RETAIL’S

REVOLUTION
HOW RETAIL AND CONSUMER
GOODS COMPANIES CAN ADAPT
On the cover:
Interior design in the new shopping mall Oceania, in Moscow.
Preface

There has never been a better time to go shopping. There has never
been a tougher time to run a shop.

Consumers can now find, buy, and receive products in a multiplying

number of ways. Where shopping was a chore, it now gets done in
a few clicks. Where it was a pleasure, it has expanded into a journey
of discovery.

All this depends on a stream of innovations – in fields as diverse as

online interfaces, store operations, and delivery. But innovation often
means disruption, with new business models being created. Many
of the new models will come from new participants in the sector,
acting either independently or in strategic link-ups with incumbents.
As new models gain popularity, business will drain away from
others – something particularly visible in the shift to online sales. This
has led to store closures, accompanied by headlines like “the death
of retail.”

To dig deeper into these upheavals, we interviewed more than 50

executives in retail, consumer-goods manufacturing, finance, and
government, as well as other sectors that interact with retail. The
resulting insights enabled us to put together this report, and I would
like to thank these participants for their generous contributions.

For me, four conclusions stand out.

First, there are huge opportunities for new businesses and inventive
incumbents to thrive in retail. The shopping experience of the future
is still being designed, and every new solution will be followed by
something even better.

Second, making the most of these opportunities will require visionary

leaders who embrace change. Some are already altering the landscape
of the industry.
 Retail’s Revolution | Preface

Third, new retail business models will be very different from those
of today. Reports of the death of traditional retailers are certainly
exaggerated, but many will need to invent new roles in the shopping
system to survive and thrive over the long term.

Fourth, brand owners and manufacturers are not immune from

disruption either.

We do not claim to have detailed prescriptions for every aspect of

the retail and consumer sector. But we have identified some crucial
areas where seismic shifts are opening up both opportunities and
dangers. And we have some ideas about how best to approach the
new era.

I hope you find our report a valuable contribution to the debate.

Best wishes,

Nick Harrison
Global Retail Practice Co-Leader

4
REPORT CONTRIBUTORS

Bernard Demeure is a Paris-based

partner whose love of travel, wine
and good food products drive him to
visit and experience stores, markets, Marc Poulin is the former CEO of Sobeys
and take‑aways the world over. He’s and is now a corporate director whose true
passionate about innovation. passion remains merchandising. After being
the food butler to millions of Canadians, he
now enjoys being the private food butler to
his wife, Ginette. He also travels the world
always looking for new food delicacies. His
Bobby Gibbs is a Dallas-based principal latest catch: lion fish.
who despite his love of technology and
reliance on online reviews almost always
goes to a store when he needs anything Richard Pennycook is the former CEO of
except for the dress shirts he has saved Co-op UK and now serves as the chairman
on his favorite website. of four retailers and the British Retail
Consortium. When shopping he spends
much more time looking than buying – both
in store and online – because he loves to see
what retailers are doing. He hates the idea
of a “retail butler” doing it all for him.
Dr. Nick Harrison is the London-based
co-lead of the global Retail and Consumer
Goods practice who does most of his
shopping online but still takes his children Dominique Schelcher is Vice president
to the store as a treat. of Système U, the French cooperative
multiformat retailer. He owns and runs a
Super U supermarket, and is in charge of
communication for the Système U Group.
He is a leading observer of current changes,
Emmanuel Ladoux is a Paris-based sharing extensively on social networks.
principal who looks forward to seeing
how retailers will leverage advanced
technologies and analytics to operate Sven Seidel is the executive board member
more efficiently and make customer responsible for multichannel retail at Otto
journeys more natural. Group and the former CEO of Lidl. He is
an expert in lean retail and operational
excellence, but his true professional
passion is leading retailers toward
seamless integration of offline and online
customer experiences.
Crystal Liew is a London-based principal
who makes most of her routine purchases
on her mobile phone, but spends her
weekends visiting independent local shops
for fresh food, clothing, and books. Frederic Thomas-Dupuis is a
Montreal‑based partner who enjoys
going to the farmers market with
his wife but nevertheless wishes the
Kate Wildman is a London‑based weekly food shop was delivered to his
marketer for Oliver Wyman who home seamlessly.
loves fashion but doesn’t really love
shopping. Direct‑to‑Consumer
boutique brands are what she searches
for but the convenience store is where
she stocks up on daily groceries.
 CONTENTS

Part One: Digital Upheaval

Online Retail’s Continued Rise 7

Empires Emerge as China Develops New Retail Models 18

The Role of Stores: The Omnichannel Future 25

Innovation is Changing Customer Expectations 32

Disintermediation and Reintermediation:

New Ways to Reach Customers 35

The Rise of the Access Economy 42

Industry View: Marc Poulin 47

Part Two: Retail in the Future

New Models for Surviving in the Future 48

Six New Models Can Help Businesses Win in the New Era 50

Where Could This All Lead?

