Applied Mathematics, 2023, 14, 411-418

https://www.scirp.org/journal/am
ISSN Online: 2152-7393
ISSN Print: 2152-7385

Adomian Decomposition Method for

Solving Fractional Time-Klein-Gordon
Equations Using Maple

Dalal Albogami, Dalal Maturi, Hashim Alshehri

Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

How to cite this paper: Albogami, D., Abstract

Maturi, D. and Alshehri, H. (2023) Ado-
mian Decomposition Method for Solving Adomian decomposition is a semi-analytical approach to solving ordinary
Fractional Time-Klein-Gordon Equations and partial differential equations. This study aims to apply the Adomian De-
Using Maple. Applied Mathematics, 14,
composition Technique to obtain analytic solutions for linear and nonlinear
411-418.
https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2023.146024 time-fractional Klein-Gordon equations. The fractional derivatives are com-
puted according to Caputo. Examples are provided. The findings show the
Received: May 1, 2023 explicitness, efficacy, and correctness of the used approach. Approximate so-
Accepted: June 3, 2023
lutions acquired by the decomposition method have been numerically as-
Published: June 6, 2023
sessed, given in the form of graphs and tables, and then these answers are
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and compared with the actual solutions. The Adomian decomposition approach,
Scientific Research Publishing Inc. which was used in this study, is a widely used and convergent method for the
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
solutions of linear and non-linear time fractional Klein-Gordon equation.
License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Keywords
Open Access
Adomian Decomposition, Klein-Gordon, Fractional Calculus

1. Introduction
Mathematicians have studied explicit and numerical solutions to nonlinear frac-
tional differential equations throughout the past decade [1] [2]. Several methods
[3] [4] [5] [6] have been put forward, but the Adomian decomposition method
has become very popular and is a good way to solve both explicit and numerical
solutions to a large class of differential systems that represent real physical prob-
lems. Many fractional calculus applications have been applied in recent years in
the fields of science, engineering, and economics [7]. The application and sub-
sequent advances of fractional calculus [8] in these domains have given rise to a
significant increase in research on non-linear partial differential equations and

DOI: 10.4236/am.2023.146024 Jun. 6, 2023 411 Applied Mathematics

D. Albogami et al.

linearization methods. The Adomian’s decomposition method [9] [10], homo-

topy perturbation method [11] [12] [13], He’s variational iteration method, ho-
motopy analysis method, Galerkin method, collocation method, and other me-
thods [14] [15] [16] have all been used to solve equations of various categories,
such as linear or nonlinear, ordinary differential or partial differential equations,
integer or fractional, etc. The decomposition method [17] is a good way to get
analytic solutions for a large class of dynamical systems without closure approxi-
mation, perturbation theory, assumptions of linearization or weak nonlinearity,
or restrictive assumptions on stochasticity. Even though perturbation methods
can only give approximate solutions to non-linear fractional differential equa-
tions, in general, there is no method that gives an exact answer. Adomian’s de-
composition method also gives an approximation to a solution for nonlinear
equations by keeping the problem in its original form. In this paper, we use the
Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) to obtain the solution of the time-
fractional Klein-Gordon Equation:
∂α
u ( x, t ) + bu ( x, t ) + g ( u ( x, t ) ) =
f ( x, t ) (1)
∂t α

2. Preliminaries
Definition 2.1. The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order α >
0 is defined as:
1
J xα f ( x ) ( x − t ) f ( t ) dt , t > 0, ( m − 1 < α ≤ m ) , m ∈ .
x α −1

Γ (α ) ∫0
= (2)

Definition 2.2. The fractional derivative of f(x) in Caputo sense is defined as:

f ( ) (ξ )
m
1
Dxα f ( x ) dξ , ( m − 1 < α ≤ m ) , x > 0, m ∈ ,
x

Γ ( m − α ) ∫0 ( x − ξ )α +1− m
=
(3)
= J xm −α D m f ( x )

