing the
the king.
duties honestly, he may be regarded as a
The King must possess the leadership God. Ideal path and welfare – arrived kings
qualities such as, Education (40), Listening can be respected and kept on par with divine.
Ability (42), Wisdom (43), Fending off This kind of view is not only applicable to
Faults (44), Seeking the company of great monarchical period but it also applicable to
men (45), Avoiding mean–minded (46) present democratic period.
Rationality (47), Priority for time for action
Features of State
(51), Assessing and Assigning tasks (52),
Embracing the Kin (53), Doing duty without The characteristics of a state is to
forgetting (54), Justice (55), Knowing the maintain ethics, the eradication of wrong
right place (50), Refraining from Terrifying doing activity, mandating impartiality of
Deeds (57), Compassion (58), Espionage justice and protection of honour.
(59), Spirit (60), To avoid laziness (61),
  ­€
Perseverance (62) and Determination (63)
‚ƒ„…

†
which should be the requisites of a king.
These above-mentioned qualities may also Kingship, in virtue failing not, all vice restrains,
be possessed by good people. In courage failing not, it honour’s grace maintains.
(Kural: 384)
Ideas on Democracy
Valluvar lived in the period of King’s path is the peoples’ path, king
monarchy. However, his ideas and ideals should act as a guide for his subjects, if he
are also applicable for the present leaders of does harm or evil activities, it may influence
democracy. He also indicated the nature of all. It is because of his position as a leader,
state and government in the king’s rule. The his discipline and private life will spread

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to all in the kingdom. Moral and ethical indefinite agonies among the people. Those
life is quite essential for the ruling kings. tears are most powerful and may annihilate
Indicating “Respect” in a broad manner the entire kingdom.
relating it with nation, Valluvar gave priority
 ­€‚ ƒ„…† 
for great honour which may be equated with
‡ˆ‰ˆŠ  ‰‹

the courage. He stressed that king must be
loyal to the nation, it is the honour of nation. His people’s tears of sorrow past endurance, are not they
Sharp instrument to wear the marches wealth away.
Ideal State and Welfare of people
(Kural: 555)
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

In the monarchical rule, the integrity

Sad tears of suffering citizens may
and ideal governance for all periods were
dethrone and destroy the entire government,
advocated by Valluvar. People of all regions
says Thiruvalluvar. Tears were equated with
expect rain for their growth; likewise,
army, thus Valluvar’s visualization stands
citizens of a nation expect integrity and
unique among others.
ideal rule of the king.
Autocrats and Dictators like Hitler,

Mussolini and Czar were the negative
 

players for whom, Thirukkural served as a
All earth looks up to heaven where raindrops fall; funeral sound.
All subjects look to king that ruleth all.
Government’s Budget
(Kural: 542)
A king should be an able handed
In this couplet Valluvar indicates “Kol”
administrator in increasing the income of
as ideal rule which not only applies for
government. Further he should be an expert
monarchy but also for democracy.
in handling the budget.


In Iraimatchi, he said,

  


Whose heart embraces subjects all, lord over mighty land Œ Ž‘­‹ŽˆŽˆ
Who rules, the world his feet embracing stands.  ˆŽ†
’“
(Kural: 544)
A king is be who treasure gains, stores up, defends,
This means that for a King, who protects And duly for his kingdom’s weal expends.
his citizens with love and affection, his feet (Kural: 385)
will be embraced by his subjects with love.
This is an everlasting phrase propounded by At first point, a king should search for
Valluvar related to good governance. the different sources of income. For this,
he calls it as “Iyatral”. Then, the second
Against Tyranny
point is that, all such resources should
In the chapter “Kodungonmai”, (Cruel be put together, which is called as “Ettal”.
Scepter) Valluvar explained it in negative Third, the resources thus collected must be
words. The suppressive and exploitative protected with all precautionary measures
rule of evil king may kindle unknown and which is called as “Kaathal”
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 Fourth one, is most important (i.e) “People’s-welfare” is the basic foundation of
allotting the resources to various sectors for his contribution.

݆CˆîI› ä.ã.âv Üè£ìIJ¡ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì îI›ï£´ Üó² ð£ìË™ ªî£°Š¹

the welfare of the people, this he called it as
To put it in a different way, Valluvar’s
“Vagutthal”. Thus iyatral, eetall, kaathal and
contribution to politics is applicable to
vaguthal are the four ways of utilizing the
the present democratic governance for the
income to be expertise by the king of nation.
welfare of all the people.
It is a primary duty of the king.
The qualities that were indicated by
These innovative and practical ideas
Valluvar for a king may also apply to the
were accepted by political and as well as
citizens. Thus, he used the words “Idukkan
economic exponents as the basic idea of
Ariyamai”, “Kalvi” for “Vazhum Uyirku”,
socialistic society.
“Maandharkku” which is for all the people.
Relevance of Thiruvalluvar
The political ideas advocated by
The Educational qualities that are indicated Valluvar in porutpal highly circumvent
by Valluvar for a king may also apply to the around morals and noble principles.
citizens. Thus, he used the words “Idukkan “People’s-welfare” is the basic foundation of
Ariyamai”, “Kalvi” for “Vazhum Uyirku”, his contribution.
“Maandharkku” which is for all the people.
To put it in a different way Valluvar’s
The political ideas advocated by contribution to politics is majorly applicable
Valluvar in porutpal highly circumvent to the present democratic governance for
around morals and noble principles. the great welfare of all the people.

Thirukkural – A truly secular book

The very first observation about the Kural is the fact that it is a secular book.
During the days of Valluvar many religion existed in India. There were Buddhists,
Jains,Sikhs, Hindus as well as agnostics and atheists. But secularism as a concept was
unknown. Valluvar himself was a believer and he has devoted one chapter to praise
of God. He must have observed a particular religion. But in his book he advocates no
religion, he does not even refer to any religion.
The ancient Indian law-giver Manu and the ancient Greek philosophers Plato
and Aristotle maintained with absolute certainty that human begins were not born
equal. This popular view is accepted in all civilizations over centuries. Valluvar, the
philosopher poet, held a radically different view. He says:
“ All human beings are equal by birth; but differ as regards characteristics
because of the different qualities of their actions.” (Kural 972)

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15.3 Nationalism Significantly, a new age in Tamil

Subramaniya Bharathiyar literature began with Subramaniya Bharathi.
(1882 – 1921) Most part of his compositions are classifiable
as short lyrical outpourings on patriotic,
devotional and mystic themes. Bharathi was
essentially a lyrical poet. “Kannan Pattu”
“Nilavum Vanminum Katrum” “Panchali
Sabatam” “Kuyil Pattu” are examples of
Bharathi’s great poetic output.
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

Bharathi is considered as a national

poet due to his number of poems of the
patriotic flavour through which he exhorted
the people to join the independence struggle
and work vigorously for the liberation of the
 country. Instead of merely being proud of
 



 his country he also outlined his vision for a


 free India. He published the sensational
“Sudesa Geethangal” in 1908.
We shall not look at caste or religion,
All human beings in this land,
whether they be those who preach the
Bharathiyar's "Panchali Sabatham"
vedas or who belong to other castes are
(The vow of Draupadi) is an iconic
one.
work that pictures India as Draupadi,
-Subramaniya Bharati the British, the Kauravas and the
freedom fighters as Pandavas. Through
Draupadi’s struggle, he euphemised the
C. Subramaniya Bharathiyar was a
struggle of mother India under British
poet, freedom fighter and social reformer
rule.
from Tamil Nadu. He was known as
Mahakavi Bharathiyar and the laudatory
epithet Mahakavi means a great poet. He is Bharathi as a Journalist
considered as one of India’s greatest poets. Many years of Bharathi’s life were spent
His songs on nationalism and freedom of in the field of journalism, Bharathi, as a
India helped to rally the masses to support young man began his career as a journalist
the Indian Independence Movement in and as a sub-editor in “Swadesamitran” in
Tamil Nadu. November 1904.“India” saw the light of the
Bharathi: A poet and a Nationalist day in May, 1906. It declared as its motto
the three slogans of the French Revolution,
“We may have thousand of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. It blazed
sects; that, however, does not a new trail in Tamil Journalism. In order
justify a foreign invasion.”