Predictions for Some Sectors of Retail 61

Part Three: Fallout

Brand Owners and Manufacturers:
ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS Upsides and Challenges 65
James Yang, Edouard de Mézerac,
Industry View: Dominique Schelcher 73
Sebastian Moffett, Arnaud
Schlumberger, Arthur du Passage, Impacts of the Retail Revolution on Economies and Societies 74
Frederic Reynaud, Cyril Straughn-
Turner, Loubna Lahlou Industry View: Richard Pennycook 80

Better Retail for BetterLiving 81

DESIGN
Campbell Reid, Creative Head
Acknowledgements 83
Adrien Slimani, Art Director
Lorena Mondragon, Illustrator Glossary 85
Josselin Coissard, Illustrator
Katharina Vaubel, Image Researcher
 Part One: Digital Upheaval

ONLINE
RETAIL’S
CONTINUED
RISE

T
he biggest and most visible disruption to retail of the past 15
years has been the continuing rise of online shopping. Predictions
of how fast e-commerce penetration will grow over the next 15
years, and when it will cap out, have varied widely. Like many
others, we think online growth will continue. While there are too
many unknowns to make meaningful predictions on penetration,
we think it is helpful to build an understanding of the underlying
drivers of e-commerce’s continued growth: What is keeping
penetration low today? What key innovations will unlock further
increases? How widely will these innovations be adopted in
each market?

7
 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

BARRIERS TO ONLINE SALES WILL COME DOWN

Our 2017 Digital Shopping survey, which was conducted in the

United States, United Kingdom, France, and Germany, shows that
latent demand for online shopping is very high. Seventy percent
of consumers in these countries are open to shopping online: they
either shop online regularly or would switch if the convenience,
browsing experience, or value for money improved. Even in food,
which has been going digital slower than most other sectors, half
of consumers are open to online shopping. Yet online sales still only
account for 15 percent of the general merchandise retail market
in North America and and much of Europe, and just three percent
in food.

Two barriers to greater online penetration have stood out. First,

there are many shortfalls in the current digital shopping experience.
For many users there is still a gap between the intuitive nature
of walking around a physical store and the online browsing
experience – especially when this is condensed onto a mobile
screen. Second, there remain significant costs and hassles in order
“How quickly and how well
fulfilment and delivery. For all but the smallest items, customers
home delivery evolves will either have to wait at home for a delivery, or pick their purchase
be the number one driver up from a collection point, which may or may not be convenient.
of change”
Moreover, delivery costs still pose a barrier, particularly in food
Grocery executive where they can add up to 10 percent to the cost of an average
weekly shop.

However, solutions are being developed rapidly. (See Exhibit 1.)

Advances in technology are significantly improving the user
experience. Voice recognition is starting to provide a viable
alternative for people less comfortable with web or mobile
browsing. In parallel, predictive algorithms are reducing the amount
of information shoppers have to input – whether by voice or other
means – by curating personalized ranges, profiling user preferences,
and offering time-saving tools such as meal planning. Augmented
and virtual reality could make the online shopping experience
just as compelling as in a traditional store. In combination, these
techniques could even allow retailers to serve customers better
online than they can in physical stores.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Exhibit 1. REMOVING BARRIERS TO ONLINE PENETRATION

COMPANIES ARE EXPERIMENTING WITH SOLUTIONS TO THE BIG CHALLENGES OF
ONLINE SHOPPING

FOOD

BARRIERS SOLUTIONS EXAMPLES

Retailer-logistics partnerships Amazon partners with DHL in Germany, where DHL’s high
drop density makes Amazon Fresh delivery more economical
Infrequent drops and
high delivery costs
Carrefour partners with Cogepart, who optimizes and
Dynamic routing makes real-time updates to delivery routes

Passive cooling TEMAX’s passive cooling systems limit temperature

High delivery costs for fresh and fluctuations during transport at lower cost than active cooling
refrigerated products (requirement
for refrigerated trucks) Timestrip’s smart labels flag food that has warmed to give
Food freshness tracking confidence that the product has been handled at the
appropriate temperature, even in passive cooling

