Spectrum-NET

Automated ML-Driven
Analysis of RF
Interference

February 28, 2022

Digicel Meeting at MWC
Agenda – February 28, 2022

1. Spectrum-NET AWS Demo (10 min)

2. Spectrum-NET Digicel Suriname Results Executive Summary (10 min)
3. Spectrum-NET Proposal to Digicel and Next Steps (5 min)
4. Spectrum-NET Roadmap (5 min)

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Spectrum Effect®
Engineering Excellence and AI-Driven Automation
❖ Founded by wireless industry veterans
behind Eden-NET SON.
❖ Mission to solve the most challenging
problems in the wireless industry
through innovation and automation.
❖ Innovative technologies with roots in
spectrum sharing programs with the
United States DoD and ONR.
❖ R&D in Kirkland, WA USA and San
Pedro Garza García, Mexico.
❖ 27 issued patents.
$1T USD*
❖ Gartner Cool Vendor Award. VALUE OF SPECTRUM
❖ Cooperation with Nokia, Rohde & GLOBALLY
*Source: extrapolated from 2020 earnings reports from leading mobile operators
Schwarz, and PCTEL. *Will increase with additional purchases of 5G NR spectrum licenses.

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Spectrum-NET®
Machine Intelligence Meets Spectrum™
✓ Automated analysis of RF interference for all RF bands seamlessly across multi-vendor NR, LTE & UMTS layers.
✓ Deep Machine Learning applied to RAN data incorporating learnings from networks across the globe.
✓ Prioritized, actionable events drive processes to rapidly solve RF interference.
✓ Dashboard view of network with breakdown of RF interference by band, source and KPI impact.
✓ Web-based, cloud-ready, containerized, horizontally scalable software solution with SON and TT system integration.

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Spectrum-NET
RF Interference Demystified
Data Ingestion
❖ RAN CM, PM and topology data are ingested.

State-of-the-Art Analysis
❖ Per-ROP updates the spectral and temporal
characteristics of RF interference.
❖ Classifies, aggregates, locates, predicts and determines
the impact of RF interference.
❖ Determines if interference is carried during periods of
tropospheric ducting.
❖ Performs root cause analysis. Training of Deep CNN models for
new RF interference signatures
Off-Line Machine Learning to Create and Refine CNN Models
❖ Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models that are trained with labeled
measurement samples (interference signatures from known cases) from mobile
operator networks across the globe. The trained CNN models classify interference
types with measured accuracy of greater than 95%.

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Spectrum-NET
APAC Customer Reviews

“Spectrum-NET is integrated with “The Spectrum-NET solution helped

“Spectrum-NET is an impressive
our automation framework and is Smart Communications in the Philippines
solution that provides a new
critical for addressing RF interference design significant improvements to the
perspective on our RF interference
affecting the Smart Axiata network.” performance of our network and deliver
challenges and delivers excellent
better customer experience to our
Andrey Kuzin results.”
CTO of Smart Axiata & CTO Strategy Lead in
subscribers.”
Axiata Group Thet Tun Oo
Radames Vittorio Zalameda MPT Myanmar Executive Advisor
VP - Head of Network Optimization & Performance
Management at PLDT & Smart Philippines

✓ Driving resolution of PIM interference ✓ Solved TDD self-interference

throughout the network ✓ Led to submission of jammer and BDA
✓ Driving resolution of PIM interference cases to Myanmar’s regulator
✓ Addressing TDD self-interference and throughout the network
ducting interference ✓ Driving resolution of critical cases of
✓ Launching regulator portal with NTC external RF interference
✓ Integrating with Cellwize SON tool and
✓ Addressing uplink RAN interference ✓ Addressing cross border interference
automation framework for auto generation of
(RGI)
trouble tickets
✓ Integrating with PiWorks SON tool

Discount
Spectrum-NET level of to
is expected greater than 65%
be deployed forfor
online Tigo from
over the Standard
4,000,000 License
NR & LTE Cost in 2022
cells globally

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Spectrum-NET PoC Results
Executive Summary
Analysis Period
Digicel Network
Nov 01-Dec 03, 2021
Region Paramaribo

Network Scope 828 LTE + 1,485 UMTS cells

RAN Vendors

% of Cells with Severe Interference 4.0%

Cells with PIM Interference 1

Cells with External Interference 79

Cells with RAN Interference 13

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Spectrum-NET PoC Results
RF Interference Levels in Mobile Operator Networks

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 Spectrum-NET PoC Results
Executive Summary of External RF Interference
Cells are mostly affected by Broadband interference An increase of 1700% is
observed in the Packet
LTE Band 41 Data Access Failure
Rate and Packet Data
Drop Rate.