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 to proclaim its revolutionary ardour,
Bharathi had the weekly printed in red In Madras, in 1908, he organised a

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paper. “India” was the first paper in Tamil mammoth public meeting to celebrate
Nadu to publish political cartoons. He ‘Swaraj Day’. His poems ‘Vanthe
also edited and published 'Vijaya', a Tamil Matharam’, ‘Enthayum Thayum’, ‘Jaya
daily “Bala Bharatha” an English monthly, Bharath’ were printed and distributed
and 'Suryothayam' a local weekly of free to the Tamil People.
Pondicherry.
It is not surprising therefore that soon away to Pondicherry, a French territory at
a warrant was waiting at the door of the that time, and continue to publish the “India”
“India” office for the arrest of the editor of the magazine. Bharathi resided in Pondicherry
magazine. It was because of this worsening for sometime to escape the wrath of the
situation in 1908 that Bharathi decided to go British imperialists.

Subramaniya Bharathiyar was born on 11th December 1882, in a village called

Ettayapuram in Tirunelveli District in Tamil Nadu and his childhood name was
Subbiah. His father was Chinnaswamy and his mother was Lakshmi Ammal.
At the age of seven, he started writing poems in Tamil. When he was eleven, he
wrote in such a way that even learned men praised him for his great knowledge and
skill. In the eleventh year, Subbiah felt that he had to establish his credentials. He threw
a challenge to the eminent men in the assembly of scholars that they should have a
contest with him in a debate on any subject without any previous notice or preparation.
The contest was held at a special sitting of the Ettayapuram Durbar at which the Rajah
(the ruler) himself was present. The subject chosen was “Education”. Subbiah efficiently
won the debate. This was a memorable moment in Subbiah’s life. The boy who was till
then referred to as “Ettayapuram Subbiah” came henceforth to be known as “Bharathi”,
and later he was respectfully referred to as “Bharathiar” by nationalists and by millions
of Tamil lovers all over the globe.
In June 1897, Bharathi was hardly fifteen when his marriage took place, and his
bride was Chellammal.  Bharathi left for Benaras which was also known as Kashi and
Varanasi. He spent there the next two years with his aunt Kuppammal and her husband
Krishna Sivan. Speedily gaining a fair knowledge of Sanskrit, Hindi and English, he
duly passed with credit the Entrance Examination of the Allahabad University. The
Banaras stay brought about a tremendous change in Bharathi’s personality. Outwardly,
he sported a moustache and a Sikh turban and acquired a bold swing in his walk.

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Annual sessions of Indian National Congress

and discuss national issues with extremist
Indian National Leaders like Bipin Chandra
Pal, B.G. Tilak and V.V.Subramaniam. His
participation and activities in Benaras Session
(1905) and Surat Session (1907) of the
Indian National Congress impressed many
national leaders about his patriotic fervour.
Bharathi had maintained good relations
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

with some of the national leaders and shared

his thoughts and views on the nation and
offered his suggestions to strengthen the
nationalist movement. Undoubtedly, his wise
suggestions and steadfast support to the cause
During his exile, Bharathi had the of nationalism rejuvenated many national
opportunity to mingle with many leaders leaders. Thus Bharathi played a pivotal role in
of the militant wing of the independence the freedom of India.
movement such as Aurobindo, Lajpat Rai Bharathiyar as a social reformer
and V.V.Subramaniam who had also sought
asylum in the French ruled Pondicherry. The Bharathi was also against caste system.
most profitable years of Bharathi’s life were He declared that there were only two castes-
the ten years he spent in Pondicherry. From men and women and nothing more than
Pondicherry, he guided the Tamil youth of that. Above all, he himself had removed his
Madras to tread in the path of nationalism. sacred thread. He had also adorned many
This increased the anger of the British towards scheduled caste people with sacred thread. 
Bharathi’s writings as they felt that it was He used to take tea sold in shops run by
his writings that induce and influence the Muslims. He along with his family members
patriotic spirit of the Tamil youth. Bharathi attended church on all festival occasions. He
met Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 in Rajaji’s advocated temple entry of Dalits. For all his
home at Madras. Bharathi entered British reforms, he had to face opposition from his
India near Cuddalore in November 1918 and neighbours. But Bharathi was very clear that
was promptly arrested. Even in prison, he unless Indians unite as children of Mother
spent his time in writing poems on freedom, India, they could not achieve freedom. He
nationalism and country’s welfare. believed in women’s rights, gender equality
and women emancipation. He opposed child
In his early days of youth he had good marriage, dowry system and supported widow
relations with Nationalist Tamil Leaders remarriage.
like V.O.Chidambaram, Subramanya
Siva, Mandayam Thirumalachariar and
Srinivasachari. Along with these leaders he
used to discuss the problems facing the country
due to British rule. Bharathi used to attend the
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 for the people and nation. That is why he

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His meeting with Sister Nivedita, is respectfully called as Bharathiyar. Even
Swami Vivekananda’s disciple, added today, after many decades, Subramaniya
women’s rights to his already wide Bharathiyar stands as an undying symbol
repertoire of social issues from caste of Indian freedom and vibrant Tamil
to Independence to spiritualism. He nationalism.
took up the symbolism of Shakthi as
the image of modern women; powerful, 15.4 Communism
strong, independent and equal partners Singara Velar (1860-1946)
to men.

“World will prosper in knowledge

and intellect, if both men and
woman are deemed equal.”
-Subramaniya Bharathiyar

Bharathiyar – A Visionary
Bharathi as a poet, journalist, freedom
fighter and social reformer had made a The emergence of Swadeshi and Home
great impact not only on the Tamil society rule movement in India in the initial part of
but also on the entire human society. He 20th century aroused the thirst for freedom.
followed what all he preached and it is Reforms were made in Hindu religion in
here that his greatness is manifested. His accordance with the existing society. These
prophecy during the colonial period about movements played a key role in creating the
the independence of India came true after feeling of Indiannes and Nationalism in the
two and half decades after his demise. His political Scenario.
vision about a glorious India has been But these movements are religious in
taking a shape in the post-Independence nature. Moreover, those who participated
era. Bharathi did not live for himself but in these movements are from upper social
class. Freedom sought by these people are
political in nature neglecting the interests
and economic upliftment of farmers and
Bharathiyar passed away on 11th
labourers. This affected the majority
September 1921.It was a travesty that
Indians who are poor and belong to farmers
only 14 people attended his funeral,
community. Further, caste discrimination
fearing repercussion from the British
existed within Congress Party. Particularly,
and caste ostracisation.
in Tamilnadu there existed a clear difference
between brahmins and non-brahmins.

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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

In this context, Singaravelar played a sought support from Congress members.

pivotal role in spreading rational ideas and
 Indian freedom includes economic
scientific perception in to politics. He also
freedom of workers and farmers.
played a key role in connecting welfare of
farmers and workers in to freedom struggle  The welfare of farmers and labourers
and spreading socialist thinking in to should also be the motto of Congress
politics. party.

Impact of Singaravelar’s Ideas on  Farmers and labourers must be

POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

Congress Party included in the Indian national

movement.
The British empire which exported the
 Congress leaders should help to raise
raw materials in the initial stages started
masses from different organization.
industries later in India as the demand
increased. This worsened common people’s In consequent with this, in 1922, Indian
life standards. They are ready to work National Congress, passed a resolution to
even for meagre wages. Hence, those who raise people from various organizations.
are employed were treated as slaves. Even A six member committee was constituted,
a minor protests by the employees were in which M. Singaravelar was appointed
suppressed with iron hands. More labour as a member. In addition to this, he also
organizations emerged to protect the rights fought for the protection of labour rights.
of working class. These organizations were He emphasized this demand by writing in
headed by Thiru.V.Kalyanasundaranar and all popular dailies. As an outcome, labour
D.Varadharajalu in the Madras presidency. protective law was passed in 1926, in India.
It was Singaravelar who took major efforts Moreover, he advised for speaking in
in the emergence of labour organizations in vernacular languages. Only then, he believed
Madras presidency. that the ideas will reach all the people. So,
that leaders and people can maintain good
Singaravelar wanted to sensitize the
relations. He is also determined to speak in
workers on politics and wanted to engage
Tamil, when speaking about the issues of
them in the freedom struggle. But Congress
Tamilnadu people.
Party did not accept this idea of Singaravelar.
Singaravelar critised it vehemently and send In 1918, a resolution regarding this
telegraphs to Congress high command, was passed during Chennai Presidency
following this, he wrote a letter to Mahatma Association Conference. Singaravelar and
Gandhi. Further, he also wrote about this Periyar were the dignitaries in this conference.
issue on the popular dailies Swadesamitran,
Singaravelar’s Impact on Self-Respect and
The Hindu, and magazines like Navasakthi.
Communist Movements:
He also propagated this among congress
workers. In this juncture, he participated When Periyar resigned from Congress
in the Congress Committee (1922) meeting Party citing the existence of Brahmin and
as a representative of Tamilnadu, there also Non-Brahmin divide and discrimination
he explained the following demands and in the party, Singaravelar supported the