Here D m ≡ d m dx m and J xα stands for the Riemann-Liouville fractional

integral operator of order α > 0 clearly from the definition, we have:
Γ ( µ + 1)
=Dxα x µ x µ −α , µ > −1 (4)
Γ ( µ − α + 1)

For Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and Caputo fractional derivative, we

have the following relation:
m −1
( a ) xk !
k
( x) f ( x) − ∑ f (
J xα Dxα f=
k) +
(5)
k =0

The Caputo fractional derivative is employed in this case because it permits

standard initial and boundary conditions to be included in the problem’s for-
mulation.
Definition 2.3. In order for m to be the smallest positive integer greater than
α, the Caputo time-fractional derivative operator of order α > 0 is defined as:

DOI: 10.4236/am.2023.146024 412 Applied Mathematics

 D. Albogami et al.

∂ α u ( x, t )
D∗αt u ( x, t ) =
∂t α
 m −α −1 ∂ u ( x, ξ )
m
1
( )
t

Γ(m − α ) 0
∫ t − ξ
∂ξ m
dξ , for m − 1 < α < m (6)
=
 ∂ u ( x, t )
m

 , for α= m ∈ N
 ∂t m

3. Adomian Decomposition Method for Nonlinear Fractional

Partial Differential Equations
We consider the nonlinear fractional partial differential equation written in an
operator form as:

Dtα u ( x, t ) + Lu ( x, t ) + Nu ( x, t ) = g ( x, t ) , x > 0 (7)

where Dtα is caputo fractional derivative of order α ( m − 1 < α ≤ m ), defined by

Equation (3), L is a linear operator which might include other fractional deriva-
tives of order less than α, N is a non-linear operator which also might include
other fractional derivatives of order less than α, g(x, t) is source term. We apply
the operator J tα to both sides of Equation (6); use result (5) to obtain:
m −1
 ∂k u  t k
u ( x=
,t ) ∑ k  + J tα g ( x, t ) − J tα  Lu ( x, t ) + Nu ( x, t )  . (8)
k = 0  ∂t t = 0 k !

Next, we decompose the unknown function u into sum of an infinite number

of components given by the decomposition series:
∞
u = ∑ un (9)
n =0

and the nonlinear term is decomposed as follows:

∞
Nu = ∑ An (10)
n =0

where An are the adomian polynomials given by:

1  dn  n i 
= =  N ∑ λ ui   , n 0,1, 2, (11)
n !  dλ n  i =0
An
  λ =0

From this formula, all terms of Adomian polynomials can be derived. Listed
below are the first few terms extracted from this formula:
∂β
u0 ( x , y )
A0 = u0 ( x, y )
∂x β
∂β ∂β
=A1 u0 ( x, y ) β u1 ( x, y ) + u1 ( x, y ) β u0 ( x, y ) (12)
∂x ∂x
∂β ∂β ∂β
A2 = u0 ( x, y ) β u2 ( x, y ) + u1 ( x, y ) β u1 ( x, y ) + u2 ( x, y ) β u0 ( x, y )
∂x ∂x ∂x
The components u0 , u1 , u2 , are determined recursively by substituting (9),
(10) into (8) leads to:

DOI: 10.4236/am.2023.146024 413 Applied Mathematics

D. Albogami et al.

∞ m −1  ∂k u  t k   ∞  ∞ 
∑=
un ∑  ∂t k  k ! + J tα g ( x, t ) − J tα  L  ∑ un  + ∑ An  (13)
=n 0 k =0  t = 0 =   n 0=  n0 
This can be written as:
u0 + u1 + u2 + 
m −1
 ∂k u  t k (14)
= ( )
∑  ∂t k  k ! + J tα g ( x, t ) − J tα  L u0 + u1 + u2a +  + ( A0 + A1 + A2 + ) ,
k =0  t = 0
m −1
∂k
∑ ∂y k u ( x,0+ ) k ! + J αy ( g ( x ) )
yk
=u0 ( x , y )
k =0

u1 ( x, y ) = − J αy ( A0 )
u2 ( x, y ) = − J αy ( A1 ) (15)
u3 ( x, y ) = − J y ( A2 )
α