Glory’s refrigerated locker enables customers to collect

Refrigerated lockers food from a nearby pick-up point
Need to be at home for fresh
product delivery In Walmart’s trial with August Home, the delivery
In-fridge delivery service driver can access a customer’s home to place fresh
food in their refrigerator

Tasty’s recipe videos contain links to buy featured products,

Plug-ins for featured products such as kitchen tools on Walmart.com and Jet.com
Difficulty of choosing from a wide
product range online
HelloFresh customers can subscribe to meal kits for
Recipe boxes on subscription recommended recipes

CLOTHING

BARRIERS SOLUTIONS EXAMPLES

Amazon Wardrobe’s customers in the United States can

try clothes on at home for seven days without any payment;
At-home trial, free return, they can send items back using a prepaid return label
and pay-later system
Desire to try clothes before buying them ASOS has a “Pay Later” option, which gives customers 30
days to decide whether they want to keep and pay for items

Augmented reality technology Converse’s Sampler mobile app shows users on their
smartphones what shoes will look like on their feet

AI-assisted personal stylist Stitch Fix uses a mix of stylists and data scientists to
personally curate unique recommendations to each customer
Insufficient support for item selection
Live AI advice Pixibo’s chatbot provides potential buyers personal style
and fit advice in real time

Source: Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

These ideas have existed for decades, first in science fiction and then
as often-clunky proofs of concept. But in the last couple of years,
the underlying technology has reached sufficient maturity for them
to be taken seriously as practical, commercial solutions. L’Oréal’s
Makeup Genius app, which has had over 10 million downloads,
accurately applies makeup to real-time images of customers,
providing a realistic way for users to simulate new looks. Thread’s
designers first create coherent template styles, then rely on machine
learning to match customers to the right blend of templates and
create sophisticated recommendations. In food, collaborations
between retailers and recipe banks, such as Walmart and Tasty in
the US, and Sainsburys and BBC Good Food magazine in the UK, give
consumers the option to view prices and buy ingredients for entire
recipes with a single click.

The innovations are not purely technological. Amazon Wardrobe’s

try-first-pay-later online apparel proposition lets customers try on
a diverse range of styles in the comfort of their own homes without
worrying about their cash flow. That is taken care of by Amazon.

Innovation is not limited to customer experience. New approaches

are also reducing the cost and inconveniences of picking and
delivery. The average food basket contains more than 30 items of
different shapes and sizes. Manual picking is the best way to avoid
delivering damaged goods to picky consumers, but it is costly.
Ocado has achieved a good middle ground: a system of conveyor
belts minimizes the distances pickers have to walk, so they can
instead spend more of their time on carefully assembling and
packing customers’ orders.

Another challenge in food has been the need for a specialized supply
chain that can maintain different temperatures for fresh, frozen,
and ambient products, while also handling bulky categories such
“Competition and collaboration as multipack beverages and toilet paper. Innovations in packaging
will shift over the next five
years. Walmart originally
and passive cooling could help retailers to lower the cost of multi-
refused to sell the Kindle temperature deliveries by using the same vehicles as for regular
because it was for a competitor, parcels. Amazon’s Pantry box limits customers to standard-sized
now of course you sell it”
boxes, which do not include fragile items such as eggs, sliced bread,
Grocery executive and soft fruit.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Taken together, these innovations could significantly reduce the cost

of grocery picking and delivery, allowing retailers to provide these
services for lower fees and increasing penetration. If food deliveries
become more frequent and they share capacity in standard parcel
vans, then delivery costs for other retail sectors could also start to
come down. The effect could be particularly marked in rural areas,
where lower order frequency and drop density still pose a barrier
to online penetration. Greater frequency will give customers more
choice over delivery timings, minimizing the disruption to their
daily activities.

TRADITIONAL RETAILERS WILL NOT BE NATURAL

ONLINE LEADERS

Most traditional retailers are not set up to deliver these

innovations. To achieve minimum scale online requires investment
into infrastructure which increases the fixed cost base. While
some growth in online sales will come from customers who
usually shop elsewhere, a significant proportion will cannibalize
a retailer’s own brick-and-mortar stores, adding running costs
but not revenues. Many retailers that have tried and failed to set
up in-house digital incubators have also realized that this type
of development is not in their DNA. The concepts and working
“[Retailers need to be] less
concerned about competition,
methods required – flexible cross‑functional project teams,
more open to collaboration, rapid test-and-learn, a nimble decision hierarchy – remain
otherwise the consumer will foreign to organizations with a command-and‑control culture.
just go around you.”
Left to their own devices, few incumbent retailers will manage
Grocery executive these innovations.

