Lesson 1 3. What does the psychology program cover first?

Brain functions
The Central Nervous System
Ejercicio 2
Psychocology
1. Mental -> Relating to the mind
State College has a comprehensive psychology program. All 2. Process -> a set of events that take place in a
students begin with the functions of the brain. Students certain order
Will also learn about various mental processes. Later, 3. Assess -> to evaluate something
classes cover how these processes affect people´s 4. Treat -> to try to cure a medical condition
behavior. The program requires students to take several lab 5. Behavior ->an observable action
course. Some labs docus on the mental effects from a 6. Environment -> a physical setting
subject´s environment. Others examine the relationship 7. Physical state -> the status of the body´s systems
between behavior and physical states. 8. Psychology -> the study of the mind
Students have two academic plans to choose from. One Ejercicio 3
focuses on clinical psychology. This prepares students to
assess and treat mental disorders. The second career path A. Many different factors affect people´s minds
is academic. Students Will learn more about research. They B. The brain directs many processes, so it has many
Will also learn how to design experiments. different functions
C. What are the two plans in the psychology program?
Environmet Medio, entorno The program includes a clinical psychology plan and
Assess evaluar an Academic plan.
Treat tratamiento
Physical state Condición física Ejercicio 4
Behavior Comportamiento
1. The man is considering enrolling in the psychology
program (T)
What do students learn about in a psychology program? 2. The man is especially interested in doing research
(T)
In a psychology program, students learn:
3. The woman recommends trying another major. (F)
 about the brain.
Ejercicio 5
 about different functions of the brain.
 learn how the brain works. A. I think the human mind is really interesting
 they learn about the scientific method. B. You´d definitely learn a lot about that
 Some programs teach how to design experiments as A. Yeah, and I´m also really interested in helping
well. people
B. You can do that with a psychology degree. Why aren
What kind of work do psychologist do?
´t yo usure yet?
Psychologist do many different kinds of work: A. I think research is really boring
B. Research is pretty important for a psychology
 Some psychologist work directly with people.
degree. You´d better think about it.
 They help people who have mental disorders.
 They also help people who just want to feel better. Focus on:
 Others work in labs.
 Processes affect people’s behavior
 They do experiments to learn more about the mind
 Mental effects form a subject’s environment.
Ejercicio  Relationship between behavior and physical states.
 Clinical psychology: assess and treat mental
1. What is the purpose of the website?
disorders
To describe course in the psychology program
 Research : how to design experiments
2. Which og the following is NOT parto f the
psychology program? Student and advisor
Developing new medicine
A: What do you like about it?
B: I think the human mind is really interesting.
A: I’m thinking about majoring in psychology
B: what do you like about it?
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
A: I’m interested in conducting research
B: that’s a good start. What else? The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS
A: I think that the human mind is really interesting. integrates sensory information from muscle and sensory
organs. The brain processes these messages. Then, the CNS
Adjectives to describe the personality directs the body´s behavior.

1. Ambitious 11. friendly The messages are transmitted through neurons. Some
2. Annoying 12. flirtatious neurons are parto f gray matter. They control cognition.
3. Bad- tempered 13. Friendly Others are parto f White matter. These are responsable
4. Brave 14. Honest for communication between parts of the brain.
5. Carefree 15. laid back
6. Careless 16. Mean Th espinal cord sends messages from the body back to the
7. Conservative 17. Naive body. Sometimes, however, messages bypass the brain
8. Charming 18. Polite altogether. This is the case with reflexes. Th espinal cord
9. Cheerful 19. Trustworthy 20. weird directs these behaviors with no input from the brain
10. Hard working
Vocabulary