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 action of Periyar. After visiting USSR,  Abolition of Zamindari system
Periyar was influenced by the Communist

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For People
ideals. He changed the name of self-respect
movement to Self-Respect Social Justice  Voting rights for all
Party. Singaravelar made his contribution  Right to contest in elections for poor,
in framing the policies and principles of labour and farmer communities.
the movement. He also wrote extensively First socialist conference was headed
in Periyar’s Republic magazine against by Singaravelar in 1925, in Kanpur. He
superstitious beliefs. These writings were spoke about socialism without violence.
simple and can be understood easily. Also, he resolved for adopting Communism
Singaravelar has a deep faith in the according to Indian circumstances. A
philosophy of Communisim. He urged socialist should play a role by being in the
the Congress party to support labour member of Congress Party, he advised.
organizations. In the name of Madras Eventually, Socialist block was formed
Socialists, he telegraphed Congress High inside the Congress Party.
Command. In all the Congress Committee Life and Services
meetings he argued as a Communist
representative. Since his childhood Singaravelar
did not believe in the Varna System and
In1923, it was he, who organized the superstitious belief. As a result of this,
first May Day celebrations in Chennai. In he established Buddhist Association and
the same day, he announced the formation of propagated against Varna System and
labour-farmer political party. The demands superstitious beliefs during 1880 itself.
of his new political party are
Born in a rich family and well versed
 Eight hours work with law, he served as a member in Chennai
 Right to form union Municipality and also in health sector.
 Right to strike as a last resort to Due to the endemic diseases in the down-
pressure labour demands. trodden areas, he gave priority to health
 Three level committees for reviewing and education. He also fought for rights of
the demands. labourers. Based on this, he played active
 Minimum wages role in Congress Party. Later, he joined in
 Shelter with basic amenities Periyar’s Self – Respect movement.
 Medical and life Insurance
 Provident fund facility Though he entered into politics after he
 Earned leave crossed the age of 50, he actively propagated
 Free Medical assistance and wrote about communist ideas for more
 Maternity leave than thirty years. He was fondly remembered
 Put an end to contract basis and called as the first communist of south
India.
For Farmers
 Free water for agriculture

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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

15.5 Dravidian Ideology Periyar was attracted towards Gandhi’s

entry into politics and hence joined congress
Periyar (1879-1973)
and became actively participating in freedom
movement and social reforms. During that
period in 1920’s Congress was dominated by
upper class people. But Periyar took Congress
to the down trodden and successfully organized
temple entry movements as a true Congress
man. Periyar was very much disgruntled by
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

the practice of Varnashrama in Congress party

Introduction and left it. He joined Justice party and formed
the self respect movement later. After this, the
Periyar E.V.Ramasamy is regarded as
contributions and activities of Periyar became
the best political thinker in Tamilnadu. This
inseparable from the politics of India and
is because he is the foremost reformist in
Tamilnadu in particular.
our state. Let us see about him in detail in
this lesson. In the name of nation, if a group of
people exploit other groups that is not the
real freedom which a nation fought for,
said Periyar alias E.V. Ramasamy. Periyar
The original name of Periyar is vociferously criticized against Nation,
E.V.Ramasamy. He was born in the year Race and Nationalism at various levels.
1879 in an affluent business family in All Nation, nationality and nationalism
Erode. Even during his youth, Periyar are similarly related concepts. All these
criticized the superstitious beliefs in his differentiations indicate the “Self Respect”
family and surroundings. He did not of the entire population of a country.
enter politics at the early stages of his If anybody speaks about nationalism
career. But still, he occupied posts like in Tamilnadu, I wonder, that will they
chairman of Erode municipality. think about “welfare or botheration about
people” questioned Periyar.
Periyar fought against superstitious Nationalism as exploitation
beliefs, enslavement of women and social
There are people who may not bother
backwardness which existed in Tamilnadu
about Indians, Tamilians and the self-
from time immemorial based on his
respect of the people. They deceive people
wisdom and self-respect throughout his
to believe in nation and nationalism for their
life. It is because of this, he is fondly called
own welfare and betterment. If self-respect
as ‘Thanthai Periyar’. Various scholars
is submerged in the name of nation and
on Social Justice say that the Dravidian
nationalism that will be the crime against
ideology enunciated by Periyar on cultural
India, stated Periyar.
lines shines all around our country.

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 An iconoclast and rationalist social reformer

݆CˆîI› ä.ã.âv Üè£ìIJ¡ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì îI›ï£´ Üó² ð£ìË™ ªî£°Š¹

His work and his legacy
For the average Tamil, Periyar today is an ideology. He stands for a politics that
foregrounded social equality, self-respect, and linguistic pride. As a social reformer, he
focused on social, cultural and gender inequalities, and his reform agenda questioned
matters of faith, gender and tradition. He asked people to be rational in their life choices.
He argued that women needed to be independent, not mere child-bearers, and insisted that
they be allowed a equal share in employment. The Self Respect Movement he led promoted
weddings without rituals, and sanctioned property as well as divorce rights for women. He
appealed to people to give up the caste suffix in their names, and do not mention caste. He
instituted inter-dining with food cooked by Dalits in public conferences in the 1930s.
Over the years, Periyar has transcended the political divide as well as the faultlines of
religion and caste, and come to be revered as Thanthai Periyar, the father figure of modern
Tamil Nadu.
Courtesy ; Arun Janardhanan, The New Indian Express, 13.3.2018.

Nationalism is an unreal feeling. Since It is to treat people as scapegoat, Capitalist

National feeling is nothing but a conspiracy Class along with other similar people, Patriotic
framed by rich and power-centered, people feeling was misused, said Periyar.
who deceive the other people by controlling
For instance, if rich communities
the negative emotions. It is a false
in U.K have any clash with USA or vice-
assumption, propagated by these upper rich
versa they may give clarion call as “Oh !
communities in order to curtail the rights of
Britons, Patriots, our nation is under threat”.
the poor community.
Such kind of false words is only for their
Nationalism has become a buzz word economic advancement and not for the
of addictiveness and emotionalist for the poor communities.
people, he exclaimed.
Erstwhile, Russia has many races and
Global Nationalism – A Denial cultural groups, but there is no discrimination
in that nation. He also supported communist
Periyar in his speech in Sri-Lanka,
revolution. These nations which are free of
opposed strongly against Nation and
nationalism, religion and God may not be
Nationalism when others used ‘Indian
affected with luxurious life styles, poverty
Nationalism” as a weapon, Periyar spoke
and exploitation by rich community. Those
against these factors. He has also shown
people may not stick upon with national
about other nations, nationalistic feeling
and godly attachments. Equality and
apart from Indian Nationalism.
egalitarian society is the only priority of that
place. There will not be any discrimination

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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

like rich-poor, owner-worker, powerful- Language should not be misused

powerless in that region. Those people of as weapon for separatism. If people are
high value and egalitarian-longing are not dependent upon Central rule for all kinds
equal to the nation which gives priority for of amenities, there is no outcome in it. If
God and Nationalism. languages are officialised at Central level,
By showing other nations as evidences, will the poor people relieve out of hunger?
Periyar also criticized Indian nationalistic To put it in clear way, are Tamil labourers
feelings and patriotism. Because these exploited only by the Tamil speaking owner
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

feelings are exploited as weapons by certain class?

dominant groups.
Casteless Society
India – A Land of Diversities
Periyar’s protests and speeches always
Whether “Nation” as a concept is
centre around, “Tamilnadu for Tamils
suitable for India? Periyar raised a pertinent
and Dravidian nation for Dravidians.” His
question and answer as well.
ideologies include Common plan, common
“Madras is not a separate nation and work plan, Islamic conversion, separate
cannot function separately,” says some of Dravidian nation for which he fought
our friends. Once ‘Madras’ was a nation. against the dominant communities.
Also now, “Dravidam” it is. The culture and
other practices are different from Bengal His argument was that the dominant
and Mumbai. English language is the communities misused Tamil, Tamil
main base for the familiarly among these nationalism, Tamil race for sustaining
different nations in India. If British Empire the power in Tamilnadu. It is with the
and its language is relieved from India, help of Tamil leaders, they injected Tamil
Hindi may become the national language. nationalism in the minds of the people for
Instead of calling India as a nation, Dravida holding the power for a long time he said.
Nadu, Andhra, Bengal can be separately Consequently, Periyar put an end to the
called as nations respectively. For instance, demand of separate Tamilnadu and upheld
Dravidian nation had its culture, language, the ideal of casteless society.
civilization and rule for thousands of
Thus, casteless society has become the
years on accordance with historical facts.
top most priority for Periyar. Other ideals
Undoubtedly it is known to all the people.
like separate Dravidian nation, abounding
“Dravidian Nationalism” proposed by dominant communities, distortion of
Periyar was to a large extent against religious capitalist class became secondary priorities
dominations. for Periyar.
On Language
This may be the only ambition and goals
Each and everyone have their own rights for Dravida Kazhagam, claimed Periyar. “The
to protect their languages. These rights can caste feeling, thus divided the Dravidian race
be protected and provided under Dravida, and Dravidians became slaves for Aryans”
Socialist Republic Rule. No language can be stated Periyar in his writings published in
enforced. the 1950’s in Tamilnadu.