However, retailers that do not make progress in these areas

risk being left behind by companies who have accelerated
investment. Investment in innovation is core to the operating
models of new-economy giants such as Amazon, while the largest
traditional retailers like Walmart are using their scale to place bets.
(See Exhibit 2.) In 2017, Code Eight, part of Walmart’s startup
accelerator program, announced the development of automated
personal shopping services, powered by a strong understanding of
customer preferences and product attributes, and targeted at busy
mid-to-high income family shoppers. Walmart is also developing a
cashier-free store through Project Kepler, an incubator project led
by Jet.com co-founder and CTO Mike Hanrahan.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

There is also a flood of cheap money into the startup space. For
example, in logistics, we see dozens of startups with between
US$5 million and US$20 million in venture capital funding in
North America and Europe. In China, these funding rounds add
up to close to US$1 billion. Since February 2017, more than 250
e-beauty startups have appeared, focusing on improving the
digital shopping experience, providing supporting content like
coaching videos, or acting as a services intermediary.

Overall, more than US$30 billion was invested between 2015 and
2017 into retail technology startups worldwide.

Exhibit 2. PATENT COUNTS FOR RETAIL TECHNOLOGIES

NEW ECONOMY PLAYERS TEND TO FILE MANY MORE PATENTS
THAN THEIR TRADITIONAL RETAIL COUNTERPARTS

GLOBAL PATENTS GRANTED FOR SELECT RETAIL AND NEW ECONOMY COMPANIES
2012-2016, SCOPE LIMITED TO PATENTS ON RETAIL ACTIVITIES

Amazon | 1,389

eBay | 788

Alibaba | 447

Target | 268

Walmart | 186

JD.com | 55

Walgreen | 50

Sears | 48

Aldi | 16

Kroger | 8

Carrefour | 7

Home Depot | 7

Best Buy | 4 Traditional retailers

CVS | 3 New economy players

Source: Quid®, Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

PHYSICAL RETAILERS CAN USE PARTNERSHIPS

TO GET ONLINE

Retailers are increasingly turning to partners to obtain the necessary

capabilities. General merchandise retailers have used third-party
logistics for their online deliveries for years, but for a long time
this was not feasible in food because of the requirements of bulky
or refrigerated products. The first wave of grocery incumbents to
move online therefore developed their own closed networks of
distribution centers, dark stores, and delivery vehicles – at high cost.

Partnerships are now presenting a viable alternative to this high

risk, high investment, and slow break-even route. (See Exhibit 3.)
Ocado has leased its Smart Platform to Morrisons in the UK, and in
November 2017 closed a deal with Casino in France to store, pick,
and transport groceries. In January 2018, they closed their second
international deal with Sobeys to build a warehouse in Canada.

Exhibit 3. PARTNERSHIPS IN RETAIL

A VARIETY OF PARTNERSHIPS ARE ALLOWING TRADITIONAL RETAILERS TO TACKLE THE
CHALLENGES OF ONLINE SELLING

PARTNERSHIP AIMS EXAMPLES RATIONALE FOR PARTNERSHIP

Make it easier to shop online Walmart and Google Home Walmart customers use Google Home to order online using
voice ordering
• Enhance selection process
Monoprix and Google Home Monoprix customers use Google Home to order online using
voice ordering

Best Buy’s Deal of the Day is available on Amazon

Best Buy and Amazon Echo devices

John Lewis leverages Dressipi’s technology and expertise

John Lewis and Dressipi in fashion to create a personalized shopping experience

Make it cheaper to shop online Stuart’s cyclists and drivers deliver Carrefour products within
Carrefour and Stuart one hour of order placement
• Improve last-mile delivery
• Improve warehouse fulfilment Amazon delivers Morrisons products within one hour of
Morrisons and Amazon order placement

Ocado handles logistics for delivery of orders from Morrisons’

Morrisons and Ocado
online platform

Sobeys is using Ocado’s technology to build a warehouse

Sobeys and Ocado geared for e-commerce order fulfliment

Source: Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

To enhance the online shopping experience, Walmart has opted

to use Google Home’s voice-recognition software to enable voice
ordering, rather than investing to develop their own technology.
Best Buy has partnered with Amazon’s Alexa to give customers voice
access to its catalog. Midsize brands from multiple sectors, such as
Kurt Geiger and Tilly’s, have chosen to engage specialists such as
Aptos to set up their e-commerce platforms.