1. Brain -> the organ in the body responsable for

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
thinking
The CNS consist of the brain and spinal cord. It is referred 2. Neuron -> a nerve cell
to as “central” because it combines information from the 3. Process -> to take in and understand something
entire body and coordinates activity across the whole 4. White matter -> a parto f the CNS that does not
organism. contrain nerve cell bodies
5. Gray matter -> a parto of the CNS that contains
1. What are the parts of the Central nervous System?
nerve cell
The CNS has two main parts. These are the brain and
6. Sensory information -> information that comes from
the spinal cord. The brain is the large organ in the skull.
the sense organs
The spinal cord us a bundle of nerves that extends
down the back. The spinal cord allows the brain Ejercicio
communicate with the rest of the body.
1. Th espinal cord is located in a person´s back
2. What does the center nervous system control?
2. The brain has to integrate sensory information from
The CNS controls a lot of the body´s behavior. The
different áreas of the body
spinal cord sends the brain sensory information from
3. A fast, uncontrollable response is a(n) reflex
the environment. The, the brain integrates and
4. The CNS sends and receives messages to and from
processes this information. It uses the information to
the body
direct behavior. Much of the behavior of humans is
directed by the CNS What is the relationship between reflexes and the
brain?
Ejercicios
Reflexes do not go through the brain. The behavior takes
1. Wht is the chapter mainly about?
place without any input from the brain.
The process of sending messages through the body.
2. Which of the following is NOT a function of the Ejercicio
brain?
Controlling reflexes  The woman confuses the two main structures of the
3. What is the difference between White matter CNS. (F)
and gray matter?  The man reviews the different parts of the brain
The part presence of nerve cells (F)
  The man identifies the source of sensory
information (T)

Ejercicio

A. Okay. Let´s go over it again. What are two main

structure
B. The brain and spinal cord
A. That´s right. Now, do you know what the brain
does?
B. It receives information right? SESIÓN N° 02
A. That´s right. Where does it receive that
information from?
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THE
B. Um, I´m not sure BRAIN ( PART 1)
Ejercico Temas:

1. The CNS is made of brainand spinal cord  The Peripheral Nervous System
 Autonomic nervous system
2. The CNS integrates sensory information from muscles  Parasympathetic
and sensory organs.  The Brain –Part 1
3. The messages are transmitted trough neurons. 1. The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord.
4. The spinal cord sends messages from the body to the 2. The PNS, on the other hand, is made of all the nerves
brain. outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Resumen 3. The PNS´s main purpose is to connect the body to the
 The nervous system control sour movement emotions, CNS. The nerves of the PNS do not have any protection, but
thoughts, and even the actions that we don´t think about the CNS is protected.
 The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central 4. It is helpful do divide up the nervous system into smaller
nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. systems : It make easier to study, It can help scientists
 The central nervous system consists of the brain and understand disorders of the Nervous System more easily
spinal cord. It is the control centre of the entire nervous
system The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 The brain is divided into three parts: the forebrain,
 The PNS is divided into two separate systems. Both rely
midbrain and hindbrain.
on sensory nerves and motor nerves. They send messages
 The forebrain is the largest section of the brain. It
to and from the brain.
consists of three main parts: the cerebrum, thalamus and
 The somatic nervous system- This controls the body’s
hypothalamus. It control sour actions and sensory
voluntary movements.
functions
 The automatic nervous system- This controls the body’s
 The midbrain is the smallest part of the brain and is
involuntary responses, like respiration.
located below the cerebrum
 The automatic nervous system is further divided.
 The sympathetic division- This system is more active
when something threatens the body. It increases heart
rate, for example.
 The parasympathetic division- This system is more active
when the body is at rest. It is responsible for lowering
the heart rate