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 4
Unit

݆CˆîI› ä.ã.âv Üè£ìIJ¡ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì îI›ï£´ Üó² ð£ìË™ ªî£°Š¹

Indian Judiciary

Learning Objectives 
T
o discuss the nature and significance of Indian Judiciary.
T
o trace the evaluation of Indian Judiciary.
T
o examine the features of the Indian Judiciary.
T
o evaluate the role of the judiciary as the interpreter of the constitution.
T
o discuss the factors promoting the independence of judiciary.
T
o explain the nature and significance of judicial review, public interest litigation and
judicial activism.
T
o know light on the nature of constitutional law, administrative law and Indian Penal
Code.
T
o explain the organization, power and functions of the Supreme Court of India.
T
o know light on the organization, powers and functions of the High Courts and
Subordinate Courts.

What does the judiciary exactly do? I see people trusting the judiciary more than
the legislature and the executive.. Whenever their rights are violated, they look up to the
judiciary and are so confident that their rights and privileges will be safeguarded..

The judiciary is one of the three

Supreme Court of India Q uotable
uote organs of the government, the other
two being the Legislature and the
“The Supreme Court, an all-India Executive. The judiciary is engaged in
Court, will stand firm and aloof from the interpretation of law and serves
party politics and political theories. as a protector of the constitution.
It is unconcerned with the changes in It guarantees the administration of
the Government. The Court stands to justice and protects the individual from
administer the law for the time being encroachments of rights and privileges by
in force, has goodwill and sympathy the government and the other individuals.
for all, but is allied to none”- Hon’ble The establishment of an independent and
Sri Harilal J. Kania, First Chief Justice impartial judiciary is a pre-requisite for
of India. the functioning of a civilized state. The
judiciary assumes greater importance in a
( 78 (

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59
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

Thirukkural

1. Recite Thirukkural verses for bail

In February, a Tamil Nadu court reportedly ordered three college students, arrested
in an assault case, to recite 100 verses of Thirukkural treatise by poet-saint Thiruvalluvar
daily for 10 days as a condition for granting bail.
The court in Mettupalayam ordered the students, who were charged with assaulting
a person, to appear before a Tamil teacher in the Government Boys High School in the
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

area to recite the verses.

The court also asked the head of the school to issue a certificate to the students at
the end of the 10th day.

2. Madurai Bench paves way for in-depth study of Tirukkural

One of the most significant contribution of the Madurai Bench of the Madras
High Court towards promoting the cause of Tamil is a direction issued to School
Education Department in 2017 to make 108 out of the 133 chapters of Tirukkural a part
of school syllabus. The Madurai Bench direction led to passing of a G.O. for teaching
1050 couplets to students from the academic year 2017-18.It also ensure that students
from Class VI to XII get to learn the couplets and their intended meaning in depth and
not just superficially as was being done all these years.

Tirukkural is perhaps the only ancient secular text from India that has been
translated into 60 languages the world over.

( 79 (

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60
 federal polity such as India as it also acts However most of the disputes
as a protector of the federation resolving were settled and disposed of at the

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the conflicts of jurisdiction between the local level through caste bodies or local
Centre and the States. administrative bodies. Extreme cases like
treason were tried in the king’s court. There
Group Activity was no regular system of jurisprudence
or judicial procedures. Most often the
What Do You Think?
accused was to prove his innocence either
After carefully reading three case studies through evidences and witnesses or
read the qualification of a judge given in through subjection to different kinds of
this chapter. ordeals such as ordeal by fire, ordeal by
What kind of a person makes a good water and ordeal by poison.
judge? Discuss with your team members.
Write a paragraph not more than 250 Punishments (penal system) was
words on what your team would look severe and even barbaric System if blood
for in a person before appointing him or money was in vogue (less was to be
her as a judge. replaced with material compensation)
Whipping, flogging, amputation of limbs,
Each group consists of 5 members.
impalement, rigorous imprisonment,
Display your group work in the
enslavement, banishment, confiscation
classroom Notice Board.
of property, beheading, hanging and
trampling by elephants were some of the
4.1 Evolution of Indian Judiciary punishments meted out to the culprits. In
kingdoms which came under Brahmanical
Judicial System in Ancient India influence, smritis were invoked in trial as
India has been a Sub – Continent of well as in awarding punishments.
different races, different cultures, different
languages and a multitude of political and There were a number of smritis
social systems. In ancient times, as well as such as Manusmrits, Narada Smriti, and
in the medieval times, none of the Indian Yagnavakya Smritis : of which manu
states was segregating judicial functions Smriti was held as a core Smriti, other
from the executive. During the Vedic smritis had certain variatious. The
period, the authority of the head of the Smritis generally upheld the graded varna
family (Kulapa or Kulapato) was insulated – Jati social order. There was no ‘equality
from royal interferences; Similarly the before law’ Concept. Brahmins were
clannish or tribal bodies like Grama, Gopa, mostly insulated from regular procedures
Vishaya, Jana and Gana enjoyed autonoms and regular punishments, on any account,
powers. In the ancient Indian monarchical Brahmins, even if they committed the most
orders, the king was considered to be the heinous crimes, were to be exempted from
highest judicial authority. As king’s will physical torture, amputation, impalement
was the law, his word was the highest and or capital punishment. On the other hand
absolute verdict in disputes. the depressed castes were subjected to
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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

severe ordeals and extreme punishments; local bodies like Ur, Urar, Nadu, Nattar
changing of caste based occupations was and Nagarathar had their own judicial
treated (Varna Sangraha) as a serious arrangements.
crime.
The Buddhist kingdoms (like that of
Arthasstra suggests disproportionate Asoka) mostly disregarded smritis and
punishments for restricting instances of enforced some sort of equal treatment to
crimes; penalties levied on culprits, and various social groups in matters of judicial
confiscation of properties as a major source disputes. Asoka removed cruel
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

of royal income. The smritis treated women punishments, and even instructed his
as inferior humans, and were prejudiced official to be more humane and
against them even in matters of inheritance. compassionate towards prisoners. The
The Sudras, and Panchamas were ineligible episode involving Kovalan’s execution in
for a fair trial and fair punishment. Trade Silappadikaram reveals the defects in the
disputes were mostly settled through guilds system of judicial procedure. Though high
(SRENIS), Similarly each artisan group had moral stature of the adjudicating officials
its own guild to resolve disputes within. were insisted in literature, we very often
The Mahasabhas of the Pallava – Pandya- found arbitrariness in judicial trial and in
Chola empires insulated Brahmins from awarding exemptions or punishments.
regular system of justice. The Mahasabha’s There was no rule of law but rule of the
variyam (Dharma variam, Nyaya vasiam) powerful authorities that we find in
settled issues within the mahasabhas. The ancient India.

Ordeals

Trail by Balance: A palm leaf chit, Ordeal of Fire Ordeal of water : The
with the alleged crime inscribed on it : The accused accused was made to drink
was placed on one side of the balance, was made to walk the water used to clean the
and the accused was to sit on the other through fire and was idol was deemed innocent
side of the balance. If the plate of the deemed innocent if it had no harmful effects
balance on while the accused came only if the person on him within the next 14
down, the accused was declared guilty suffered no injury. days.

Ordeal of lot : The Ordeal of Rice Grains : The

Ordeal By Poison : The
accused was asked draw accused was made to chow rice
accused was made to consume
from the lot and was without the husk being removed
poison and was deemed
deemed innocent if he and the presence of blood stains
innocent only if did not have
chose the lot of dharma. in his mouth resulted in the
any effect on the person.
person being declared guilty.

Ordeal of Fountain - Cheese : The accused was compelled to drink a potion that could
make him/her delirious and was deemed guilty if the person confessed the crime.