New-economy giants will also use third-party services, and the

specialists will not all be startups. In Germany, DHL has partnered
with Amazon to exclusively deliver Amazon Fresh baskets. As
passive-cooling packaging widens the range of potential partners
to non-refrigerated fleets, retailers could even take advantage
of networks of Uber-style freelancers, particularly in dense
“Retailers are not thinking about urban centers.
partnerships. In other industry
sectors partnerships are the
norm; retailers need to learn Partnering carries risks, which must be carefully weighed against
from outside” the potential rewards in an uncertain environment. Retailers
Grocery executive
that indiscriminately partner to cover their capability gaps may
find – even if they manage the partnerships well – that they have
relinquished control over critical elements of their business model.
“Even if food e-commerce
In the US, many food retailers have partnered with Instacart to
penetration is 10 percent, that move online. In doing so, however, they have ceded a portion
will decimate the food retailers of the customer relationship to a third party – one that might
as we know them”
have other plans for growth than simply continuing to scale
CPG executive current operations.

Still, despite these risks, we think most incumbents will need

to selectively partner in order to meet ever-growing customer
expectations. The move to a more open ecosystem with a wide
range of partnerships and alliances will be a significant change for
the retail sector, which has historically been more closed to such
deals than other sectors of the economy.

PARTNERSHIPS WILL BOOST INNOVATION AND

ONLINE PENETRATION

Partnerships like these will enable innovations and new

technologies to be rapidly adopted in many companies. This
adoption will in turn drive industry‑wide improvements in user
experience and reductions in the cost and hassle of delivery.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

As a consequence, online penetration will continue to grow at pace.

(See Exhibit 4.) In food, if there are no major innovations to lower the
cost of delivery, we think online penetration is unlikely to surpass
five percent across North America and Europe by 2030. However,
reducing the delivery fees to consumers through improved
efficiency could see that number double. In the hypothetical
scenario that all fees and hassles were to be removed and customers
were able to freely choose the channels that best suited their needs,
online sales could reach more than 25 percent across North America
and Europe. This means penetration of near 40 percent in leading
mature markets such as the UK.

THE BIG DEBATE

WILL E-COMMERCE TAKE OFF IN FOOD LIKE IT HAS IN THE REST
OF THE RETAIL?

SKEPTICS BELIEVERS
“Disruption is massive, albeit happening more “I’ve seen predictions as high as 30 percent”
slowly than announced. Five years ago, people
said we would be at 25 percent of retail online CPG executive
today, we are not there yet”
“It could be 30 percent in food, particularly when
Investor
we think about millennials”

“I expect to see food online top out at seven to Grocery executive

eight percent”
“Ten years out we are maybe looking at 25 percent
Financial analyst
on click & collect and online in the food space [in
the US]”
“We originally thought that by 2020, 10 to 15
percent of sales would be online, but we’re still Grocery executive
hovering around three percent”

Grocery executive

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Exhibit 4. ONLINE SALES SHARE

THE TRAJECTORY OF ONLINE SALES DEPENDS ON HOW FAST BARRIERS CAN BE REMOVED BY
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
UK FOOD RETAIL MARKET SCENARIO 4. ALL BARRIERS ARE REMOVED
SHARE OF E-COMMERCE UNDER FOUR SCENARIOS Customers all over the country experience no barriers
to shopping for food online. Online shopping
38% interfaces are highly intuitive and predictive, and
delivery is fast, punctual and free.

SCENARIO 3. DELIVERY FEES ARE REDUCED,

AND MORE AREAS BECOME FEASIBLE TO
SUPPLY
Free delivery becomes more widely available in
suburban areas, enabled by delivery network
consolidation.
22%

SCENARIO 2. DELIVERY FEES ARE REDUCED

18%
Retailers are able to offer free delivery at frequent,
daily slots in the highest-density areas - enabled by
innovations in warehouse automation, dynamic
delivery routing, and capacity sharing. In
lower-density areas, delivery fees and minimum
10% basket sizes persist, or customers have to go to
collection points.