Ejercicio

1. What is the purpose of the poster?

To outline the functions of different systems
 2. Which of the following is NOT a division of the 2. These are the occipital, frontal, insular, parietal, and
PNS? temporal lobes. The cerebellum is also divided in halves,
The involuntary nervous system called hemispheres.
3. What is true about automatic nervous system?
3. Brain have different functions.
It has one division that lowers the heart rate.
4. Some parts of the brain are responsible for talking,
Ejercicio
Reading and understanding speech.
1. The peripheral nervous system contains all the
5. Others are responsible for interpreting visual stimuli.
nerves outside od the brain and spinal cord.
2. Something is involuntary if a person cannot control 6. Others parts of the brain control problem solving and
it. critical thinking
3. Internal processes, like digestion, are a part of
autonomic nervous system. THE CEREBRUM
4. A(n) voluntary action is one that a person can The cerebrum is the largest divison of the human brain. It
control has two identical hemispheres. These are on the left and
What is the difference between the sympathetic and right. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres.
parasympathetic divisions? The cerebrum is further divided into lobes. They are the
 The sympathetic division is most active when the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the
body is under stress. temporal lobe, and the insular lobe. Each of these lobes has
 The parasympathetic division is most active when a different function. For example, the auditory corte xis in
the body is resting. the temporal lobe. The occipital lobe is home to the visual
cortex. The somatosensory cortex and motor cortex are
Ejercicio near each other. They are located where the parietal,
temporal, and frontal lobes meet.
 The speaker are reviewing for a quiz (T)
 The woman incorrectly identifies the autonomic Ejercicio
nervous system. (F)
 The woman confuses the sympathetic división with 1. What is the chapter mainly about?
psrasympathetic división. (T) The different división of the cerebrum
2. Which of the following is NOT true of the
Ejercicio cerebrum?
It has hundreds of lobes
A. Let´s review for the quiz. What parto f the PNS
3. Which of the following is parto f the occipital
control voluntary movements?
lobe?
B. That would be the somatic nervous system, Ithink
The visual cortex
A. You´re right. Now, what controls involuntary
behavior Ejercicio
B. The, um, autonomic system?
A. Right again. So that´s what´s in control when you  Visual cortex -> the part of the brain that
´re under stress. interprets information seen by the eyes
B. Yeah. More specifically, it´s the parasympathy  Frontal lobe -> the front parto f the cerebrum
división. No, wait. It´s the sympathetic división.  Insular lobe -> A part of thecerebrum that controls
consciousness and emotion-
The Brain ( part 1 )  Temporal lobe -> the bottom middie part os the
cerebrum
The brain only makes up a small percentage of the body, it
 Parietal lobe -> The top middie parto f the
plays a crucial role in the body's functions and overall well-
cerebrum
being.
 Occipital lobe -> the rear parto f the cerebrum
1. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. And it has  Corpus callosum -> a group of fibers that connects
smaller parts, too. It has five main lobes. the two halves of the cerebrum
 Hemisphere -> one half of somting round
Ejercicio

 The scientist the largest divison of the human brain

->cerebrum
 The part of the brain that interprets sounds is
located in the temporal lobe -> auditory cortex
 Damage to the parto f the brain that controls
movements can lead to trouble walking -> motor
cortex
 The parto f the brain that senses the body´s
position and movement is near the parietal lobe ->
somatosensory cortex

What connects the cerebrum´s hemispheres?

SESIÓN N° 03
The corpus callosum is what connects the left and right
hemispheres THE BRAIN ( PART 2)
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body Agenda:

The cerebrum controls higher functions such as learning, 1. The Brain part 02
reasoning, and speech, plus senses like sight and hearing 2. Amigdala, brain stem, cerebellum
3. Hyphotalamus, limbic system
The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating muscle
4. Medula
movements, particularly those that help maintain the body's
balance and posture Apuntes:

