SOLUTIONS mixture

SOLUTE t SOLVENT Ehysiighshange

small amount large amount

homogenous

no new substance is formed

SOLID T LIQUID
salt NaCl sugar Ck 422011 t water or other

2mg G H iz 06 liquid

sodium chloride

Liquid Li Qui D 70 alcohol

juice in water

GAS LIQUID

Oz polar fizzy stings

Na coffee Nitrous pola soft

non
oily creamy

sociint sejant

t flour cake

sugar
t
gold carat gold

copper

carbon t iron steel

2n Hg amalgam

LIQUID SOLID FORMATION

H2O flour OF
mist Fogg cair
 a gag at

smog Cparticus

air SOLUTIONS
Yellow SOLVENT
T

intermolecular space

qq.tk

YiectronQiond

O O
00 SOLUTE

concentration amount of solute in solvent Varies

unsaturated

saturated
solution solution solution

everysinglespotis taken bythe all of the empty

soluteparticles
Milky settle bottom

peoplehangingoff
on bus taken up bus

plenty of empty
available
riddingon top
space

am

solids T temp A solubility Éoffee

GASES I temp Msolubility

PRESSURE effect

GAS T Pressure T solubility Henry's law

t
I

atmeton

y t

attraction


COVALENT COMPOUNDS
s other solvents

do not ionize in water

intermolecular forces

dipole dipole

London dispersion

hydrogen bonding

trend in P.T
For E N

low

p S

F ÉI Polar

identity

polarity

molecule
in

LONDON DISPERSION FORCES L D F

spread of e clouds

solute solvent lots of

non
polar a non polar f it bonds Non POLAR

Olive oil quo

canola oil sesame oil

ex SOAP polar end t nonpolar

attracted toHoop attracted to grease

hydwIFC XXX

HYDROGEN end c it sad

BONDING loves Heo polar

hates oil hydrophobia'Ed

hates H2O
Is gs

it it

identify hydrogen bonding

TI p's

more E N in moleall
atom

the that side is attracted

to H2O will dissolve


methanol THE OH
nonpolar

II

HI E p
1H
H poloverd
very weak

nonpolar hydrogen bonding

Octanol Cgt OH lendinglone pairs

greasy mend

i
t

hydrogen

bonding Its polar hydrophilic

go
S

ELECTROLYTES

ionic soluble in H2O

ions ions

dissolves in H2O

breakupinto
these Lions

2 STEPS

WEAK ELECTROLYTES

REY go bank
VINEGAR

Forth

YÉIon

breaks up 2 reverts back

don't

conduct
electricity

Jar 94,20g no ion

 J 6 1206 1

RULES

SOLUBILITY

SOLUBLE IN H2O aq

insoluble in H2O s
precipitate ppt

ionic

AQI 1st

Ba5041st Ca5041st

OH t insoluble ext group IA Bacot yaa

example
identify the solubility of the
followingcompound

ionize them in water

a r e
 REFERENCE

Barium Nitrate

BatNOsd Ba Nos
solubainito

all nitrates are

labium hydroxide

cat OH Calo H z s

all hydroxides insoluble in Hao

Tin phosphate

Sn 4 PO43 Sn3 PO4 41s

insoluble

Sodium carbonate

Nat 052 Naz 903 lad

IA SOLUBLE
group

ammonium sulfate

NHI 8042 NH412504lad

soluble in H2O

ionizing equations STEPS

1 identify the products

2 balance mole mlav eq

3
solubility fsifaal felly

4 tonite total ionic equation

S spectator ions do not show change in phase

aka remain Cage on both sides

6 NET IONIC ions that show changein state

 to charge 8

charge
2 zve que Sve Gre Ave o

3 4 3 2 I o

fintertinsition 7 3 4 3 y
4 2 i o

2 it
4

Tes
transition
post

negative metalloids

age NON METALS

 check 9 S page 339

study m'éÉ CP.FI

Pb NO 3 a
2 KCI Pbc iz 2K NO

Mtf balance equation

identify solubility
Pb NOstag t2kCl Pb Clas t2 KNO

af 3
lag

total ionic equation do not ionize't Is

insolublecompounds

add the charges

Pb No312 2 KCI Pb Cla is 2 KNO Cag

gag

IF't ftp Pbcl

1st
zt2kt
agl
2ios
fact

speitator ions do not change

NET ionic ions that show change

Pbtzag t 2C ITag Pb Cla s

effects of temperature pressure

on solubility

temp t solubility T SOLID

temp I solubility T G AS

HENRY'S LAW pressure T solubility M G AS


EQUIVALENTS
amount of ions I mole of t

or
charge

TYPES OF IONS CHARGE of moles

t

Nat L Kt

Nhut th leg

Catz Mgt 3 2 2 Eq
3

Fet A 1 3 BEE

CI BEI

CH 3600 1 leg

1104 Ha POI

052 5042 2
2Eq
3 3

704 3Eq

STUDY CHECK 9.2

1250mn moles of Cl

109 Eq of Cl A solution or 109m EqCI IL solution

leg 1,000 meg given

ggg

iton Yet
 based

tiff

on tu
charge
la
MEET

1250mi solution

X
y.to y109MEC 136.2 mEqct

now convert

Meg Eq 1312 X
f mEg
0.136 Eger

0.136 Ego X 0 136 moles oft

Igg

if it was fulfate a phosphorus

s s p p
qq.gg