SCENARIO 1. CURRENT CONDITIONS REMAIN

Current constraints remain in place, with no major
innovations.
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

US GENERAL MERCHANDISE RETAIL MARKET SCENARIO 3. ALL BARRIERS ARE REMOVED

SHARE OF E-COMMERCE UNDER THREE SCENARIOS All major barriers are removed, and consumer demand
38%
for online general merchandise shopping is fully met.
The supply chain is drastically improved to equalize
the costs of delivery and in-store purchases for the
entire range of products; the customer journey is
enhanced through personalization and AR-based
support, for example.

SCENARIO 2. ONLINE CUSTOMER JOURNEY MADE

22% EASIER, AND ONLINE RETAILERS GAIN SCALE
The customer journey online is made easier thanks
to personalization and augmented reality (AR). Store
17% closures drive a rise in online shopping, increasing
the scale of online retailers. The supply chain sees
incremental efficiency improvements which lowers
fees and increases delivery punctuality.

SCENARIO 1. CURRENT CONDITIONS REMAIN

The customer purchasing experience online
remains the same. Some incremental advances
are made in supply-chain technology, but little
else changes.
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Source: Planet Retail, Oliver Wyman proprietary eFood model, Oliver Wyman proprietary breakeven model for e-commerce operations, Deutsche Bank,
Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

In general merchandise retail, online penetration should increase

due to continued innovation in customer experience, the rise
of subscription services for routine purchases, and faster,
more‑convenient delivery. We estimate the 2030 online share to be
between 17 and 22 percent in North America and Europe.

Penetration in China already surpasses these levels in many

categories. If online retailers in the West can match the disruptive
innovations of Chinese retail share could go as high as 40 percent.

Online retail will not grow by itself. But as companies

tackling the barriers continue to attract investment and
deliver innovation, shopping online will become easier and
more popular.

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Part One: Digital Upheaval

EMPIRES
EMERGE AS CHINA
DEVELOPS NEW
RETAIL MODELS

A BATTLE FOR DOMINATION SPARKS

ACQUISITIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS

China was initially slow to go online. In 2006, just 11 percent of

the population had Internet access, and online shopping was
negligible. However, Internet and mobile access then exploded,
and e-commerce took off thanks to the development of trustworthy
online payment systems and efficient delivery networks. Roughly
half the population had Internet access by 2016, according to
the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), and 95
percent of Internet access was via mobile phones. Already, some 10
percent of Chinese consumers buy groceries online.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

The digital landscape today in China is dominated by two

rapidly expanding empires. Alibaba owns two of China’s
largest e-commerce platforms, Taobao and TMall, as well as an
electronic payments system, AliPay. Its rival is an alliance between
JD.com, a leading online retailer, and Tencent, an Internet and
digital‑technology conglomerate. Tencent owns WeChat, which is
China’s largest social app and bought a 15 percent stake in JD.com
in 2014.

Flush with capital, Alibaba and Tencent-JD.com have been

expanding their empires through acquisitions and partnerships.
(See Exhibit 5.) Combined, they now have stakes in six of China’s top
10 hypermarkets; the country’s biggest electronics retailer, Suning;
and one of the largest department store operators, Intime. They also
own parts of Wanda, China’s largest shopping mall operator, as well
as Wanda Cinemas, the biggest film distributor. In 2016 and 2017,
Alibaba made strategic investments totaling US$21 billion.

One key to the dominance of Alibaba and Tencent is their near-

duopoly in mobile payments, 97 percent of which are carried out
on their platforms. (See Exhibit 6.) Since 2013, the total value of
payments and other money transfers carried out on mobile devices
has grown more than 100‑fold in China, reaching RMB108 trillion
(US$17 trillion) in 2017.

Mobile payments are ubiquitous today in Chinese fresh-food

markets, family-run stores, and restaurants. They are used for as
much as 75 percent by value of all food-and-beverage purchases in
China, according to our studies. By controlling mobile payments,
the empires can draw consumers into their matrix of services,
and then harvest the resulting data. They are now pursuing
more-disruptive innovations to help them further transform the
retail industry.