The thalamus, which processes and transmits information 1. The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord.
from all senses except smell, and the hypothalamus and 2. The PNS, on the other hand, is made of all the
pituitary gland, which work together to produce and nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.
regulate neurochemicals. These structures help govern 3. The PNS´s main purpose is to connect the body to
sensations, weight regulation, energy, and instinctual the CNS. The nerves of the PNS do not have any
behaviors, such as eating, drinking, and having sex. protection, but the CNS is protected.
4. It is helpful do divide up the nervous system into
Ejercicio
smaller systems : It make easier to study, It can
 The patient suffered a head injury (T) help scientists understand disorders of the Nervous
 The doctors suspect that the man´s temporal lobe System more easily.
is damaged (F) 5. the brain coordinates all of the body's function
 The patient´s condition could lead to visión
What parts of the brain help control the body´s senses?
problems (T)
Various parts of the brain help control the body´s
Ejercicio
different sense. For instance, the brain stem´s midbrain
1. How is the patient today? Psichologist helps control vision and hearing. In contrast, one of the
2. No changes. We still don’t know the extent of his functions of the limbic system´s amygdalae is to help
brain damage. control the sense of smell.
1. Where was he injured again?
What are the differences between the brain stem and
2. Right on the back of his head. The occipital lobe may
the cerebellum?
be damaged.
1. ¡Oh no! that could lead to vision problems, right? The brain stern and the cerebellum are two different part
Psychologist of the brain, with different functions. Part of the brain
2. Yes. An injury like this could cause blindness stem control senses such as vision and hearing. Others
control involuntary functions, such as breathing and blood
pressure. The Cerebellum, however, mostly controls the 1. What area of the brain are the speakers mainly
body´s voluntary movements. discussiong?
The brain stem
THE LOWE BRAIN 2. What part did the woman identify incorrectly?
The pons
The lower brain is the área of the brain below the
cerebrum. One major part is the brain stem. Its midbrain Ejercicio
controls certain senses. It also controls the body´s
A. Excuse me. I´m having trouble understanding the
involuntary funtions in the medulla. The pons connects the
parts of the brain stem.
medulla to other parts of the brain. Another major part is
B. All right. Do you remember what the parts are?
the cerebellum. This is at the very bottom of the brain. It
A. Let´s see. There´r the medulla, pons, and midbrain,
is largely responsable for the body´s movement. In another
right?
parto d the brain, hormones control behavior and emotions.
B. Exactly. Now the midbrain governs severa log the
There, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary and gland
senses
regulate these hormones. The amydgalae also govern
A. Okay, so the medulla must be the one that controls
emotions. These are parto f the limbic system.
involuntary functions
Ejercicio B. Right. Now, do you remember what the pons does?
A. Does it run between the midbrain and medulla?
 The pons is parto f the system that controls
B. Actually, no. It connects the cerebrum and the
emotions (F)
medulla. Then it continues on to the thalamus
 The brain stem and the medulla are in the same are
of the brain (T) Ejercicio
 Hormonal functions occur within the cerebellum
1. What is the conversation about ?
Ejercicio The parts of the brain
2. What does the medulla control?
1. Pons ->The students identified the part that send
Involuntary functions
signals from the medulla to the thalamus
3. What does the pons do?
2. Limbic sytem -> The amygdalae are in the part that
It connects the cerebrum and the medulla
controls emotions
3. Brain stem -> a number of senses are governed by
Correcting a misconception
the part that contains the medulla and midbrain
4. Hypothalamus -> some emotional responses are  How to ask or think of phrases for correcting a
affected by the part that creates and releases misconception.
hormones.  Misconception = idea equivocada
 That’s not right
Ejercicio
 I think you’ll find you are wrong there.
 Each amigdala helps control certain emotions  That (just) isn’t true • No, that’s wrong.
 The midbrain helps control vision and hearing  That´s not (quite) right.
 The cerebelum helps control the body´s movements  Actually right, but…not quite
 The pituitary gland releases hormones that perform
Ejercicio
various functions
 Breathing and heartbeat are controlled in the A. Excuse me. I´m having trouble understanding the
medula part that release hormones
 The thalamus regulares the body´s alertness B. Do you remember What the parts are?
A. Let´s see. There´s the Thalamus, hypothalamus and
Which parts of the brain control involuntary functions?
Pituitary gland, right?
The parts of the brain that control involuntary functions B. Exactly. Now, the thalamus controls sleep and
are the midbrain, medulla, and pons. These make up the consciousness.
brain stem. A. So. The hypothalamus must be the one that controls
hunger and thirst.
Ejercicio
 B. Right. Now, Do you remember What the pituitary
gland does?
A. Does it run between the thalamus and the
hypothalamus?
B. Actually, no. It´s a gland below the brain that
controls growth and other functions.