Cells are mostly affected by Narrowband interference

A decrease of 20%
is observed in the
LTE Band 28
Uplink User
Throughput.

Example with 3 affected cells (826.4 MHz) at 2 sites

An increase of 95%
UMTS Band 5 in Voice Drop Rate
and 220% in Voice
Access Failure Rate

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 Spectrum-NET PoC Results
External Interference: Confirmed Narrowband Sources
LTE Band 28: 740.5 MHz

3 affected cells at 1 site

NB Tx at 742.5 MHz

PRB interference signature

was confirmed with a
portable spectrum analyzer

LTE Band 28: 740.5 MHz

3 affected cells at 1 site

NB Tx at 742.5 MHz

PRB interference signature

was confirmed with a
portable spectrum analyzer

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Spectrum-NET PoC Results
Cross-Border Interference Suriname – French Guiana

❖ In Suriname, 2.6 GHz frequencies are allocated in LTE Band 41

(TDD).
❖ In French Guiana, 2.6 GHz frequencies are allocated in LTE
Band 7 (FDD).
❖ 12 of Digicel’s LTE Band 41 cells at 3 sites are receiving RF
interference from LTE Band 7 FDD DL transmission(s) from
Orange Caribe in French Guiana.

US / Canada 2.5GHz Frequency Allocations

Suriname/French Guiana 2500/2600 MHz Frequency Allocations

US
Suriname Band 41 TDD

French
Band 38
Guiana
Canada Band 7 UL Band 7 DL
TDD

2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750

Frequency (MHz)

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Spectrum-NET PoC Results
Cross-Border Interference: Band 41 Examples

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Spectrum-NET Roadmap
Cross-Border RF Interference Model (Q3 2022)
❖ Provides the probability of meeting an interference US / Canada 2.5GHz Frequency Allocations
threshold based on cross border interference
measurements, site distance to the border and site US Band 41 TDD
topology data.
❖ ML-based linear regression model is used to determine if
frequencies with cross border misalignments should be Canada Band 7 UL
Band 38
TDD
Band 7 DL
turned up at sites.
❖ Dynamic capture and analysis of cross border 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750

interference measurements on an ongoing basis across Frequency (MHz)

the entire borders used to update the model.

Band 41 DL Band 7 DL transmissions
transmissions in US can in Canada can cause
cause interference to interference to Band 41
Band 7 UL in Canada UL in US.
Example
Model
Output USA and Canadian operators have aligned on the TDD
frame structure for interference-free TDD operation on the
overlapping Band 41 and Band 38 frequencies.

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Spectrum-NET PoC Results
Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Interference
Spectrum-NET Automatic Capture of PIM Interference
✓ Automatically identifies the signature of PIM within PM data. A deep CNN model has been trained with PIM
interference signatures from known interference cases from many mobile networks.
✓ Determines whether internal or external PIM using branch imbalance (BI), correlations with other channels at the site
and analysis of antenna topology mapping.
✓ Analyzes site frequencies to generate PIM Spectrograph showing where the potential for PIM exists (IM2 - IM5).
✓ Measures the KPI impact from PIM and number of cells with PIM at each site for prioritization.
Example of PIM Interference in the Digicel Suriname Network:

PRB Chart for LTE Band 41 Cell with PIM Interference

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 Spectrum-NET PoC Results
Increase to PIM Potential with n78
• Currently, the utilization for the LTE cells is
much less than the UMTS Band 5 layers. As
the amount of LTE UEs increase, the DL
utilization increases. Higher DL utilization will
result in greater PIM.
• When NR n78 cells are added to provide
capacity in Digicel network, PIM potential will
increase significantly for UMTS Band 5 and
LTE Band 28.

Scenario UMTS Band 1 LTE Band 3 UMTS Band 5 LTE Band 28 LTE Band 41

2nd order: 0 2nd order: 8 2nd order: 1 2nd order: 0 2nd order: 4
3rd order: 7 3rd order: 5 3rd order: 5 3rd order: 1 3rd order: 76
Common Scenario
4th order: 50 4th order: 224 4th order: 52 4th order: 32 4th order: 90
5th order: 224 5th order: 181 5th order: 270 5th order: 87 5th order: 851

2nd order: 0 2nd order: 8 2nd order: 3 2nd order: 1

Scenario when a NR n78 3rd order: 8 3rd order: 9 3rd order: 17 3rd order: 6
N/A
channel is added 4th order: 68 4th order: 259 4th order: 115 4th order: 72
5th order: 382 5th order: 363 5th order: 641 5th order: 233