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Exhibit 5. KEY ACQUISITIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS RELATED TO ALIBABA, TENCENT AND JD.COM
CHINA’S TECH GIANTS ARE PLACING BIG BETS TO BUILD THEIR RETAIL PRESENCE
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

May: Alibaba acquires

Nov: Alibaba 18 percent of the public Jan: Tencent and
Aug: JD.com shares of Lianhua
Hyper/ acquires 32 percent Yonghui become
acquires 10 percent
super-market of the shares of Nov: Alibaba invests largest shareholders
stake in Yonghui
Sanjiang Group US$2.9 billion of Carrefour China
in Sun Art

Aug: Alibaba Feb: Alibaba invests

Retailer invests US$4.6 US$1.24 billion in
billion in Suning Wanda Film

Jan: Alibaba Tencent, JD.com and

Mall/ increases its Suning, Sunac plan to
Department Store investment in Intime invest US$5.4 billion
by US$2.6 billion in Dalian Wanda

Mar: Tencent Jun-Dec: Walmart Dec: Tencent and

E-commerce invests US$214 buys about 10 percent JD.com invest US$863
million in JD.com of JD.com million in Vip.com

Exhibit 6. CHINA MOBILE PAYMENT MARKET LANDSCAPE

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF MOBILE PAYMENTS IN CHINA IS LED BY TWO PLAYERS, WECHAT PAY
AND ALIPAY
Others | 2% TOTAL MOBILE PAYMENTS IN CHINA
RMB TRILLION
WeChat Pay | 32% AliPay | 65%

CAGR
+202%
MOBILE PAYMENTS 108
LANDSCAPE
MARKET SHARE 2017H1

35
16
1 8

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017F

Source: Mobile payment association, Yiguan, Union Pay, Oliver Wyman analysis

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“NEW RETAIL”,
AN O2O SOLUTION

Shopping for some categories has remained predominantly offline.

Consumers buying food and furniture, for example, want to see,
touch, and try the products before ordering. So the tech empires are
experimenting with new forms of retail that tear down these barriers.
At Alibaba’s Hema stores in large Chinese cities, customers don’t go
to checkout counters; they pay by smartphone. Many don’t take their
purchases with them; the store sends a delivery van. And some don’t
even want all their food at home; supermarket staff cook it for eating
in the store.

Other Chinese retailers, too, are blending digital and physical

features to create imaginative O2O solutions – “online-to-offline”,
China’s equivalent of omnichannel. (See Exhibit 7.)

Exhibit 7. THE ROLE OF ONLINE TO OFFLINE (O2O) IN CHINESE GROCERY RETAIL

WITH THE RIGHT INVESTMENT, O2O CAN DRIVE SIGNIFICANT SALES
O2O BUSINESS CONTRIBUTION IN MAJOR GROCERY RETAILERS
PERCENTAGE OF ORDERS

Level of change

Without With e-commerce partner With e-commerce partner

e-commerce partner but no store upgrade and store upgrade

O2O

In-store
Carrefour Walmart Sanjiang Super Species RT-mart
(before recent
acquisition)
Source: Store staff interviews [Ningbo], store traffic/bag counting [Ningbo & Shanghai], desktop research, Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Early signs are that O2O stores will be more than just interesting
experiments, and will significantly change retail. Hema is already
attracting younger, wealthier, tech-savvy shoppers, a coveted
group. They increasingly trust the Hema brand and are willing to
buy fresh food online. While China’s lack of strong brick-and-mortar
supermarket chains has been a factor in this initial success, the new
formats could provide templates for other countries too.

SOCIAL CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

The ubiquity of Tencent’s WeChat has generated a new wave of

customer engagement. It is now easier than ever for brands to
establish direct relationships with customers, for example by
connecting on social media. Retailers can also trace customers’
purchase journeys – how they discovered and eventually chose
products – to determine the best marketing channels. To foster
viral promotion, they can offer incentives to customers who re-post
product offers in their social circles. They can turn some of these
customers into brand ambassadors.

The long-term aim of such activities is to develop a “single

customer” view. Alibaba and Tencent-JD.com extend far beyond
retail and payments into areas such as video streaming, financial
services, and travel. The vast amounts of data generated by these
businesses can be leveraged to develop customer relationship
management with a far higher degree of personalization than
at present. Machine learning algorithms can predict what
other products customers might buy based on their shopping
and browsing activities, so they can be targeted with suitable
promotions or vouchers.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

SOCIAL SHOPPING

Many customers enjoy shopping trips as social experiences, where

friends and families share advice on clothes and discuss what to
cook. Social media can help replicate some of this experience
online, and they have become an important source of information
for shoppers. This is especially the case for fashion where,
according to our research, younger consumers get more of their
information on fashion from social media than any other channel.
(See Exhibit 8.)