Parts of the Brain : The brain stem´s parts include : The

medulla, pons, and midbrain

Functions include regulation of movement and involuntary

functions.

Part of the brain: Pituitary gland

Function: This is a gland below the brain. It controls growth

SESIÓN N° 04
and other functions

Perception and sensation

SENSATION:

 Hearing a song on the radio.

 Tasting broccoli
 Seeing your friend’s new jacket
 Sound waves enter your ear
 Chemical substances enter reception in tongue
 Light waves through you eyes
 Feeling happy because you remember the time you
were with your friend and you heard that song
 Spitting it back out because you hate broccoli
 Thinking how much you like the sweater

Objective:

Students are going to learn about perception and sensation;

making a prediction.

Concepts of Perception and sensation

Perception and sensation are two separate processes that

are very closely related.

Sensation in input about the physical word obtained by our

sensory receptors, and perception is the process by which
brain selects, organizes, and interprets these sensations.

PERCEPTION

The process of interpreting the information received by the

sensation process. The source is the information sent to the
brain through sensation Perception is a more psychological
process because information that is already stored within
your brain affects the outcome.

(La forma en que el cerebro procesa y comunica estos

sentidos al resto del cuerpo)
SENSATION A. Excuse me. I´m having trouble understanding the
part that reléase hormones
The process of receiving information through your senses,
B. Do you remember. That the parts are?
which can be interpreted by your brain. The source is the
A. Lest´see. There´s thalamus, hypothalamus and
stimuli received by your senses. Sensation is a general
pituitary gland, right?
biological process.
B. Exactly. Now, the thalamus controls sleep and
(La capacidad para detector sentidos como el tacto, dolor, la consciousness
vision o el movimiento y posicionamiento de nuestro cuerpo.) A. So. The hypothalamus must be the one that controls
hunger and thirst
READING
B. Right. Now, do you remember that the pituitary
State University –Psychology Department gland does?
A. Does it run between the thalamus and
Current experiments
hypothalamus?
Students in the psychology department perform a variety B. Actually, no. It´s gland below the brain that
of experiments. Their current focus is psychophysics. This controls growth and other functions
examines perception through the transduction of
sensations. In other words, it studies the senses. One
recent experiment studied the effects of sensory Endocrine system: this is a series of glands throughout the
adaptation. Volunteers were exposed to different levels of body. These regulate the body by releasing hormones
color variation. Students examined effects on color
Hormones: these chemicals make the body´s cells perform
perception. Now, they are testing effects of sensory
specific actions. Examples: insuline is one type of hormone.
deprivation
It regulates the amount of sugar in the blood
Another experiment studied absolute thresholds. Students
Neurotransmitters: these chemical transmit signals from
measured how well volunteers heard quiet sounds. They also
neurons to other cells. Example: norepinephrine is a
measured barely noticeable difference thresholds. This
neurotransmitter and hormone released in the brain. It
involved the change from quiet sounds to louder sounds
regulates the functions of certain bodily organs.
Next: students are now designing an experiments to test
selective attention. Subjects will focus on one image from a Neuromodulators: these are groups of neurotransmitters.
group Example: acetylcholine is one type neuromodulator that
controls muscle movement
What is the difference between alpha waves and delta
waves? Alpha waves and delta waves are both types of What is the difference between neurotransmitters and
brain waves. neuromodulators?

 They are associated with different part of a person Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are both
´s day. responsable for transmitting signals from neurons to other
 Alpha waves occur when someone is awake and cells in the body. However, a neurotransmitter is a simple
relaxed. process that transmits a single signal to one are of the
 Alpha waves are relatively slow and large. body. A neuromodulator, on the other hand, transmits
 In contrast, delta waves are short and regular. information using multiple neurotransmitter. So it sends a
 They occur when someone is in deep sleep. complex network of signals to different áreas at once.

Ejercicio What is an example of a hormone and its functions?