Impact of adding n78 channels 1.6 x more IM products 1.5 x more IM products 2.3 x more IM products 2.6 x more IM products N/A

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Spectrum-NET PoC Results
PoC Team
Digicel Team Spectrum-NET Off-line RF Interference
Analysis of the Digicel Suriname Network
❖ Zarizi Bin Hamid: RAN Architect
❖ Vasisth Chotoe: RF Engineer
❖ Cherryl Daal: CTO
❖ Bryan Robinson: Head of Access Technology Strategy
❖ Isaias Ortiz Polanco: RF Engineer

Spectrum Effect Team

❖ David Díaz: Project Manager
❖ Victor Rafael Velazquez: RF System Analyst
❖ Arturo Quintanilla: Spectrum-NET IT System
Administration
❖ Rafael Del Carpio: VP Sales, LATAM
❖ Eamonn Gormley: CTO
❖ Jorge Webb: VP Engineering Services

Thank you to the Digicel Team for your excellent collaborative during this PoC!
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Spectrum-NET
AWS Deployment for Digicel Group

State-of-the-Art Architecture
❖ Deployed as containerized micro-services running on
VM’s on AWS.
❖ Centralized access for all Digicel Opco’s.
❖ Kubernetes container orchestration.
❖ Horizontally scalable.
System Integrations
❖ Site topology and PM data securely transferred from
data mediation servers from each of the Opcos.
Scripts to be put in place to automate this process.
❖ Digicel staff provided with VPN access and accounts
for accessing Spectrum-NET.
❖ Additional integration possible with Digicel email
systems, TT systems, and SON tool.

Network Scope: 28,637 LTE cells + 48,253 UMTS cells

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Spectrum-NET
Annual Subscription License for Digicel Group
The Spectrum-NET annual subscription license includes:
✓ Installation & Commissioning of Spectrum-NET.
✓ AWS resources required for Spectrum-NET operation.
✓ Onboarding and training for each of the Digicel participating Opcos.
✓ All current Spectrum-NET features and capabilities.
✓ Continual analysis for all interference events for all cells (LTE, UMTS) from the participating Opcos.
✓ Each of the Spectrum-NET monthly software releases for ALL new features and updates.
✓ Support for all RAN and OSS upgrades: Huawei, Ericsson, and ZTE.
✓ Administration and support for Spectrum-NET including upgrades to new monthly releases.
✓ Warranty for Spectrum-NET during the term of the license.
✓ Help Desk support with trouble ticket response, workaround, and resolution times per the defined SLA’s as well as
tiered technical support of Spectrum-NET.

DiscountSimple
level of greater than
commercial 65% for
structure; Tigo from
excellent theforStandard
value License Cost
Digicel Group

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Spectrum-NET
Digicel Deployment Timeline: Proposed

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Spectrum-NET Roadmap
New Innovations Coming in 2022!

Integration with SON: Automated Root Cause Centralized Optimization of NR

Closed-Loop Actions Analysis for RGI RIM (3GPP Rel.16)
Desired Signal
RGI B

Cross-Border ML-driven Regulator Portal O-RAN RIC Spectrum Application

Linear Regression Model

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AI Meets Spectrum™

www.spectrumeffect.com
 Spectrum-NET
External RF Interference
Spectrum-NET Automatic External Interference Detection
✓ Characterizes interference by time, frequency and intensity.
✓ Aggregates all cells impacted by the common interference signature.
✓ Library of interference signatures. CNNs are trained to identify the signature of new types of external sources.
✓ Locates the interference source by analyzing interference magnitudes at each cell and applying weighted Bayesian inference. Applies
horizontal and vertical antenna radiation pattern and Topography data.
✓ The median distance from the location of the external source to the search area is < 50 m in urban/suburban environments.

Bidirectional Amplifier CATV Egress DECT Devices Wireless Microphone

WiMAX Security Camera FM Radio Harmonic RF Jammer

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 Spectrum-NET Example Results
Validated External RF Interference
Time for Operator to
RF # of Cells
# Event Name Source PRB Signature Find the External
Frequency Affected
Source

1 Event Name #1 2510 MHz 8 LED Lighting 15 min

❑ 9 External sources 2 Event Name #2 2560 MHz 1 External 20 min

were found by the
Operators using a 3 Event Name #3 2510 MHz 11 External 20 min
portable spectrum
analyzer. 4 Event Name #3 712.5 MHz 12 Narrowband 30 min

❑ 1 source was
5 Event Name #5 712.5 MHz 4 Narrowband Not active
inactive at the time of
the in-field hunting. 6 Event Name #6 2510.0 MHz 1 WiMAX 15 mi
❑ Average time to find 784.5 MHz
the source was < 20 7 Event Name #7
712.5 MHz
2 Cable TV 20 min
minutes.
8 Event Name #8 1880.0 MHz 3 DECT 15 min

