Tally Sticks  Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm

Leibniz in 1672
 Ancient memory aid device  Can automatically add, subtract,
 Record and document numbers, multiply and divide
quantities or even messages
Jacquard Loom
Abacus
 Invented by Joseph-Marie
 Mechanical device used in Jacquard in 1881
performing mathematical  An automatic loom controlled by
calculations punched cards
 Invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
 Performs basic arithmetic Arithmometer
operations
 A mechanical calculator invented
Napier’s Bones by Thomas de Colmar in 1820
 The first commercially successful
 Invented by John Napier in 1614 calculating machine
 Allows operator to multiply,  The first mass-produced
divide, calculate the squareand calculating machine
cube roots
Difference Engine and Analytical
Slide Rule Engine
 Invented by William Oughtred in
 An automatic, mechanical
1622
calculator designed to tabulate
 Based on Napier’s ideas on polynomial functions
logarithms
 Invented by Charles Babbage in
 Used for multiplications, division, 1822and 1834
roots, logarithms, trigonometry
 It is the first mechanical computer
 Not used for addition or
subtraction First Computer Programmer
Pascaline  In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron
suggests to Babbage that he use the
 Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 binary system
 Limited to addition and  She writes programs for Analytical
subtraction Engine
 It is too expensive

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

 Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in
Stepped Reckoner 1843
  Based on Charles Babbage Clifford Berry at Iowa State
Difference Engine University between 1939 and 1942
 The first printing calculator
ENIAC
Tabulating Machine
 ENIAC stands for Electronic
 Invented by Herman Hollerith in Numerical Integrator and
1890 Computer
 Used to assist in summarizing  The first electronic general-
information and accounting purpose computer
 Completed in 1946
Harvard Mark 1  Developed by John Presper Eckert
 Also known as IBM Automatic and John W. Mauchly
Sequence Controlled Calculator UNIVAC 1
(ASCC)
 Invented by Howard H. Aiken in  The UNIVAC 1 (Universal
1943 Automatic Computer 1) was the
 The first electro-mechanical first commercial computer
computer  Designed by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly
Z1
EDVAC
 The first programmable Computer
 Created by Konrad Zuse in  EDVAC stands for Electronic
Germany from 1936-1938 discrete Variable Automatic
 To program the Z1 required that Computer
the user insert punch tape into a  The first stored program
punch tape reader and all output computer
was also generated through punch  Designed by Von Neumann in
tape 1952
 It has a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data

The First Portable Computer

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
 Osborne 1 – the first portable
 The first electronic digital computer
computing device  Released in 1981 by the Osborne
 Invented by Professor John Computer Corporation
Atanasoff and graduate student
The First Computer Company
  Electronic Controls Company  Second-generation computers
 Founded in 1949 by J. Presper moved from cryptic binary
Eckert and John Mauchly machine language to symbolic,
or assembly languages, which
The First Generation allow programmers to specify
 Used vacuum tubes for circuitry instructions in words
 Has magnetic Drums for memory  Still relied on punched cards
for input and printouts for
 Often enormous , taking up entire
output
rooms
 The first computers that stored
 Very expensive to operate and
their instructions in their
consume a great deal of electricity
memory, which moved from a
which generates a lot of heat,
magnetic drum to magnetic
which was often the cause of
core technology
malfunctions
 Relies on machine language, the
lowest-level programming
understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they
could only solve one problem at a
time
 Input was based on punched cards
and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts

The Third Generation

 Development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark of the
third generation of computers
The Second Generation  Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called
 Transistor replaced vacuum semiconductors, which drastically
tubes increased the speed and efficiency
 One transistor replaced the of computers
equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes  Much smaller and cheaper
 Allowing computers to become compare to the second generation
smaller, faster, cheaper, more computers
energy efficient and more  It could carry out instructions in
reliable billionths of a second
 Still generated a great deal of  Users interacted with computers
heat that can damage the through keyboards and monitors
computer and interfaced with an operating
 system, which allowed the device make artificial intelligence a
to run many different applications reality
at one time with a central program  The goal is to develop devices that
that monitored the memory respond to natural language input
 Computers for the first time and are capable of learning and
became accessible to a mass self-organization
audience because they were  There are some applications, such
smaller and cheaper than their as voice recognition, that are being
predecessors used today

The Fourth Generation

 The microprocessor brought the
fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits
were built onto a single silicon chip
 As these small computers became
more powerful, they could be
linked to form networks, which
eventually led to the development
of the internet
 Fourth generations computers also
saw the development of GUIs, the
mouse and handheld devices

The Fifth Generation

 Based on Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
 It is still in development
 The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to