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 In medieval India, the Muslim The King’s Court was presided over
rulers had faced a peculiar situation, by the Sultan and the Court had both

݆CˆîI› ä.ã.âv Üè£ìIJ¡ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì îI›ï£´ Üó² ð£ìË™ ªî£°Š¹

where the majority of their subjects original and appellate jurisdiction. It was
were Non-Muslims. While they applied the highest court of appeal and in the
Islamic law in cases where Muslims and administration of justice, the Sultan was
Muslim interests were involved, they assisted by Muftis (legal experts). Diwan-
preferred a policy of Non-intervention Al-Mazalim and Diwan-e-Risalat are the
in the socio-religious affairs of the Non- highest courts of appeal in criminal and
Muslims, hence allowed the traditional civil matters respectively. Though these
system of justice in the rural areas. The Courts were to be officially presided over
Muslim rulers made a clear distinction by the Sultan, he seldom attended the
between civil and criminal disputes and sessions of the Courts. In the absence of
assigned deferent system for each of them. the Sultan, the courts were presided over
However, in cases of blasphemy extreme by Qazi-ul-Quzat, the highest judicial
punishment were awarded to the accused. officer of the State. But later, the post of
Sadre Jahan was created making him the
4.2 Judicial System in Medieval
de-facto head of the judiciary. The Sadre
India
Jahan’s Court and the Chief Justice’s
In Medieval India, the Sultan/Sultana Court remained separate for long until
was the supreme authority administering amalgamated later by AlauddinKhilji.
justice in his/her kingdom. He / She The Chief Justice’s Court dealt with both
administered justice in the following civil and criminal cases and the Chief
capacities namely Diwan-e-Qaza Justice was assisted by judges who were
(Arbitrator), Diwan-e-Mazalim (Head men of ability and integrity and were
of Bureaucracy) and Diwan-e-Riyasat greatly respected. Mufti, Pandit, Mohtasib
(Commander-in-Chief). There existed a (in charge of prosecutions) and Dadbak
systematic classification and organization (administrative officer) were the officers
of courts in Medieval India. The attached to the Chief Justice’s Court. The
administrative divisions were the basis for Diwan-e-Siyasat was primarily a court
judicial organization. The jurisdiction of dealing with cases of high treason.
courts at the Capital, Provinces, Districts,
Parganas and Villages were clearly 4.3 Judicial System in Modern
demarcated. Generally, at the Capital of India
Sultanate, the following six courts were The East India Company was
established. incorporated in 1601 by the Charter of
T
he King’s Court Queen Elizabeth I. The Charter granted
D
iwan-Al-Mazalim recognition and authority to the Company
to facilitate the regulation of trade. With
D
iwan-e-Rialat
regard to the administration in Madras,
S
adre Jahan’s Court the Charter of 1661 led to the appointment
C
hief Justice’s Court of Governor and the Council in each of its
D
iwan-e-Riyasat
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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

settlement. Once the company became a authority over Bombay. The proclamation
territorial power, especially at Madras, it of 1672 introduced English Law in
introduced an adhoc system of judicial Bombay and the Court of Judicature and
administration, in which the existing the new central court was established. The
native systems were accommodated, as application of English law was confined to
the company preferred a policy of non- cases involving Europeans and European
intervention in native affairs. The interests. The court exercised jurisdiction
Governor and the Council were over civil, criminal and testamentary
empowered to decide on both civil and cases. Further, Justices of Peace were
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

criminal cases in accordance with the law appointed to administer criminal law.
of England. However, in disputes After examining the witnesses and making
involving only the natives the native an initial enquiry, the cases were moved
traditions were continued. The year 1665 to the Court of Judicature. However,
was of great significance as it witnessed the invasion of Sidi Yakub, the Mughal
the first trial by jury in Madras in the case Admiral led to the dissolution of courts
of Mrs. Ascentia Dawas during the in Bombay in 1690. After 12 years, in
Governorship of Fox Croft. The 1718, the Court of Judicature was revived.
appointment of Streynsham Master as the The court had jurisdiction over civil and
Governor in 1678 resulted in the criminal matters. Though the court met
reorganization of the judicial system of only once a week, it was highly regarded
Madras. The Court of the Governor and for its speedy trial and impartial decisions.
Council came to be known as the High
Court of Judicature and English was With regard to the Calcutta
declared as the court language. The Presidency, the Governor and the Council
Charter of 1683 led to the Company were endowed with judicial powers. In
establishing Courts of Admiralty to try the case of civil and criminal matters, the
traders committing various crimes on Company followed the already existing
high seas. The Charter of 1687 authorized Mughal system of judicial administration.
the Company to create the Corporation of The Faujdari Court presided over by the
Madras and the Mayor’s Court was English Collector decided on the criminal
attached to it. It functioned as a court of cases and the civil cases were referred
record for the Madras town. to an arbitrator by the Collector. The
Collector played a very important role
in the judicial administration of Calcutta
Activity
and the office dealt with civil, criminal
Read more about the case of and revenue cases.
Mrs. Ascentia Dawas, the first trial by
jury in Madras. Thus, the Charter of 1687 applied
only to Madras while the Charter of 1726
With regard to the administration constituted a Mayor’s Court in each of
of justice in Bombay, the Charter of 1668 the three Presidencies. The Charter of
authorized the Company to exercise judicial 1753 further reformed certain judicial

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64
 provisions of the Charter of 1726. It also Cornwallis Code and it dealt with both
set up five courts namely the Court of civil and criminal justice. He reorganized

݆CˆîI› ä.ã.âv Üè£ìIJ¡ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì îI›ï£´ Üó² ð£ìË™ ªî£°Š¹

Requests, the Mayor’s Court, the Courts civil courts, abolished court fees and
of the President and the Council, and the reformed criminal courts. Lord Minto after
King-in-Council. Another landmark in being appointed as the Governor- General
the evolution of Indian judiciary was the of Bengal in 1807 increased the powers and
Warren Hasting’s Plan of 1772. It regulated jurisdiction of the various courts. Lord
the system of judicial administration. In Hastings who became Governor General in
1780, he also reorganized the Provincial 1813, introduced many reforms in the civil
Adalats. and criminal judicature of the country.
Efforts were taken to curb red-tapism in
One of the major development in the the administration of justice. He was
field of judiciary during the colonial
period was the codification of native laws.

Calcutta High Court

Warren cornwalli’s
Hasting

The first Governor General Warren

Hasting caused the codification at Hindu
Law, and cornwalli’s code was another
major contribution. Similarly the Islamic
law was also codified and adopted in Bombay High Court
courts.

The Regulating Act of 1773

empowered the Crown to establish the
Supreme Court of Judicature in Calcutta
and the Charter of 1774 expounded on the
jurisdiction of the court. However, the
Supreme Courts were not established at
Bombay and Madras during the same Madras High Court
period. The Supreme Courts were
established in Madras and Bombay in the succeeded by Lord Bentinck who
years 1801 and 1824 respectively. In 1793, reorganized and consolidated the whole
Lord Cornwallis prepared “A Set of system of judicial administration in India.
Regulations” popularly known as the He abolished the Provincial Courts of
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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

Appeal and their functions were transferred criminal cases they also act as the protector
to District Diwani Adalats. Between 1834 and interpreter of the Constitution.
and 1861, the King’s Court and the
Company’s Court formed the dual system Source: Sumeet Malik, V.D. Kulshreshtha’s
of courts with separate jurisdictions. The Landmarks in Indian Legal and
Indian High Courts Act of 1861 empowered Constitutional History, EBC Publishing
the Crown to establish the High Courts of Private Ltd, Lucknow, 2017.
Judicature at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay
and this also led to the abolition of Supreme Activity
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

Courts. This was considered a landmark in

Compare And Contrast
the evolution of High Courts in India.
1. Comparing Judicial System in ancient
Later, the Government of India Act of 1935
and medieval period. Refer the topics
effected considerable changes in the nature
in your text book and complete the
and jurisdiction of the High Courts.
Venn Diagram
Between independence and the
enforcement of the Constitution, seven Ancient period Medieval period

High Courts at Punjab, Assam, Orissa,

Rajasthan, Travancore, Mysore and Jammu
Common
and Kashmir were established. The other
High Courts were established later. The
Constitution of India after being enforced
recognized all the existing High Courts
and empowered the Parliament to establish With respect to the establishment
High Courts for all the States or combined of the Supreme Court of India, the
High Courts for two or more States and Government of India Act, 1935 is a
Union Territories. The 42nd Constitutional landmark legislation. The Act attempted
Amendment Act, 1976 brought in drastic to change the structure of the Indian
changes in the jurisdiction of the High government. There was a shift from a
Courts. ‘unitary’ to a ‘federal’ type of government
necessitating the need of a Federal Court.
Thus, in the very beginning, there Thus, the Act made specific provision in
were only the three High Courts of this regard and the Federal Court was
Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. The Acts inaugurated in the year 1937. It consisted
and regulations prior to independence of a Chief Justice and six judges. In 1950,
brought in remarkable changes in their the Federal Court of India was succeeded
organization and jurisdiction, thereby by the Supreme Court of India. The
ensuring their independence and Federal Court in its short span of 12
impartiality. After the enforcement of the years left an indelible impact on the legal
Constitution, their positions have been history of India. It was the first court with
strengthened and apart from their original a national jurisdiction. It was from this
and appellate jurisdiction in civil and Federal Court that its successor inherited

