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Research Methodology Assignment - 53

The document discusses different types of sampling errors that can occur in statistical analysis due to making inferences about a population based on a sample. It describes population specification error, sample frame error, selection error, and sampling errors. It also discusses systematic sampling and multistage sampling. Systematic sampling involves arranging the population systematically and selecting every nth item, while multistage sampling divides the population into clusters and draws samples in multiple stages. Both methods have benefits but also challenges like requiring a complete population list or expertise in dividing populations into clusters.

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Sajib Bhuiyan
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82 views

Research Methodology Assignment - 53

The document discusses different types of sampling errors that can occur in statistical analysis due to making inferences about a population based on a sample. It describes population specification error, sample frame error, selection error, and sampling errors. It also discusses systematic sampling and multistage sampling. Systematic sampling involves arranging the population systematically and selecting every nth item, while multistage sampling divides the population into clusters and draws samples in multiple stages. Both methods have benefits but also challenges like requiring a complete population list or expertise in dividing populations into clusters.

Uploaded by

Sajib Bhuiyan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Sampling error: Sampling Error is a natural component of statistical analysis that arises

from the difference between sample estimates and the actual values of a population. This
discrepancy occurs due to the random variation that emerges when making inferences about a
larger population based on a sample. The practicality or feasibility of gathering data from an
entire population is often challenging, leading researchers to select a representative subset,
known as a sample, to draw conclusions about the population. Sampling error serves to
measure the level of uncertainty surrounding these estimates(Rodolfo J. Romañach, 2021;
Sedgwick, 2012).

 Types of Sampling Errors: sampling errors can be classified into four categories (Dan
Fleetwood, 2023) as follows-

1. Population specification error: A population specification error arises when researchers


lack precise knowledge about who should be included in the survey.
For instance, in a study on children's apparel, determining the appropriate individuals to
survey (parents, mothers, or children) can be challenging due to the various factors
influencing purchase decisions.
2. Sample frame error: Sample frame error occurs when researchers mistakenly target the
wrong sub-population while selecting the sample.
For example, using a telephone white pages book as the sampling frame may lead to
errors in inclusion or exclusion due to people changing locations or choosing to un-list
their phone numbers.
3. Selection error: Selection error occurs when respondents self-select themselves to
participate in the study, leading to a non-representative sample.
Minimizing selection errors involves actively seeking responses from the entire sample,
employing pre-survey planning, follow-ups, and a well-designed survey, and utilizing
methods such as CATI surveys or in-person interviews to increase participation rates.
4. Sampling errors: Sampling errors arise when there is a disparity in the
representativeness of the respondents, often due to inadequate planning in the sampling
process.
These errors can be controlled and reduced by carefully designing the sample, ensuring
an adequate sample size that reflects the entire population, and using online samples or
survey audiences to collect responses.

 Systematic Sampling: Systematic sampling, also known as quasi-random sampling,


involves arranging the entire population in a systematic order (such as alphabetical,
geographical, or numerical) and selecting every "nth" item as a sample. To ensure better
results, the initial items should be selected using a simple random sampling method.
Systematic sampling is a simple method that typically yields satisfactory results. It allows for
quick re-checking and requires the same amount of time and effort. However, it requires a
complete list of items, systematic arrangement of units, and there is a possibility of biasness
(Poonam, 2020).

 Merits
 It is a very simple method and generally, the results are satisfactory.
 Re-checking can be done quickly.
 It requires the same amount of time and effort.
 Demerits
 It is possible only if the complete list of items is available.
 It is feasible only if the units are systematically arranged.
 There are chances of biasness.
 Multistage Sampling: Multistage sampling involves dividing a large population into clusters
and drawing a sample of clusters to represent the population. It is carried out in multiple
stages (e.g., two, three, or four stages). In each stage, clusters are selected at random from the
previous stage's samples until the desired sample size is achieved. Multistage sampling is
beneficial for large-scale surveys as it represents the population reasonably accurately, saving
time and money. However, the division of the population into clusters and sub-clusters can be
challenging, and the investigator requires expertise in cluster division and selection (Poonam,
2020).

It is carried out in multiple stages say, two, three, or four stages.

1. In the first stage: The universe is divided into many clusters from which certain clusters
are selected at random as the first-stage samples.
2. In the second stage: The selected first stage samples are again subdivided into some
clusters from which again certain clusters are selected at random as the second-stage
samples.
3. In the third stage: The selected second stage samples are again subdivided into some
clusters from which certain clusters are again selected at random as the third-stage
samples.

The process of division and subdivision of clusters and selection of multistage samples is
carried out until the sample size is reduced to a reasonable extent.

 Merits
 It is very helpful in large scale surveys.
 It represents the population with reasonable accuracy.
 It saves time and money.
 Demerits
 The division of population into clusters and sub-clusters is quite a difficult task.
 The investigator needs to have detailed knowledge about the universe expertise in
division and selection of clusters.
References:

1. Rodolfo J. Romañach, a. A. J. C. a. K. H. E. (2021). WHAT are sampling errors— and


WHAT can we do about them? SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE, 33(2).
doi:10.1255/sew.2021.a11
2. Sedgwick, P. (2012). What is sampling error? Bmj, 344(jun27 1), e4285-e4285.
doi:10.1136/bmj.e4285
3. Dan Fleetwood. (2023). Sampling Error: Definition, types, + how to reduce errors.
Retrieved from www.questionpro.com: www.questionpro.com/blog/sampling-error/

4. Poonam. (2020, September 20). What are the Types of Sampling Methods? Retrieved
from www.byjus.com: https://byjus.com/commerce/types-of-sampling-methods/

MCQ

1. Sampling error arises due to:


a) Differences between sample estimates and population values
b) Random variation in data collection
c) Practicality challenges in gathering data from an entire population
d) Uncertainty surrounding population estimates
2. Which of the following is NOT a type of sampling error?
a) Population specification error
b) Sample frame error
c) Non-response error
d) Selection error
3. Systematic sampling involves:
a) Selecting clusters from a large population
b) Dividing the population into multiple stages
c) Arranging the population in a systematic order and selecting every "nth" item
d) Utilizing online samples or survey audiences for data collection
4. What is a merit of systematic sampling?
a) It guarantees a perfectly representative sample
b) It requires less time and effort compared to other sampling methods
c) It does not require a complete list of items in the population
d) It eliminates biasness in the sample
5. What is a demerit of multistage sampling?
a) It requires extensive knowledge of systematic arrangement
b) It is not suitable for large-scale surveys
c) It saves less time and money compared to other methods
d) The division of population into clusters and sub-clusters is challenging

Answers:

1. a) Differences between sample estimates and population values

2. c) Non-response error

3. c) Arranging the population in a systematic order and selecting every "nth" item

4. b) It requires less time and effort compared to other sampling methods

5. d) The division of population into clusters and sub-clusters is challenging

1.

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