Mark schemes

(a)  diffusion
1. 1

(b)  A
1

(c)  B
1

(d)  (earthworm) can absorb more oxygen (in a given time)

or
increases / more gas exchange
allow get / obtain / take in more oxygen
ignore easier absorption of oxygen
ignore references to food
1

(e)  lipase
1

(f)  more oxygen (in soil with earthworms)

allow earthworms bring oxygen to soil
1

(for) more (aerobic) respiration

do not accept anaerobic respiration
1

(of) bacteria / fungi / microorganisms / microbes / decomposers

1
reference to more is only needed once for the first two
marking points

(g)  fertilisation
ignore sexual reproduction
1

(h)  asexual (reproduction)

allow cloning
1
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(a)  (yes, because) the mass change (of egg 4) is much lower than the others
2.
allow because it / egg 4 has gained (over) 50% less
mass than the others
allow it / egg 4 has gained 1.5 g and the others have all
gained more than 3 g (unit required)
1

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(b)

or equivalent
1

4.6 (%)
allow 4.558 / 4.56 (%)
allow any correct rounding of 4.558011049723757
1
an answer of 4.6 / 4.56 / 4.558 scores 2 marks

(c)  (mass increased because) water entered by osmosis

1

from a dilute solution in the beaker to a more concentrated solution in the egg (cell)
allow from an area of high water concentration in the
beaker to an area of low water concentration in the egg
(cell)
allow ref to water potential
allow ref to ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ solutions
ignore along / across concentration gradient
do not accept ‘amount’ in place of concentration

through a partially permeable membrane

allow semi-permeable / selectively permeable
membrane
1

(d)  use five (or more) different concentrations of salt / sugar solution (in beakers)
allow any number of concentrations provided it is more
than four
1

(by) plotting percentage change (in mass / volume) on / using a graph

1

determine the concentration where the curve / line crosses the zero percentage
change (in mass / volume)
1

(e)  (ions are moved) from an area of low concentration to high concentration
allow against the concentration gradient
allow in terms of solution
do not accept molecules
1

(by) active transport

1

(which) requires using energy

do not accept idea of energy being created
1
[12]
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 (a) (0.15 / 1.35) × 100 1
3.

11.1 (%)
allow 11.1 (%) with no working shown for 2 marks
1

(b) to allow results to be compared

or
they had different masses at the start
1

(c) axis correct scale and labelled

1

5 points correctly plotted

allow ecf from 05.1
allow 1 mark for 4 points correctly plotted
2

line of best fit

1

(d) 0.5
allow 0.45–0.55
1

(e) (0.0 to 0.4) water moves into cells

1

(0.6 to 0.8) water leaves cells

1

by osmosis
1

(f) any two from:

• concentration of solutions
• drying of chips
• accuracy of balance
• evaporation from tubes
2
[13]

(a) diffusion
4. 1
active transport
1
this order only

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 (b) (i) concentration (of sugar) in the bag was higher (than in the drink)
allow concentration (of sugar) in the drink was lower (than in the
bag)

or

higher concentration of water outside the bag or in the drink / boiling tube
allow higher water potential outside the bag or lower water potential
inside the bag
1

(so) water moved in (to the tubing)

allow water moves down its concentration gradient
do not allow sugar moving
1

by osmosis
allow diffusion (of water)
do not allow sugar moving by osmosis or water moving by active
transport
1

(ii) B
1

(iii) close(st) to the concentration in the bag or to 5%

allow small(est) diffusion gradient or close(st) to an equilibrium
1

(so rate of) diffusion / osmosis is slow

allow (so) less water moves in (to the bag)
ignore ref. to sugar
1
[8]

(a) more concentrated

5.
must be a comparison
1

than the cell / cytoplasm

accept more salty / solutes / ions
accept cell is less concentrated than solution for 2 marks
1

(b) (i) turgid

1

(ii) plasmolysed
accept flaccid
1

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(c) any four from:

• water left the cell (in A)

• by osmosis
• from dilute to more concentrated solution
accept high to low water potential or from high to low water
concentration
• via partially permeable membrane
• so cell membrane shrank away from cell wall
4

(d) water enters the cells (by osmosis)

allow 1 mark for:
1

they burst / lyse / lysis occurs

water leaves and cell shrinks (if they think it is hypertonic solution)
1

animal cells have no cell wall or plant cells have a cell wall
1

cell wall prevents lysis / bursting / allows turgidity

allow correct description
1
[12]

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