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66
 the traditions of independence, integrity and impartiality. Also, between 1726 and 1833,
the role of the Privy Council requires special mention. It contributed immensely to the

݆CˆîI› ä.ã.âv Üè£ìIJ¡ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì îI›ï£´ Üó² ð£ìË™ ªî£°Š¹

judicial system of India, laying down the fundamental principles of Indian law that serve
as a beacon to the Indian Courts even today.
Activity
A landmark verdict
In a blow to both the Chhattisgarh
government and the Centre, the Supreme
Court has declared as illegal and
unconstitutional the deployment of tribal
youths as Special Police Officers - either
as ‘Koya Commandos’, SalwaJudum or any
other force - in the fight against the Maoist
insurgency and ordered their immediate
disarming. The ruling - issued by Justice B.
Sudershan Reddy and Justice S.S. Nijjar on
the writ petition filed by social anthropologist
Prof. Nandini Sundar and others - strongly
indicted the State for violating Constitutional
principles in arming youth who had passed
only fifth standard and conferring on them P EA
CE T A KS

the powers of police. L

Writing the order, Justice Reddy directed

the State of Chhattisgarh to immediately cease
Courtesy :The Hindu,10.3.2005.
and desist from using SPOs in any manner or
form in any activities, directly or indirectly, aimed at controlling, countering, mitigating
or otherwise eliminating Maoist/Naxalite activities in the State of Chhattisgarh. The
Bench made it clear that the State of Chhattisgarh should take all appropriate measures
to prevent the operation of any group, including but not limited to SalwaJudum and
Koya commandos, that in any manner or form seek to take law into private hands, act
unconstitutionally or otherwise violate the human rights of any person. The Bench
said “The primordial value is that it is the responsibility of every organ of the State to
function within the four corners of constitutional responsibility. That is the ultimate
rule of law.”

Courtesy : The Hindu,3.8.2011.

Group Discussion
Teacher can organise a Group Discussion about the landmark judgement of the Supreme
Court of India. Time allotted : 20 minutes

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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

(2). The High courts in the constituent

Activity states and
(3). The District and Sessions Courts in
Read more about the Privy
the judicial districts in every state/
Council and have a discussion in class
about its significance in the evolution
of judicial administration in India.

Sir Hari Singh Gour

POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

In 1921, Sir Hari

Singh Gour was the
first person in the legal
history of India to
realize the necessity of
Activity
establishing an All-India Newspaper Follow-Up
Court of Final Appeal in
Follow the newspaper for one
place of the Privy Council.
month and collect news items related
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 to civil cases in the District and Session
resulted in the transfer of political power court,High court and Supreme Court
and this necessitated the establishment of of our country. Write the headlines of
a separate and independent judicial body. the news in the Chart. Display the chart
With this objective, the jurisdiction of in the notice board or present your
the Federal Court was enlarged and the collections in the classroom.
Abolition of the Privy Council Jurisdiction
Act, 1949 was passed making the Federal The constitution also provides for an
Court of India the highest judicial body in independent judiciary i.e. independence
the country. With the enforcement of the of the Executive and the legislature. In a
Constitution on 26 January 1950, Article democratic federal polity like India. The
124 provided for the establishment of the Supreme Court assumes a much bigger
Supreme Court of India. Thus, there has note as the guardian of the constitution,
been a slow and steady evolution of the as an arbitrator in disputes between
Indian judicial system and it has proven States and the union Government and
to be better and wiser with time. in disputes among the States, and as the
highest appellate Courts in all civil and
4.4 Supreme court of India criminal cases. It is endowed with the
Uniqueness – sources of Law – onerous responsibility of safeguarding
Jurisdiction and powers – Organization and enforcing the fundamental rights and
The Constitution of India provides for a freedoms of all citizens of India/ However,
three - tier judicial system: unlike the federal system in the USA, the
constitution of India of India does not
(1). The supreme court of India provide for two sets of judiciary (one as
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68
 federal, another for states). India has original and appellate jurisdiction. It
only a unitary judiciary system, with the can issue writs of Habeas Corpus, Writ

݆CˆîI› ä.ã.âv Üè£ìIJ¡ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì îI›ï£´ Üó² ð£ìË™ ªî£°Š¹

Supreme Court as the apex Court, with of Mandamus, writ of prohibition, writ of
authority over all other Courts if India. Certiorari and the writ of Quo warranto.

The Sources of Law : The Constitution The Supreme Court is the highest or
becomes the fountain source of law in Apex appellate Court in India, where
India. Statutes enacted by legislatures appeals against judgments of High Courts
of the union, State or Union Territories can be made; ( in both civil and criminal
become another sources of law as long as cases)
these are in conformity the basics of the Debate
Constitution. Besides the subordinate
legislations in the form of rules, regulations Topic : Justice delayed is justice denied
as well as by – laws of any administrative Justice comes slowly in smaller
body, unless and until negated by the courts, with 2.91 crore cases pending
judiciary constitute the third source of
law. W
ith more than 8 lakh cases pending
in district and subordinate courts,
Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states
Integrated Judiciary
with the highest number of decade-
“The Indian Federation, old-court cases.
though a dual polity, has no dual
A
s per the National Judicial Data
judiciary at all. The High Courts and
Grid, there are 2.91 crore cases
The Supreme Court Constitute one
pending in district and subordinate
single integrated judiciary having
courts, out of which 21.90 lakh cases
jurisdiction and providing remedies in
are pending for more than 10 years.
all cases under the constitutional law,
The Civil law or the criminal law. This U
ttar Pradesh is followed by Bihar,
is done to eliminate all diversities in a with more than 3 lakh pending cases,
remedial procedure” and Maharashtra with over 2 lakh
cases. Sikkim and Andaman and
-Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Nicobar are at the bottom with two
and no pending cases, respectively.
Jurisdiction and powers on the Supreme
Court: The Supreme Court has original, T
eacher can organise a Critical
appellate and advisory jurisdiction. The Debate on “Justice delayed is justice
original jurisdiction of the Supreme court denied”. Learners can be divided
extends to all cases which can originate in into two groups. One group may
the Supreme court. These include disputes justify the topic and another group
between the Government of India and one may disagree.
or more States, or between two or more
The Supreme Court of India has also
States. In disputes involving fundamental
been vested with certain advisory powers.
rights, the Supreme Courts has both
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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

The president can seek its advice on any judges wants to lay down office, he can
legislative measure. However the advice do so through an hand written signed
of the Supreme Court is not binding on resignation letter to the president; the
the president (Article - 143). Parliament can remove a Judge through
an impeachment. To be considered for
The Supreme Court functions as the the office of Judge, one must be a citizen
guardian of the constitution; It is the final of India and his qualification is per the
authority to interpret the constitutional Parliament’s decision, and the should
law, and has the authority to declare any have been judge of High court at least for
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

law or executive action, or judgments a period of 5 years; or an advocates of a

of lower Courts ‘null and void’ if the high court or of two or more such courts
Supreme court find them against the letter in succession for at least 10 years or the
and spirit of the constitution. It is also the person must be, in the opinion of the
apex agency to safeguard the fundamental president, a distinguished jurist.
rights listed out in the Constitution.
Impeachment
Organization of the Supreme Court
A Judge of the supreme Court
The Supreme Court of India has try an order of the president, after an
been established by part V, Chapter IV address by each House of the Parliament
of the Constitution of India. Articles supported by a majority of the total
124 to 147 of the Constitution lays down membership of that house and by a
the composition and jurisdiction of the majority of not less than two thirds of
supreme Court of India. Originally the the members of the house present and
Constitution provided for the chief Justice voting in the same session.
and seven lower ranking Judges. The
Constitution enables the Parliament to Appointments are generally made on
increase this number. By 2008 the number the basis of seniority
of judge have been increased (from eight)
to 30. Justice K.G. Balakrishnan
in 2000 became the first
As to the appointment of the judge from the depressed
Supreme Court judges, The Chief Jostle class. In 2007 he became
of India should consult a “Collegium” of the first Dalit Chief Justice
four senior most judges of the Supreme of the Supreme Court.
court, The Collegium makes the decision
in consensus. Every Judge of the supreme The Supreme Court of India under
Court is appointed by the President after the present Constitution commenced
consultation with the cabinet and the functioning on January 28, 1950. It was
Judges of the Supreme court, and such placed then in the Chamber of Princes
Judges shall hold office until they attain in the Parliament. It moved to the
the age of sixty five years. If any of the present building in 1958.