− J αy ( An ) , n ≥ 0
un +1 ( x, y ) =
Adomian method uses formal recursive relations as:
m −1  ∂k u  t k
=u0 ∑  ∂t k  + J tα g ( x, t )
k =0  t = 0 k ! (16)
− J t  L ( uk ) + ( Ak ) 
uk +1 = α

4. Applications
4.1. Example 1
We consider one-dimensional Time Fractional Klein-Gordon Equation:
∂α u ∂ 2 u
= −u (17)
∂t α ∂x 2
with initial condition:
u ( x,0 ) 0,=
= ut ( x,0 ) x
1 < α ≤ 2, t > 0, x ∈ R (18)
α =1
The results of ADM’s solution to this problem using maple are displayed in
Table 1 and Figure 1.

4.2. Example 2
We consider one-dimensional Time Fractional Klein-Gordon Equation:
∂α u ∂ 2 u
= −u (19)
∂t α ∂x 2
with initial condition:
u ( x,0 ) 0,=
= ut ( x,0 ) x
1 < α ≤ 2, t > 0, x ∈ R (20)
α = 1.5
The results of ADM’s solution to this problem using maple are displayed in
Table 2 and Figure 2.

DOI: 10.4236/am.2023.146024 414 Applied Mathematics

 D. Albogami et al.

Table 1. Numerical results and exact solution of time fractional Klein-Gordon equation
for example 1.

x Exact solution Numerical solution Error

0.00100000 0.00099900 0.00100000 0.00000100
0.00200000 0.00199600 0.00200000 0.00000400
0.00300000 0.00299101 0.00300000 0.00000899
0.00400000 0.00398402 0.00399999 0.00001597
0.00500000 0.00497504 0.00499998 0.00002494
0.00600000 0.00596407 0.00599996 0.00003589
0.00700000 0.00695111 0.00699994 0.00004883
0.00800000 0.00793617 0.00799991 0.00006374
0.00900000 0.00891924 0.00899988 0.00008064
0.01000000 0.00990033 0.00999983 0.00009950

Figure 1. Numerical results and exact solution of time fractional Klein-Gordon equation
for example 1.

Table 2. Numerical results and exact solution of time fractional Klein-Gordon equation
for example 2.

x Exact solution Numerical solution Error

0.00100000 0.00000100 0.00000099 0.00000001
0.00200000 0.00000400 0.00000395 0.00000005
0.00300000 0.00000900 0.00000885 0.00000015
0.00400000 0.00001600 0.00001570 0.00000030
0.00500000 0.00002500 0.00002447 0.00000053
0.00600000 0.00003600 0.00003516 0.00000084
0.00700000 0.00004900 0.00004777 0.00000123
0.00800000 0.00006400 0.00006228 0.00000172
0.00900000 0.00008100 0.00007869 0.00000231
0.01000000 0.00010000 0.00009699 0.00000301

DOI: 10.4236/am.2023.146024 415 Applied Mathematics

D. Albogami et al.

Figure 2. The exact and approximate solutions result of time fractional Klein-Gordon
equation for example 2.

5. Conclusion
This study employs the Maple18 software to solve the time-fractional Klein-
Gordon equation via the Adomian decomposition technique. In Table 1 and
Table 2, the numerical answer and correct solution are displayed. A comparison
of numerical results demonstrates that the numerical solution is typically rele-
vant to the exact solution, confirming the efficacy of the procedure and the abil-
ity to swiftly and easily obtain the numerical solution correlating to the exact
solution. In addition, the outcomes are astoundingly precise. We demonstrated
that the decomposition method is quite effective at identifying exact solutions.
However, the method provides a straightforward and effective instrument for
obtaining the solutions without requiring extensive computations. It is also im-
portant to note that one advantage of this method is the rapid convergence of
the solutions. In addition, the numerical outcomes of this method indicate a
high level of precision and effectiveness in attaining the desired outcomes. By
applying the ADM, it is possible to construct approximate solutions to algebraic
equations, fractional ordinary differential equations (time-fractional Riccati eq-
uations, etc.), fractional partial differential equations (time-fractional Kawahara
equations, modified time-fractional Kawahara equations, etc.), integro-differential
equations, differential algebraic equations, etc. In practical applications, we can
choose a finite sum based on the required precision.