1. What is the purpose of the brochure? One example of a hormone is insulina. It regulates the body
2. Which of the following causes a person to sleep? ´s blood sugar levels. An organ called the pancrear produces
3. What is true about waves? and releases insulin. Then, the hormone travels through the
bloodstream. If insulin is present, cells Will not absorb and
store sugar. Instead, the sugar Will leave the body.
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS Ejercicio
  The endocrine system is located throughout the
entire body (T)
 Hormones can affect the chemicals in the blood (T)
 Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (F)

Ejercicio

1. The glands of the endocrine system exist in various

places around the body.
2. The spinal cord releases acetylcholine and causes
the muscles to move
3. The body uses hormones to regulate many functions
4. Insulin in the blood affects sugar levels
5. When the brain is under stress, it releases
norepinephrine
6. The brain can control pain sensations by releasing

Ejercicio

1. The gland released a hormone to regulate the body OTRA CLASE

´s blood sugar
Sleep is important because it affects biological rhythms.
2. A neuromodulator carries signals to many neurons at
Appropriate rhythms are essential to healthy bodily
once
function. The body uses melatonin to regulate these
3. The skin contains a gland that creates a specific
important processes.
hormone
4. A specific neurotrasmitter sends signals to muscle The sleep cycle itself is a circadian rhythm. It should occur
tissue. once a day. If it doesn´t, the body could experience
internal desynchronization.
What do norepinephrine and endorphin have in common?
The sleep cycle includes several ultradian rhythms. These
Norepinephrine and endorphins are both hormones and
are known as sleep stage. (they should not be confused with
neurotransmitters that are released in the brain
infradian rhythms. Those occur much les frequently)
Ejercicio
The most important sleep stage is REM sleep. This is when
 I´m cofused about endorphins. Can you explain them the sleeping brain differs most from the waking brain.
to me? During wakefulness, the brain produces Alpha waves. During
 They´re neurotrasmitters in the brain. They send REM sleep, it produces delta waves instead.
signals about pain and emotions
 See, i thought that endorphins were hormones
 Well, actually, they are. Endorphins are both What is the difference between Alpha waves and delta
hormones and neurotransmitters waves? Alpha waves and deslta waves are both types of
 Really? But don´t hormones need multiple brain waves.
neurotransmitters?
 They are associated with different parto f a person´s
 No, you´re thinking off neuromodulatos.
day.
 Alpha waves occur when someone is awake and relaxed
 Alpha waves are relatively slow and large
 In contrast, delta waves are short and regular
 They occur when someone is in Deep sleep.

What are the different types of biological rhythms?