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70
 Harilal J. Kania was the first as a Judge one must be a citizen of India
Chief Justice of the Supreme and have held a Judicial office in India

݆CˆîI› ä.ã.âv Üè£ìIJ¡ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì îI›ï£´ Üó² ð£ìË™ ªî£°Š¹

Court. The other judges who for 10 years or must have practiced as an
assumed office along with advocate of high court.
him wise Justices Sayid Faze
The High Court’s too have original
Ali, M. Patanjali Sastri, Mehar Chand
and appellate jurisdictions, in cases arising
Mahajan, Bijan Kumar, Mukherjea and
within the territories of the State. Each
S.R.Das.
High court has powers of Super intendant
High Courts over all courts within its jurisdiction.
Though the High courts are the party of
single and integrated judicial system, yet
they are completely independent judicial
institutions. The Supreme court has no
direct administrative control over them,
has they are in any way controlled try eithe
the legislature or executive of the State. But
the Judger may be transferred from one
High court to another by the president his
consultation with the chief Justice of India.
The High Court is the head of a State’s The High Court too has the power to
judicial administration every constituent issue writ in cases involving ‘Fundamental
state in expected to have a high Court. Rights’.
However, at present four high courts have
Legal Remedies for Safeguarding
jurisdiction over more than one state.
Fundamental Rights
Among the union territories Delhi alone
has a high court of its own. Other six union Both the Supreme court and High
Territories come under the Jurisdiction of court have the power to issue writs with
nearby state high Courts. Each High court a view to ensure quicker justice and early
comprises of a Chief Justice and such other relief to persons whose rights are violated.
Judges as the president may from time to There are five such writs.
time, appoint. The Chief Justice of the
1. Habeas Corpus: Literally means a
High court is appointed by the President
demand to produce the person in body.
in consultation with the Chief Justice of
It applies in cases where a person is
India and the Governor of the State. In
alleged to have been illegally detained.
appointing other judges, the Chief Justice
This writ safeguards personal liberty of
of that High court is also consulted. The
every individual.
Judges of the High courts hold office until
the age of 62 years and are removable in 2. Mandamus is a command to act law
the same manner as a Judge of the Supreme fully and to resist from penetrothing
court. To be considered for appointment an unlawful act, It is meant to direct

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TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

any authority to perform its legal duty. Parliamentary and state legislations
Mandamus may he issued against any which contravened constitutional
authority, Officers, Government or requirements have been struck down. The
even judicial bodies that tail or refuse most daring and controversial exercise of
to perform a public duty and discharge judicial review was the invalidation by the
a legal obligation. supreme court of Bank Nationalization
3. Prohibition is issued by a higher legislation. Legislations which infringed
Court to a lower court or tribunal the rights of the minorities to establish and
for prohibiting it from exceeding its administer their educational institutions
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

jurisdiction. Writ of Prohibition is have been struck down.

issued only against a judicial or quasi – Judicial review has been extended
judicial body. to review ability of constitutional
4. Certiorari too lies against judicial or amendments by evolving the doctrine
quasi – judicial authorities, and it means of the basic structure of the constitution
‘to be informed’. The writ of certiorari is according to which a constitutional
issued to quash illegal orders of judicial amendment which destroys or damages
or quasi – judicial bodies an essential feature of the constitution,
for example secularism, democracy and
5. Quo – Warranto is a question asking
federalism, would be unconstitutional.
‘with what authority or warrant’. This
is meant ascertain the legal position in In the administration of law, judicial
regard to claim of a person to hold a review in India has been very active.
public office. Article 13(2) of the Indian constitution
Besides these writs, the High believed that countrywide shall not create
Court’s under Article 226 may issue other any regulation, those abbreviates or takes
directions and orders in the interests of away the rights as deliberated in part 3 of
justice to the people. the constitution. If any rule was created
against this clause of the constitution,
4.5 Judicial Review, Public Interest it will come within the purview of
Litigation And Judicial infringement and will be declared as null
Activism and void.
Judicial Review However, but in 2007 the supreme
To safeguard the liberty and rights court ruled laws included in this schedule
of individuals, the judicial review power after April 24, 1973 or now open to judicial
enshrined in the constitution of India review cannot be conducted in respect of
becomes important. The supreme court the laws incorporated in the 9th schedule
and the high court’s in India are entrusted of the constitution. Judicial review applies
with the power of judicial review only to the questions of law. It cannot be
which extends to adjudicating upon the exercised in respect to political issues.
constitutionality of legislations as well as The supreme court does not use the power
the legality of executive action. of judicial review of its own. It can only

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72
 use it when any law or rule is specifically Recently in India, many cases from
challenged before it. the area of Public interest Litigation has

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come into picture which has been filed
Public interest Litigation
in the court of law. As in 2005 a case was
Any citizen of India can approach decided by the supreme court named
the courts for public case (upon the Common cause society Vs. Union of
interest of the public) by filing a petition India. In this Public interest Litigation, the
under (a) the supreme court by article 32, petitioner filed a Public interest Litigation
(b) in the high court under article 226 and praying to the court to enact a road safety
(c) in the magistrate court under section act in view of the numerous road accidents.
133 of the CRPC. The guidelines provide Secondly, in the Sangammal Pandey Vs.
that Public interest Litigations can be State of UP case the Lucknow bench of the
filed under the following categories: 1. high court stayed construction activities
Bonded labour matters, 2. Neglected near Kanshiram memorial up to a specific
children, 3. Non- payment of minimum date.
wages, 4. Petitions from jails complaining In the Peoples union for democratic
of harassment, death in jail, speedy trial rights Vs. Union of India case, the supreme
as a fundamental right etc. 5. Petitions court permitted Public interest Litigations
against police for refusing to register a at the instance of ‘public spirited citizens’
case, harassment of Bride, Bride burning, for the enforcement of constitutional and
rape, murder, kidnapping etc. 6. Petitions legal rights of any person or group of
complaining harassment or torture of persons who because of their socially or
persons belonging to scheduled caste and economically disadvantaged position are
scheduled tribes. 7. Petitions pertaining to unable to approach the courts for relief.
environmental pollution. Public interest Litigation is a part of the
The Public interest Litigation process of ‘participate justice’ and standing
jurisdiction forged by the supreme court in civil litigation, of that pattern which
is an extension of its jurisdiction under has liberal reception at the judicial
article 32 of the constitution. Public doorsteps.
interest Litigation is not in the nature of In the Parmanand
adversary litigation, but it is a challenge Katara vs. Union of
and an opportunity to the government and India case the supreme
its officers to make such issues as human court held in the Public
rights meaningful to the deprived and interest Litigation filed
vulnerable sections of the society and to Parmanand Katara
by a human rights
assure them socio-economic justice which activist fighting for general public interest,
is the signature tune of the constitution. that it is a paramount obligation of every
A Public interest Litigation may be filed member of the medical profession to give
against state and central government, medical aid to every injured citizen as
municipal authority, but not against any soon as possible without waiting for any
private party. procedural formalities.
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73
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

Judicial Activism
Judicial activism as a dynamic process of judicial outlook in a
changing society. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term judicial
activism in 1947,in America in an article titled ‘ The Supreme
court;1947’. According to Black’s law dictionary judicial activism
is a judicial philosophy which motivates judges to depart from the
traditional precedents in favour of new progressive social policies.

