This question is about the cell cycle.

1.
(a)  Chromosomes are copied during the cell cycle.

Where are chromosomes found?

Tick one box.

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Vacuole

(1)

(b)  What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristic?

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(1)

Figure 1 shows information about the cell cycle.

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(c)  Which stage of the cell cycle in Figure 1 takes the most time?

Tick one box.

Cell growth

Copying of chromosomes

Mitosis

(1)

(d)  During mitosis cells need extra energy.

Which cell structures provide most of this energy?

Tick one box.

Chromosomes

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

(1)

(e)  The cell cycle in Figure 1 takes two hours in total.

The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes.

Calculate the time taken for mitosis.

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Time = ____________________ minutes

(2)

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Figure 2 shows some cells in different stages of the cell cycle.

(f)  Which cell is not dividing by mitosis

Tick one box.

(1)

(g)  Cell E in Figure 2 contains 8 chromosomes.

Cell E divides by mitosis.

How many chromosomes will each new cell contain?

Tick one box.

16

(1)

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(h)  Why is mitosis important in living organisms?

Tick one box.

To produce gametes

To produce variation

To release energy

To repair tissues

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

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 Figure 1 shows photographs of some animal cells at different stages during the cell cycle.
2.
Figure 1

A © Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
B © Ed Reschke/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images
C © Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images

(a) Which photograph in Figure 1 shows a cell that is not going through mitosis?

Tick one box.

A B C

(1)

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(b) Describe what is happening in photograph A.

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(2)

(c) A student wanted to find out more about the cell cycle.

The student made a slide of an onion root tip.

She counted the number of cells in each stage of the cell cycle in one field of view.

The table below shows the results.

Stages in the cell cycle

Non-dividing cells Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Total

Number of cells 20 9 4 2 1 36

Each stage of the cell cycle takes a different amount of time.

Which stage is the fastest in the cell cycle?

Give a reason for your answer.

Stage _____________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

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(2)

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(d) The cell cycle in an onion root tip cell takes 16 hours.

Calculate the length of time Stage 2 lasts in a typical cell.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

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Time in Stage 2 = ________________________ minutes

(3)

(e) Bacteria such as Escherichia coli undergo cell division similar to mitosis.

Figure 2 shows a growth curve for E. coli grown in a nutrient broth.

Figure 2

What type of cell division causes the change in number of E. coli cells at P?

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(1)

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(f) Suggest why the number of cells levels out at Q.

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(2)
(Total 11 marks)

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 Stem cells can be collected from human embryos and from adult bone marrow.
3. Stem cells can develop into different types of cell.

The table gives information about using these two types of stem cell to treat patients.

Stem cells from human embryos Stem cells from adult bone marrow

It costs £5000 to collect a few cells. It costs £1000 to collect many cells.

There are ethical issues in using Adults give permission for their own
embryo stem cells. bone marrow to be collected.

The stem cells can develop into most The stem cells can develop into only a
other types of cell. few types of cell.

Each stem cell divides every 30 Each stem cell divides every four
minutes. hours.

There is a low chance of a patient’s There is a high chance of a patient’s

immune system rejecting the cells. immune system rejecting the cells.

More research is needed into the use Use of these stem cells is considered
of these stem cells. to be a safe procedure.

Scientists are planning a new way of treating a disease, using stem cells.

Use only the information above to answer these questions.

(a) Give three advantages of using stem cells from embryos instead of from adult bone
marrow.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Give three advantages of using stem cells from adult bone marrow instead of from
embryos.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

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 (a) How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a body cell of a human baby?
4.
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(1)

(b) Place the following in order of size, starting with the smallest, by writing
numbers 1 – 4 in the boxes underneath the words.

(1)

(c) For a baby to grow, its cells must develop in a number of ways.

Explain how each of the following is part of the growth process of a baby.

(i) Cell enlargement

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(1)

(ii) The process of cell division by mitosis

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(3)

(d) Why is cell specialisation (differentiation) important for the development and growth of a
healthy baby from a fertilised egg?

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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 Figure 1 shows a human cheek cell viewed under a light microscope.
5.
Figure 1

© Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images

(a) Label the nucleus and cell membrane on Figure 1.

(2)

(b) Cheek cells are a type of body cell.

Body cells grow through cell division.

What is the name of this type of cell division?

Tick one box.

Differentiation

Mitosis

Specialisation

(1)

(c) Ribosomes and mitochondria are not shown in Figure 1.

What type of microscope is needed to see ribosomes and mitochondria?

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(1)

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(d) What is the advantage of using the type of microscope you named in part (c)?

Tick one box.

Cheaper

Higher magnification

Lower resolution

(1)

(e) The cheek cell in Figure 2 is magnified 250 times.

The width of the cell is shown by the line D to E.

Figure 2

Calculate the width of the cheek cell in micrometres (µm).

Complete the following steps.

Measure the width of the cell using a ruler _____________________ mm

Use the equation to work out the real width of the cell in mm:

real size = _____________________ mm

Convert mm to µm _____________________ µm
(3)

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(f) A red blood cell is 8 µm in diameter.

A bacterial cell is 40 times smaller.

Calculate the diameter of the bacterial cell.

Tick one box.

0.02 µm

0.2 µm

2.0 µm

20.0 µm

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

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