Three basic types of biological rhythm are: Ejercicio

 Circadian, infradian and ultradian rhytms 1. The man is getting les sleep tan he did before (F)
 Circadian rhytms are biological rhytms that last for 2. According to the woman, the man´s ultradian rhytms
about twenty – four hours. are disrupted. (T)
 Infradian rhytms are biological rhytms that last longer 3. The woman suggest sleeping medication for the man.
tan circadian rhytms. (F)
 Ultradian rhytms, on the other hand, are shorter tan
circadian rhytms. LECTURA
Ejercicio Dear Dr. Nilsson: i´m curious about people who walk in their
sleep. Are they aware of their actions? Can they remember
1. What is the purpose of the brochure? what they do?
To describe a particular cicadian rhytm.
2. Which of the following causes a person to sleep? -Bob in braxton
Melatonin
Dear Bob: when people sleepwalk, they are in an altered
3. What is true about waves?
state of consciousness. In this state, they are neither
They occur durind REM sleep.
aroused nor relaxed. While asleep, they experience a shift.
They enter a state in which they perform automatic
behaviors.
Ejercicio
When someone is awake, preconscious information easily
 REM sleep -> The periodo f sleep when dreams occurs becomes conscious. However, a sleepwalker´s behaviors do
 Melatonin -> a hormone that helps regulate circadian not leave the unconscious. They remain subconscious after
rhytms. the person awakes. Therefore, most sleepwalkers are not
 Alpha waves -> the brainwaves that occur when a aware of their sleepwalking.
person is relaxed but awake.
 Delta waves -> the brainwaves that occur when a -Dr,N
person is in Deep sleep.
1. What is the difference between the preconscious and
 Infradian rhytm -> a biological rhytm that occurs less
unconscious?
tan once per day.
The preconscious and unconscious are different áreas of
 Ultradian rhytm -> a biological rhytm that occurs more
the mind where thoughts exist.
tan once per day.
In general, people are fully unaware of the thoughts in
Ejercicio their unconscious. And it´s similar of the thoughts in the
unconscious.
 The first sleep stage is the shortest of the five However, unlike those in the unconscious, thoughts in the
 People eat and digest food as parto f a BR. preconscious are easy to recall and become parto f the
 The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) CR consciousness at any time.
 When something disrupts a biological cycle, ID occurs. 2. What are automatic behaviors, and what causes
Ejercicio them?
Automatic behaviors are actions that people perform
A. So, tim, you´re feeling tired? without being aware of them. People perform manyo f
B. Yes, it´s terrible. But i´m getting plenty of time these behaviors every day. They include normal bodily
A. Are there any changes in your sleeping habits? functions, such as respiration and muscle movements.
B. Yes, actually. It´s my new job. I only sleep for two They also include learned behaviors that so familiar
or three hours at time that someone no longer needs to think about them.
A. Hmm. It sounds like you´re suffering from internal
desynchronization Ejercicio
B. Really? But i´m still sleeping the same number of 1. People who walk in their sleep are performing automatic
hours per day. behavior (T)
A. Perphaps. But your´re disrupting your ultradian 2. Sleepwalking is controlled by subconscious activity (T)
rhytms.
Ejercicio three systems are sensory memory, short-term memory,
and long-term memory.
 State -> a condition that a person is in at a particular
time The systems store memories for different durations.
 Shift -> a change in the status of something Sensory memory only last for up o thirty seconds. However,
 Preconscious -> a parto f the mind wherer subconscious information rehearsal can extend short-term memories.
thoufhts are easily recalled from Finally long-term memory stores information for retrieval
 Unconscious -> a parto f the mind where Deep indefinitely
subconscious thoughts exist.
How long is information stored in different types of
 Automatic behavior -> actions that people perform
memory?
without being aware of them
 Consciousness -> an awareness that people have of  The mind can store memories for three types of
themselves and their surroundings. durations. These are long-term, short-term, and
sensory memory.
Ejercicio
 Long term memory stores information indefinitely,
1. The man´s hunger started as a(n) subconscious sometimes for the rest of a person´s life
2. Some diseases cause people to enter a(n) altered state  Short-term memory, however, only stores information
of consciouness. for about thrity seconds.
3. While the woman slept, she was not aware on her
How does the brain store and process memory?
surroundings
4. The patient´s mind became aroused as he awoke There are three basic in the information processing model
5. The human mind enters a(n) relaxed state as it fall of memory
asleep
 The first step is encoding in the information
Ejercicio processing modelo f memory
 The next step is enconding. This changes
A. I´m having trouble staying awake?
information so that the mind can store it
B. Hmm.. do you become relaxed at night?
 The next step is retention. This is the step where
A. Yes, in fact I sleep about eight hours per night. But I
the mind actually stores the information
wake up feeling tired
 Finally, the last is retrieval. This is when the mind
B. So you sleep normally at night. But during the day, you
recalls the memory.
cannot stay aroused?
A. Exactly. What do you think my problema Ejercicio
B. Hmm… something in your unconscious might be
 The first step of information processing is
disturbing you.
enconding (T)
Ejercicio  Short-term memory is the system with the shortest
duration (f)
1. What is the conversation mostly about?
 The duration of short-term memory can be
Why the woman is feeling tired
lengthened (T)
2. What the man think the woman´s problema is?
Her unconscious is causing a disturbance Ejercicio