In recent years law making has

POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

from the Irish constitution. These modern

assumed new dimensions through judicial principles and institutions were borrowed
activism of the courts. The judiciary has from the west and imposed from above
adopted a healthy trend of interpreting on a semi-feudal, semi backward society
law in social context. Judicial activism of India. But these feathers are meant to
describes judicial rulings suspected of facilitate transformation in every field,
being based on personal or political instead of protecting the ‘status quo’
considerations rather than on existing
The Indian judiciary, being a wing of
law. The question of judicial activism is
the State has thus played a more activist
closely related to constitutional
role than its US counterpart in seeking to
interpretation, statutory constructions
transform Indian society into a modern
and separation of powers.
one, by enforcing the modern principles
and ideas in the constitution through
Activity court verdicts. Article 21 of the
constitution has been called up frequently
Do you as an Indian citizen have the in the Supreme court. Judgments upon
right to disagree with judicial opinion? thia article suggest the trends of judicial
How will you express your opinion? activism.
In group of three, discuss and make In the A.K. Gopalan vs.
comments for class discussion on: State of Madras case,
the supreme court
a. Criticizing the Judgment of the court
rejected the argument
b. Consequences of the criticism that to deprive a person
of his life or liberty,
The Indian constitution, promulgated not only the procedure
in 1950, largely borrowed its principles A.K. Gopalan prescribed by law for
from western models like Parliamentary doing so must be fair, but reasonable and
democracy and an independent judiciary just. However, subsequently in Menaka
from England, the fundamental rights from Gandhi vs. Union of India case this
the bill of rights and federalism from the requirement of substantive due process
federal structure in the US constitution, was introduced into article 21 by judicial
and the directive principles of state policy interpretation. Thus the due process clause,
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74
 which was consciously and deliberately Constitutional law is a body of laws which
avoided by the constitution makers, was defines the role, powers, and structures of

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introduced by judicial activism of the different entities of the State, namely, the
supreme court. legislature, the executive and the judiciary,
as well as the basic rights of citizens and,
In subsequent decisions, the Supreme the relationship between the central
Court has upheld death sentences in cases government and state governments.
such as Bagwan Dass vs. state of Delhi
case which involved honour killing of a Constitutional law is a set of rules
man and woman for marrying outside which can either be imposing or directive.
their caste. It provides a way to regulate the nation by
proposing a set of laws which shall be
abided by the citizens of the country. It
Australia leads the country in the right direction
In Australia, the highest court is known without fail. It includes various
as the High Court of Australia while the fundamental rights, fundamental duties
State Courts are known as the Supreme and directive principles. We need
Court. constitutional laws to regulate the system
that prevails in the country. It acts as an
4.6 Constitutional Law, obligation on the citizens where they
Administrative Law And cannot go beyond its fundamental rights,
Indian Penal Code which is a must so as to monitor the whole
Constitutional Law nation at a time.

It is known that everything man Activity

people do is governed by rules. For
example there are rules for games and Think-Pair-Share
social clubs. Rules of morality and customs
The Constitution represents people’s
also play an important role to establish
hopes and objectives. The Legislature,
our day to day life. Rules that are made by
an elected body, represents the people.
legislatures, for the nation are called ‘laws’.
With your partner, work on the
Laws in society are a must so our society
following tasks:
can regulate its work properly. They are
designed to safeguard our property and a. Who should have more power –The
safeguard us and to ensure that every one Executive, the Legislature or the
in society behaves in a proper manner. Judiciary?
b. Give reasons for your answer with
Essentially, the Constitutional
examples.
law is the supreme law. All other laws
have to conform to the Constitutional
Constitutional law creates a sense
law. Constitutional law contains laws
of equality amongst the citizens. It is like
concerning the government and its people.
a parent to a child who imposes certain
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75
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

conditions but its sole purpose is the quasi-judicial function of administrative

well being of the child. The same way agencies, legal liabilities of public
Constitutional law acts for its citizens. authorities and power of the ordinary
Constitutional laws provide to some people courts to supervise administrative
who can either be elected or nominated for authorities. It governs the executive and
law making depending upon the nation’s ensures that the executive treats the public
Constitutional provisions. Constitutional fairly.
law facilitates the head of the State to
administer the whole country which is Administrative law is a branch of
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

large, culturally and linguistically diverse. public law. It deals with the relationship
of individuals and government. It
Rule of Law determines the organization and power
The colonial regime introduced the structure of administrative and quasi-
English concept of ‘Rule of Law’ in India. judicial authorities to enforce the law. It is
The three major features of the Rule of primarily concerned with official actions
Law are and procedures and puts in place a control
mechanism by which administrative
1. All are equal before law
agencies stay within bounds. There are
2. Nobody is above law and a few reasons for the development of
3. The same law is applicable to all. administrative law in India.

The Rule of law ensures ‘equality Firstly, India is a ‘Welfare State’.

of all citizens in the judicial process and Government activities have increased
reduces the scope of nepotism, favoritism, and thus the need to regulate the same.
arbitrariness, unhealthy executive Therefore, this branch of administrative
interferences in the judicial process. Rule law was developed. Secondly, there is
of Law provides an effective check to the inadequacy of the legislatures. The
the abuse of authority by executives and legislatures have no time to legislate upon
administrators. The procedural laws and the ever changing needs of the society.
constitutionally guaranteed fundamental Even if it does, the lengthy and time taking
rights ensure enforcement of Rule of Law. legislation procedure would render the
rule so legislated of no use as the needs
Administrative Law would have changed by the time the rule
Administrative law is the law that is implemented.
governs the administrative actions. As
per Ivor Jennings the administrative law Thirdly, there is judicial delay in India.
is the law relating to administration. It The judicial procedure of adjudicating
determines the organization, powers and matters is very slow, costly complex and
duties of administrative authorities. It formal. Furthermore, there are so many
includes law relating to the rule making cases already lined up that speedy disposal
power of the administrative bodies, the of suites is not possible. Hence, the
need for administrative tribunals arose.
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76
 Fourthly, as administrative law is not a Indian Penal Code
codified law there is a scope of modifying

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it as per the requirement of the State
machinery. Hence, it is more flexible. The
rigid legislating procedures need not be
followed again and again. There is a basic
difference between constitutional law
and administrative law. A constitutional
Thomas Babington
law is the supreme law of the land. No Macaulay
law is above the constitutional laws and
The Indian Penal Code is the
hence must satisfy its provisions and not
criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive
be in its violation. Administrative law is
code intended to cover all substantive
therefore subordinate to constitutional
aspects of criminal law. The code was
law. Constitutional law deals with the
drafted in 1860 on the recommendation
structure of the State and its various
of the first law commission of India
organs. Administrative laws deal only
established in 1834. It came into force in
with the administration. Administrative
British India during the early British Raj
authorities should first follow the
period of 1862. The objective of this act is
constitutional laws and then work as per
to provide a general penal code for India.
administrative law.

Activity
Write a few features
of Judiciary.

3 Levels of courts
The Indian Penal Code has a basic
format, it is a document that lists all the
cases and punishments that a person
committing any crimes is liable to be
Features of Indian charged. It covers any person of Indian
Judiciary citizenship. The exceptions are the military
and other armed forces, they cannot be
charged based on the Indian Penal Code.
They have a different set of laws under
the Indian Penal Code as well. The Indian
judicial system is one that has evolved
into a stable and fair system of detention
and penalizing, after being tested well for
several years.

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77
TNPSC GROUP- I, II, IV │ UNIT-VIII : HISTORY, CULTURE, HERITAGE AND SOCIO -

The most important feature of the them liable for punishment for being
Indian Penal Code is the impartial nature member of an unlawful assembly. The code
of judgments promoted by the document. also makes punishable what are described
The Indian Penal Code does not include as inchoate crimes that is, amendment,
any special favours for any special person attempt and criminal conspiracy etc.
at some position. Thus, the code stands
alike for government employees, as for The Indian Penal Code has been
common man, and even for a judicial amended numerous times according
officer. This builds up the faith of the to the emerging needs. Concepts like
sedition which were outside the purview
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN TAMIL NADU

common citizens in the law making and

enforcing bodies in the country and of the Indian Penal Code was included
prevents any sort of corruption or misuse into it after amendments. The need to
on the part of the people in power. revamp the criminal justice system was
felt for quite sometimes as it has come
The Indian Penal Code includes all under severe stress and strain due to
the relevant criminal offences dealing changing aspirations of the citizens and
with offences against the State, offences the resulting social transformation.
in public, offences for armed forces, The process of criminal investigation,
kidnapping, murder and rape. It also deals prosecution and adjudication necessarily
with offences related to religion, offences warrants changes and transformation in
against property and it has an important tune with the developments in science
section for offences for marriage, cruelty and technology.
from husbands or relatives, defamation
The information age has ushered in
and so forth. Indian Penal Code also
modern methods of criminal activities
provides for group liabilities that is, group
which needs new methods of investigation
liability under section 34 in the form of
and prosecution. For these, new criminal
a rule of evidence making each member
laws are needed. In view of this the Indian
of the group liable for the final act if he
government set up the V.S Malimath
has in any manner participated in action
committee in 2000 to consider measures
in furtherance of the common intention
for revamping the criminal justice system
of all members of the group irrespective
in the country. The committee submitted
of his individual contribution which may
its report in 2003. This report has been
have been very small.
examined at various levels to consider the
Group liability under section 149 various measures recommend by it for
is envisaged making the members of the revamping the criminal justice system.
unlawful assembly vicariously liable for Some of the recommendations of the
the criminal act which is in furtherance committee have been accepted by the
of the common object or what members government and have been incorporated
of the unlawful assembly ought to have in the criminal law of the land substantive
known is likely to be committed in given and procedural.
circumstances besides making each of

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78
79
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