Acknowledgements
This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King
Abdulaziz University. The author, therefore, acknowledges with thanks DSR’s

DOI: 10.4236/am.2023.146024 416 Applied Mathematics

 D. Albogami et al.

technical and financial support.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.

References
[1] Tarasov, V.E. (2021) General Fractional Calculus: Multi-Kernel Approach. Mathe-
matics, 9, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9131501
[2] Cai, M. and Li, C. (2020) Numerical Approaches to Fractional Integrals and Deriva-
tives: A Review. Mathematics, 8, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8010043
[3] Das, S. (2008) Functional Fractional Calculus for System Identification and Con-
trols. Springer, Berlin.
[4] Faragó, I. and Filipov, S.M. (2020) The Linearization Methods as a Basis to Derive
the Relaxation and the Shooting Methods.
[5] Ray, S.S., Chaudhuri, K.S. and Bera, R.K. (2006) Analytical Approximate Solution of
Nonlinear Dynamic System Containing Fractional Derivative by Modified Decom-
position Method. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 182, 544-552.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2006.04.016
[6] Wang, Q. (2006) Numerical Solutions for Fractional KdV-Burgers Equation by
Adomian Decomposition Method. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 182,
1048-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2006.05.004
[7] Wu, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, J. and Zeng, X. (2023) Applications of Fractional Diffe-
rentiation Matrices in Solving Caputo Fractional Differential Equations. Fractal and
Fractional, 7, 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7050374
[8] Ding, W., Patnaik, S., Sidhardh, S. and Semperlotti, F. (2021) Applications of Dis-
tributed-Order Fractional Operators: A Review. Entropy, 23, 110.
https://doi.org/10.3390/e23010110
[9] Agom, E.U. (2022) Application of Adomian Decomposition Method in Solving
Second Order Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations. International Journal of
Engineering Science Invention, 4, 60-65.
[10] Li, W. and Pang, Y. (2020) Application of Adomian Decomposition Method to
Nonlinear Systems. Advances in Difference Equations, 2020, Article No. 67.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-2529-y
[11] Momani, S. and Odibat, Z. (2007) Homotopy Perturbation Method for Nonlinear
Partial Differential Equations of Fractional Order. Physics Letters A, 365, 345-350.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2007.01.046
[12] Sweilam, N.H., Khader, M.M. and Al-Bar, R.F. (2007) Numerical Studies for a Mul-
ti-Order Fractional Differential Equation. Physics Letters A, 371, 26-33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2007.06.016
[13] Hashim, I., Abdulaziz, O. and Momani, S. (2009) Homotopy Analysis Method for
Fractional IVPs. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation,
14, 674-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.09.014
[14] Adomian, G. (1990) A Review of the Decomposition Method and Some Recent Re-
sults for Nonlinear Equations. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 13, 17-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(90)90125-7
[15] Adomian, G. (1988) A Review of the Decomposition Method in Applied Mathe-

DOI: 10.4236/am.2023.146024 417 Applied Mathematics

D. Albogami et al.

matics. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 135, 501-544.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-247X(88)90170-9
[16] Yu, C.-H. (2022) Application of Fractional Fourier Series in Evaluating Fractional
Integrals. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology
Research, 10, 38-44.
[17] Wazwaz, A.M. (1999) A Reliable Modification of Adomian Decomposition Method.
Applied Mathematics and Computation, 102, 77-86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0096-3003(98)10024-3

DOI: 10.4236/am.2023.146024 418 Applied Mathematics