 Retrieval -> the ability to recall information from

MEMORY 
memory
Encoding -> the change of information into a
Memory is the ability to store and recall information. There storable form
are various types of memory. The mind stores memories  Rehearsal -> the acto f repeating information to
using information processing. This begins with encoding. keep it in memory
Enconding prepares information for retention. Then, the  Long-term -> ocurring for an extenden periodo f
mind stores it in one of three systems of memory. The time
 Sensory memory -> a system that stores sensory
information for a very short time.
Ejercicio There are many methods of improving memory. One method
is chunking. This splits information into small groups. That
1. Without information people´s thoughts would not
way, it is easier to remember. It´s often used with
make sense.
sequences of digits, like pone numbers
2. The patient´s memory stores information for an
unusually long time Rote rehearsal is another method. It Works because
3. Many people remenber childhood for the duration of repetition helps store information. Then mind creates
their entire lives acoustic codes. Then, echoic memory repeats them in a
4. The patient undestands ideas, but she has trouble phonetic loop. The mind retains images for a long time
with retention over time.
This maintains it in the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Then, it
Ejercicio stays int he iconic memory longer. These methods improve a
person´s conscious, explicit memory. Implicit memory, on
A. Do you remember the steps of information
the other hand, ish arder to control.
processing?
B. Um, it begins with encoding, i think
A. And that prepares the memory for storage right? 1. What is the difference between echoic memory and
B. Exactly. Do you remember what happens next? iconic memory?
A. Well, next is retrieval in the brain. That´s when it´s Echoic memory and iconic memory both refer to
stored information that is retained for a short period. However,
B. Actually, that´s not it. Think again they are each associated with different senses. Echoic
A. Oh you´re right retention is the storage process. memory is the brief retention of information that a
person Heard. It repeats this information in a phonetic
loop.
Ejercicio
2. What is the Benefit of chinking?
1. What is the conversation mostly about?
Chunking is a method od remenber groups of
The steps in the process of storing memory
information. It involves splitting a large group into
2. What concept does the man identify incorrectly?
smaller groups. For instance, a person can use chinking
Retrieval
to remember a pone number, such as 1234567890. The
person would Split this into three sections, making it
123-456-7890. Each división of the pone number is
 Iconic memory
easier to remember tan the whole
You look around the room, quickly surveying objects that
you see on the floor, end tables, dresser, and bed, Ejercicio
before quickly shutting your eyes. The memory of what
1. Chunking -> smaller groups of information are easier to
your room looked like during your observation is an
remember
example of iconic memory.
2. Rote rehearsal -> repetition helps store information
 Echoic memory
3. Whatching something for a long time -> staring at an
- Listening to a song: when we listen to music our
image maintains it in iconic memory.
brains briefly recall each note and connects it to the
ensuing note. Consequently, the brain recognizes the Ejercicio
sequences of notes as a song
 The mind briefly stored the sight of the Fireworks on
- Conversing with another person: when we hear spoken
a(n) visuo-spatial sketchpad
language, our echoic memories retain every individual
 Chunking information into groups makes it easier to
syllable. Our brains comprehend words by associating
remember
each syllable with the preceding one.
 The mind repeated the song in a(n) phonetic loop
 The echoic memory stores information as a(n) acoustic
IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY code
 By repeating information through rote rehearsal, a
person can memorize it.
Ejercicio

 The man had a conscious explicit memory of the party a

day earlier
 Early childhood events are more likely to remain in
implicit memory
 The sound repeated in the woman´s echoic memory
 The man´s iconic memory stored the image of the
painting.

Ejercicio

A. So, Doctor. Am I losing my memory?

B. Yes and no. Your implicit memory is fine. You easily
perform normal tasks such as driving
A. Yes. But i can´t remember dates and pones numbers
B. Right. That´s common at your age. It´s your short-
term explicit memory
A. Is there any way to improve it?
B. Yes. I recommend rote rehearsal
A. That´s repeating information over and over, right?
B. Yes, and it´s best to do it out loud. That Will help
you retain details in your memory.