33qg
4Efdfotpbt
pbt4 4

CONCENTRATION

amount of solute in total solution

m molo mass solute

grams x 10001

mass solution so 10

name soft

IIEegarpresentinsogtz

Mayo 1839,1kt x 100 16.67mmol

 g

Og NaCl

sgs.fi axio

555,11mn 3 45m mofo NaCl solution

Yolinemisitanx 100

12mi Bra let

X 100 4 8 Yugo of

250mi solution
Bra in CC 14

mass of solute
x 100

volume of solution
Masato

12g NaOH
X 100

220 mL solution
S 45 my
NaOH solution

molarity of moles of solute

L of the solution

me L

Foom

molarity

0 350L solution

molar mass of KN 03

N
39
14 7 9 1703 0.742

9 EE.IE

3 a.r KtYfution

CONVERSION FACTORS SOLUTIONS

Nacl solution

15 15g Nacl
total solution
100g of

 15g NaCl

10 allohol solution 10 me allohol

100 me solution

2 solution
2g of sugar

sugar

100mL of solution

a 100mi of solution

of
2g sugar

2 0 m HMOs acid 2

alway thot solution 9IIa.tt uf

o HIEIAo

how of
0.60 me many g

morphine

2 0 7 2
Og morphine

100mL solution

0 60gsolution y 2.0gmorphine 0 of morphine

100ms solution
012g

ML of HCl

 HCI I convert to moles

of
164g

W molar mass H I

convert ML

of Me L Hc
g

6 om Hel
FEI d.gg
a

164g Hcl
IgE

x
4 Ss moas HCl

M Moles of solution

volume ul solution
U
Iffy
V 4 SS moles

0.7592 L X 1,000

6.0 Molarity convert to me 759 me

of HCl solution

Find moles of HCl M Fifers

g 225 l

V me convert me

m 0.200 M HCl convert moles HCl moles 2h

to mold
using mole conversion

given in the balanced equation

moles 2h
grams 2h

w molar mass Look at P T


22 S me L 0 225 L

moles of HC I 0 200 M X 0 225 L

0.045 moles of HCl

O 045m as Hel x JÉÉ 0.0225

moles of 2n

otan

0.0225 moles of an X 1 47g

check 4 balanced
eq

26.8mi 11000 0.0268 L moles

ML
Moffitt

0 330M Na 504 M MYERS

0 216M Bada solution
q.tkIf4z

me

mi L

findmolesof Back me 0 00578 moles

of Bast 2

Findmoles of Na soy mole'm y

And volume of Naz504 V Mffanity

0.00578 moles
Bash ÉÉ 0.00578
moles of Na 504

volume of Naz504 Moly 0.005 78

molarity 0.330M Mason

0075 L C 1 SO
 0.0175L of Na SOL

0.0175L X 1,000 17.54mi of NES04

DILUTION a specific amount of water

mixing w

T t t t

M Vi Ma V2 physical process
not a chemicalreaction

molarity
T t volume

Solution total

initial v

15 I 125mL of 3 7

C V C V2

V V2 125m

C 15 7 Co 3 7
sml
u.lk

V IF sY

V2 25mL of 15 F

convert mi
blemolarity uses liters

Mi v man some O.O SOL

4.00 10.0501 M 0 2001 200mi O 2002

M2 4

9501
4 ma 1 Kott solution

properties of

solution I t ighIasses can

colloids large statteredlight

Suspensions verylarge y TYNDALL EFFECT

LOWERING OF VAPOR PRESSURE

WHAT IS BOILING

atm less mountainsandhills foisting

at m more in the beach to he

Osmosis
when atm pressure vaporpressure

Boiling Occurs

matymosphepressure

hatervard

as

hydrogen

St
H
bonding
s's
creates a network
makes for

yo high a

SFF 9 I s boiling point

need lot of

a heat for a
long time to boil


pressure cooker cooks the food faster

i
8
jÉÉÉ boilingpoint 100

gyp

condenosition gtistinidinttianid and

comes down as droplets water is just recycled notgoing

anywhere

solutions will have ions solvation

higher boiling point

H H
H

Ta Q H

10,10 H

moleculescreateobstacles

to thebubblesthat want to leave

it

O city
H
H

takes longertoboil ol H

H2O molecules tied up w ions

covalent C H oh Nit hydrogenbonding

I MF L D F

dipole dipole

ELEVATION IN B PT Atb change in b point

A Tb i Kb M

DEPRESSION IN F PT ATF

ATF i Ff M

molality

misstate m

ebullioscopic constant solvent

H2O Kb O Stocks mole

Kt 1.86 agmole

I actual of moles

NaCl Nat CI i 2
Myth 2 Br i 3 ionize

Mg Bra

Feels Fet 311 i 4 electrolytes

2

Ala 504 ZAI 3504 I S

molecules that don't ionize always i 1

ex sugar

 don't forget the negative

that have
Organic compound
and C
lots of it

A Tb i Kb M Kb 0.51 s
kymole

I I bl they
don't ionize
 d ionize
non electrolyte

Atb 1 Co si Ymous

AT b 0 380C 75,25ft

A Tb Tfinal T initial pure H2O B P

38 I TF 100 1000C

Tf 100 380 C

OSMOSIS flow of Hao from higher

concentration to lower loreen

a semi permeable membrane

through

LOW

throughthe pores osmosis

Hi fit
Hoo

osmolarity skip not on exam

Osmotic pressure

application Dyalisis