Zi 4.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ORDINARY POINTS, REGULAR SINGULAR POINTS AND IRREGULAR SINGULAR POINTS Question 1 Locate and classify all the ordinary points, regular singular points and irregular singular points for the following differential equation: x(x +3)y" + 6xy'- (2 -sy=0 Solution P(x)=x(x +3)? Ordinary points P(X) =0 x#0, x#-3 and xeM are ordinary points. Singular points x=0, x=-3 are singular points. For x=0 alim oe, x0 (¥43) =O tin @=OPEGE-S} Lm a Coa) x90 x(x +3 0 “(res =O, Since both limits exist, x = 0 is a regular singular point. For x =-3 tim, ©3516) = eG x8 x(x +3) X23 ¥43 Jimit does not exist as Z » 7 i ss= lim -(x-a) we One of the limits does not exist. *. X=-3 is an irregular singular point. Question 2 Determine all the ordinary points, regular singular points and irregular singular points for the following differential equation b2 af yr— G+ tye xieet}ty=0 Solution P(x)= (x? af Ordinary points PW) =0 x#1, x#-1 and xe are ordinary points. Singular points : x=1, x=-1 are singular points. For x=1 ty SAD Am lyf = Lo mor 2 af XO Gann? oO limit does not exist im AP ex +1)* — lim (pet Loe meiy¥ ek e51 yA = We) ey = So, x=1 isan irregular singular pointFor x=-1 im &HIEK+ 1) lim ~G C aoe wot G2 a oe ee Fe 1 Cte tt] im CuareCoor(rer® _-1(0) . ef i are mae Both limits exist , 1 is a regular singular point. Question 3 Determine all the ordinary points, regular singular points and irregular singular points for the following differential equation: (x-2)y' +4y'+(x-2)'y=0 Solution P(x) = 3x(x- 27 Bx(2-2)* 20 N20, AaZ Ordinary points 140, HED Singular points: W=O,WH=2 For x=0 (x-0)-4 4D aay “15 Bear 73 = lm & 20 X90 D Both limit exist, x = 0 is a regular singular point.For x=2 . 4 lim x2 3x(x—- 2 (x-2F - 0 ater 72 ae One of the limits does not exist. X=2 is an irregular singular point. 1.2 SERIES SOLUTIONS NEAR ORDINARY POINT Question 4 Given the following ordinary differential equation (4+x°)y' —xy'-8y =0 a) Show that the recurrence relation at the ordinary point x = 0 is given by b) Find solution of the above equation up to the term x’ subject to the conditions. y(0)=1, y(0) =2. Solution a) Lety= Sax na, 0 y= Y'na,x Yet Yinin-a,x? mS‘Substitute (i) into equation , (44%) Z ina o mite n & ‘a Zz Anin-dany? + 2 nen-i2an 8 — Zen” 2. BANK © os ” wae E, Naw”! —& Z nx? = 0 i 8 0 =a Expand :- Zz Meer gh” * Z! nén- we 0 « eon Nan x” = 2 NAnx" — B BANK ct a0 Equate to x":- A(2MIA, + 413(2)45% ~ A -Sdo- Ax + Z faimaentdnre + nln-Nan- M4n - Ban] v=0 fee n=0 = +9Ag= 340 => a=2% a22A0 ~ 2hay = AA 42-3, net as 3a) Recurrence relation, n=2 dae ng rirDan = —ar-Ba, 4(n #2) (nH) Soran Synth g, =n (ne -gtng 4Cn4n nt) Ainge) a ») Substitute n=2 > = 320n-3 > a= — CNG, 4(4) See 7 = Ag +A;X+agx? +a3x? + 2 + = Ap +A¥ + 40% Bax? +L aoxt + 3,9, 1 a aes. aaftertedte.Joaferdee dats.) Y= Go(2x +BPt Daa Cra dx + g gett ) Substitute x= 0, y= 1. therefore a= | Substitute x=0, y'=2 therefore a= 2 = PAIL Fae 2042 Cltyte dite Da 2(utaet & Question 5 2 Find the series solution of the differential equation 3 + (x2 $ wy 5 9-2)y i at the ordinary point x = 2 up to the term (x -2)*, Solution Substitute t=x-2 = x=t+2 ov _ dy & Oe ay d’y ee oo oe, att the =x2, New equation : 39% 417M oty=t42 deat Let y > tt dire @ = = inin-ta,t* oe ‘Substitute (i) into equation , 32 nin-Nant™ + ve nage 42 Ont"= 42, nee pa 2p) Ant + = ee 2 aan abt Equats to t'- ney Zo Beene” DZ senarnsddnna® + Beda - dant = N20 Z, 