9 Event Name #9 2510.0 MHz 2 WiMAX 20 min

10 Event Name #10 2560.0 MHz 3 External 10 min

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Spectrum-NET
Internal PIM Interference Example
❑ Internal PIM sources: high branch imbalance on
affected cells and signature do not appear on other
sectors at the same sites. Caused by nonlinearities
present along the RF signal’s path (cable, connector,
combiner or antenna). Steps to repair:
❑ Check cabling and connectors across the RF path. Make sure
that connectors are torqued to manufacturer’s recommendations.
❑ Check that the combiner has good isolation.
❑ Check that antenna ports are working properly. If the port is
faulty, change the cabling of the cell to an available port.
❑ If there are no available ports left and the cabling and combiner
are in good working condition, replace the antenna.

IM-3 and IM-5 Contributors

High Branch Imbalance

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Spectrum-NET
External PIM Interference Example
❑ External PIM sources: low branch imbalance on
affected cells and signature appears on other sectors at
the same sites.
❑ External PIM sources include corroded or rusty mechanical
components, usually inside the near-field region of the antenna;
unintended reflection plates; and structural or mounting
hardware.
❑ Common sources of external PIM: cable trays, air handling units,
vent pipes, metal snap-in cable hangers, hose clamps, metal strut
fasteners, angle adapters.
❑ Solution include painting or shielding a corroded structure or
shielding, mitigate the impact of the interference by adjusting the
antenna or ISCO cancelation.

Low Branch Imbalance IM-5 Contributors

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Spectrum-NET
Faulty Hardware
Uncorrelated High Wideband Interference Crossed Antenna Feeders
❖ Captures single cell cases with high wideband
interference and with no correlation to traffic and no
correlation to other cells at that site or nearby sites.

Defective RX Branch

These events are classified as Faulty Hardware.

Additional learning will be performed to match signatures with root cause of the failures.
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Spectrum-NET
RAN Generated Interference (RGI)
Desired Signal
RGI B
❖ RAN Generated Interference (RGI) is caused UE transmissions in cells with
high levels of overlapping coverage and (often) high concentrations of UEs.
A
❖ RGI degrades performance on affected cells.
❖ Spectrum-NET CNN model identifies cells with RGI signature. C

❖ RGI levels can be reduced by:

▪ Changing antenna tilt and antenna azimuth (pointing direction)
▪ Changing handover parameters to move UEs to other frequencies
▪ Changing uplink power control parameters to reduce UE Tx power at cell edges RGI Caused by Overlapping Coverage

❖ RGI may also be caused by missing neighbors and reuse code

confusion/collisions.
▪ These issues typically addressed by centralized-SON tools.

❖ Mitigation steps can be performed in open loop or closed loop via SON
system.

Example RGI signature

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Spectrum-NET
Interference via Tropospheric Ducting
❖ Under ducting weather conditions, the refractive index of the atmosphere increases and it causes signals to be
bent and propagate greater distances.
❖ Tropospheric ducting affects all frequencies and signals can travel more than 500 miles (800 km).
❖ For 5G NR and LTE TDD networks, TDD cells in neighboring deployment regions can cause interference to each
other (TDD Self-Interference) during ducting conditions.
❖ For FDD and TDD networks, ducting can lead to interference on the uplink of cells within a mobile network from
cross border transmissions.

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Spectrum-NET
TDD Self-Interference During Tropospheric Ducting
Automatic Mitigation of TDD Self-Interference TDD Self-Interference
✓ Detects victim cells from TDD self-interference for
LTE and NR based on time and frequency
signatures.
✓ Determines the dominant aggressor cells based on
interference locating, topology analysis, traffic
correlation and reciprocity analysis.
✓ Detects the victim cells from cross-border
interference.
✓ Dynamic parameter reconfiguration to mitigate the
impact of ducting interference.
✓ Comprehensive integration with new RIM-RS RAN
capabilities in cooperation with a USA operator.

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Spectrum-NET Roadmap
Integration with SON (Q3 2022)
Push & Revert
CM changes

SON
API
Cells for Interference Closed-loop
RF Optimizations changes to
CM, PM & Site Interference radio network
topology data Analysis SON
Module
Optimizations Status

✓ For ducting interference, Spectrum-NET will interface with the SON provisioning API to change the NR
OFDM Symbol Blanking.
✓ For RAN interference, Spectrum-NET will export list clusters to trigger optimizations by SON modules.
✓ For minimizing the affects of other interference, Spectrum-NET will interface with the SON provisioning API
with coordination of SON modules potentially changing the same parameters.
✓ SON tools provide feedback on both successful and failed changes.
✓ CM parameter changes will be reverted once RF interference source is no longer present.