2a + as@agb sac + Blain nipana toda 4 0 n=0 = 3(2)(1)ay =2 are 4 7 262 [a] Please refe li ne video to he tee eens you solving a, 4% aged a i question. Leaa? ae 2 18 7 orn = 9 -(n-1) AD 201 2 BtrazVnH) 5Gh> sana = 16-9 yeDee Bontane = aq tart +at? +agt? +. = Mt Gh + yearly? + Batt = dot dilxar + Cnet (Lact 4 Rye) + 24 (w-2)t = aC 2 do (veh (a- -2) 24) + (oe) 42 (a) ae +h cn-arte 1 Gray? >x pas Alera.) Ayan 29.40% ant Bn Onn JY =e r 4: ml (Qea,= pat eet = (a+) a,- 442 Question 6 Find the solution Gx 2 Ma-40% @ x=-1 up to the te Lg 24 S$ 3 Solution 2 (-b 40 - a) = ja, $¢l-a4 ‘Substitute t =x + S = 1 Zz New equation ea +g Ea i ~ | at Let y= drat" a Boo ate Zu = y= 2 nant™ : et 0) y= J ntn-Nant™ Heo Substitute (i) into the above equatign, ZB rln-iAnt™ 2 ate IZM” +5 Oot? 4 neo 2B ncnDant"?_ S° anant”* dane 4 E.On. E quate to t" aah ac ie Zim Ae a = Zanants Bip nar" + Zoe = = 2 Xda. +E comarioranid- - Zanant™s Ao + Zant t Sy n=0 = 2a, +2a,+a,-0 + da fatten naa ineDnee - 2Ndn + a] = ° : n = 540-8 (nama Van \ es j (n+2) (0H) a, =tag+ Sa, 376oo \ = a £Y neo: Dar an-b4, (02) dy AQUDAs a2 - ba, 40s ~ G5 +4,+ Alt) =O Wy, 2\BA2- GA» — hy = 5a,-8A4 = ta oo Ip - Bea, He -da, 70 he Zo tage) 4 (24489) i (3% +5 24)-2 (5 Eay-Be “5% +8. Lt Bas ie 1 *|-ta,-29 a 30 "5% + Ba, wes(t-fernt secon? Beevnts Stern) 4 valorem? Beet or" ae )+(gueo" “3% 19 1 eo Go ‘iini7gaEa| SS Question 7 a) Express the function f(x)= sin(3x) as a power series up to the term x3. b) Use part a) to find the general series solution of the differential equation (x +1)y"—xy' + 6y = sin(3x) Up to the term x° with initial conditions y(0)=2 and y'(0)=3. Solution a) (x) =sin(3x) f0)= O : f (x)= Bcos3y f= 3 PW=4 an ax f@)= fe} "(x)=-2#co0s 2x O)= -24 ta) = (0) AO, ORE FOE = 0+ Gece aah =3x 3 + b) (+ ty" =r" + 6y = 31-230 « P(x)=x41 PO)=1 = x=0 isanordinary point. w ‘Substitute (i) into equation@bove,Expand ¥ nin wt yg 1 3 a Go) z -AyK- x2 navn + CZ ont" = 34-490 2 Z 2 2 n 2 ZB ncnnaurt'y 2 nin-0anx"? — F nanxt 4 EC" = 3n-4e + in 2 co %o 2 Equate to x" © i He 7 iC cam 4 powcr Zinn + Ztedin eed” §, 40 + Z6an"s 34 24, +6420 Reve. = a =~ Sap ¥ nat > 202+ 3(2)43-a, +60, = 3 Gag = 3-242 454 : Aa = 3-202 BA ay =a Baty | g Heber | = B+ Gao -5% ao +X HayX” +agX° +... = Oot UX {3A y~* + (B+ eeoB4i)e aoe 5a ts poborerecbaege dpe = “ Given y(0) = 2 22 co => ay=2 Given y(0) =3 es Cy - Sete. 4 Lote) ye @oL-Gx +3x*t- Jralr-8x+--J £2 - =a i => a=3[crarrer 1} y= Ata? 4x9 +. je]x-Z00 te | [e+ | Question 8 a) Show that the Taylor series expansion at xq 14 2D? + b) Hence, find the general series solution of the differential equation & a i term x? about an ordinary point xp =0 Solution a) f(x) = =FQ=1 foy=2e™ srQ-2 Foy= 40% = F(0)=4 Therefore: . £10) 2 tape f(x) = FO) + =[+2x ¢ 4x24... 21 = 14 2x4 2x7 +. b) Let y= dex 7 f= ant wee wr i. 2 01-1) nx"? nee =0 of f(%j=e™ up to third term is 2, d ¥ _ 9m ay 4y =2 upto ac 4Y=2 upmo "kh -oh - — tae ZAhane Sana | Zivsenn. SS. ns, EZ tanyt Zomng xn 2 * Eta. 2 ae Ee ~ Z2tnng x" 2 te PRA, Z daaes 2 , ~ Pax + 44m eax he) ee 2-1 aahenn 200 + 5 a,x - Wa, - 24,x Aorntdeag, 6 n=0 > 202-4) +440=2 ar = @& 2+41-44 ay = 581 ~2a9 +1 a3 =t2- Ba, = 2(4a,-24 41) - 2% 4 Z 1 as=-a-Fa0+5 i: = y= Yar? = FAK + 2X? + AgxFe.- ™ \ Be Ip 44a todas tot 4axt-J=2 £44 x te = 2 n=1 => Gas ~ 242 #RAYMO Cay =~ Hao + B-24 = 2-a)- “eo Ag= 2 -artae ee =1 2 eM eee gage = Av +Ahy (har -240 +i) x* + $0,249 +5)? aie 2 1 1 2 if 3 (1-20 2s Joalaedet be Jofeebe a