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 Spectrum-NET Roadmap
RAN Generated Interference (RGI) Root Cause Analysis (Q4 2022)
Source of RGI Spectrum-NET Root Cause Analysis Spectrum-NET Driven Resolution
• Identify cells with overlapping coverage via analysis of UE
Overlapping cell coverage due timing/distance counters and cell to cell handover counters. • Apply antenna tilt and/or azimuth adjustments antennas at cell with
to antenna pointing • Cells with overlapping coverage will be shown for RGI events in the RGI and cells with overlapping coverage.
UI and in reports.
• Modify cell reselection and handover parameters to move traffic to
High concentration of UEs on • Check traffic level counters on surrounding cells for high loading on other frequencies.
neighboring cells cells. Compare with loading other frequency layers. • Modify UL power control parameters to reduce Tx power from UEs in
areas of overlapping coverage (cell edge).

Poorly configured UL power • Audit UL power control parameter configuration of neighbor cells and • Fix poorly configured UL power control parameters for cells with
control parameters check for poorly configured values that may lead to RGI. overlapping coverage.

Cells missing from, or incorrect • Check for missing neighbor cells, and for closer cells with the same • Add missing neighbors/remove incorrect neighbors by running
neighbors on neighbor lists reuse code as cells already on the neighbor list. Automatic Neighbor Relations (ANR) SON feature

Reuse code (PCI, SC) • Change reuse codes at cells with reuse code collisions by running
• Check for same PCI or SC at cells within 5 neighbor tiers (hops).
confusion or collision. PCI or SC reuse optimization SON feature.

Excess overlapping coverage • Run Mobility Robustness Optimization SON function to optimize
• Check handover counters for evidence of early/late handovers or
due to non-optimal handover handover parameters to reduce early/late handovers and handovers
handovers to wrong cell.
parameter configuration to the wrong cell.

Spectrum-NET automatically captures when cells are affected by RGI.

New capabilities are being added to perform root cause analysis and drive resolution based on the source.

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Spectrum-NET Roadmap
Regulator Portal (Q4 2022)
❖ Improves Operator-Regulator Cooperation.
❖ The Regulator Portal will address pain points in
the current process for managing external
interference events that require regulator support
to resolve.
❖ Key features proposed include:
✓ The ability for the operator to determine
which events the regulator can see in
Spectrum-NET.
✓ The ability for the operator and regulator to
track the status of each event.
✓ The ability for the operator and regulator to
provide commentary and attach files for each
event.

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Spectrum-NET and 5G RIM-RS
Centralized Multi-Vendor Coordination of RIM-RS (Q1 2023)
★ RIM-RS: Remote Interference Management – Reference Signals
★ 3GPP Release 16 feature to assist with TDD self-interference mitigation during times of ducting

Spectrum-NET analyzes RIM-RS based PM data Spectrum-NET performs centralized optimization of the mitigation
from both aggressor and victim cells. actions to optimally respond to ducting interference.

Spectrum-NET configures aggressor and victim cells for ducting

related actions.
OSS/Network
Automation
Platform

RS-1 Transmission
NR
NR
• Measure and collect RIM-RS PM Aggressor • Measure and collect RIM-RS PM
counters.
Ducting Carried Interference Victim counters
Cells
Cells
RS-2 Transmission

❖ Spectrum-NET configures cells based on RIM-RS ducting PM measurements

❖ Requirements provided to RAN vendors from US operator

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Spectrum-NET PoC Results
Loss in Cell Coverage in the Digicel Suriname Network
❖ Table shows the reduction in uplink coverage
footprint for varying levels of uplink interference for LTE Avg Interference Relative Coverage
LTE cells. Interference per degradation Coverage Footprint
PRB (dBm) (dB) Footprint Size Reduction
▪ Pathloss exponent = 3.5 (typical urban/suburban
-120 0 100% 0%
environment pathloss)
-117 3 67% -33%
▪ 6dB interference degradation results in uplink -114 6 45% -55%
coverage footprint reduction of 55% -110 10 27% -73%
▪ 10dB interference degradation results in uplink -107 13 18% -82%
coverage footprint reduction of 73% -104 16 12% -88%

❖ Interference also degrades indoor coverage.

❖ LTE Band 41 cells with severe interference
have an average interference of -100 dBm,
-104dBm -110dBm -114dBm -117dBm -120dBm
corresponding to > 92% average loss in
uplink coverage footprint.

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