Exhibit 8. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA FOR CHINESE FASHION CONSUMERS

CHINESE CONSUMERS LEARN ABOUT FASHION FROM SOCIAL MEDIA, RATHER THAN
TRADITIONAL CHANNELS
SOURCE OF FASHION INFORMATION1 BY AGE GROUP
PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS, N = 260, ONLINE SURVEY
Weibo and other domestic social media
49
39
Fashion WeChat account
48
43
Friends and family
33
34
Shopping experience
29
38
Browsing fashion, e-commerce websites
27
40
Online magazines and newspapers
26
23
Overseas social media such as Instagram, Twitter
23
16
Offline magazines and newspapers
16
19
Under 30
Never browse fashion news
9
8 Above 30
1. “Which channels do you usually get fashion information from?” (Select up to five channels)
Source: Oliver Wyman online survey 201802, Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

WeChat has led efforts to make online shopping more sociable, by

encouraging brands, bloggers, and influencers to create in-app
stores. In these, users can read reviews, participate in product
discussions, and pose questions on customer service – all within a
website where customers can also order and pay for products. Brick-
and-mortar retailers see the value too. Suning, China’s leading chain
of electrical appliance stores, pays employees bonuses if they set up
storefronts and these generate sales from their social circles.

Another site that mixes shopping and socializing, Little Red Book,
started off as a review site for overseas products. It then evolved
into a popular discussion site for shopping, where customers can
“like” posts by bloggers and celebrities, and it also features direct
links to enable readers to buy products. In 2016, Tencent invested
US$100 million in Little Red Book, and it is now one of the largest
social shopping sites in the world, with over 50 million users.
Cumulative sales already exceed US$10 billion.

FUTURE OF THE EMPIRES AND CHINA RETAIL

The race for scale aims to capture as many consumers as possible

for a retail empire’s online interfaces, physical stores, and payment
systems. A customer that pays with Alibaba’s AliPay e-wallet or
Tencent’s WeChat Pay, for example, will find it easier to shop in
a physical or online store where a compatible payment system
works. Maximizing such touchpoints will generate valuable data
on customers’ product preferences and spending habits. The firms
will learn which websites customers like to visit, the apps they use,
and whom they follow on social media. Even when customers shop
outside the empires’ e-commerce platforms, they will still be a
valuable source of data for where, when, and what they are buying,
if they use one of the dominant payment systems. And the more the
new retail empires know about their customers, the better they will
be able to please them.

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Part One: Digital Upheaval

THE ROLE
OF STORES
THE OMNICHANNEL FUTURE

As online share grows, we think that the future landscape

of retail will become increasingly complex. The best
retailers will experiment with vibrant new models that
blend the best of online and physical retail.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

BRICK-AND-MORTAR STORES WILL HAVE

A NEW ROLE

As retail moves increasingly online, the future of the physical store

seems uncertain. Continuing falls in store revenues will pose big
challenges to physical retailers with high fixed costs tied up in their
networks. But we think a “managed decline” approach to physical
stores is wrong. Instead, successful retailers are recognizing that
“People are social and for
physical stores are a key part of the emerging new picture.
some reason shopping is
one way they express their
social nature” The rapid growth of pure-play online retailers appears to suggest
Mass retail executive
that physical stores are unnecessary. However, these online retailers
frequently rely on competitors’ physical stores for their role as
showrooms, where customers try out a product before purchasing.
“Amazon’s acquisition of Whole
Many online giants are no longer content to passively freeload
Foods should have signaled in such a manner, and are instead actively shaping their physical
to the market that brick-and- touchpoints. Indeed, 2017 saw a progression from dabbling in click-
mortar is necessary”
and-collect points and the odd pop-up showroom, to a number of
Grocery executive much bigger bets.

Amazon’s purchase of the Whole Foods network of 431 stores, hot

on the heels of its pilot of the no-cashier store Amazon Go, provided
a clear signal of its intention to win in omnichannel retail, not just
online. In China, JD.com announced that it would build one million
stores over the next five years to better serve rural areas. Alibaba,
in a joint venture with Auchan Group, has invested US$2.9 billion in
a stake in Sun Art Retail Group, China’s top hypermarket operator
with 446 hypermarket complexes in 224 cities. They have also
opened a set of “new retail” stores called Hema that use augmented
reality to enhance the shopping experience and advanced physical
infrastructure to facilitate picking items for delivery.

Our shopping survey shows that omnichannel shoppers – people

who shop both online and offline – are happier than those who
stick exclusively to one or the other. (See Exhibit 9.) This supports
the spreading view that, in order to serve customers effectively,
retailers need to offer both physical points of presence as well as
digital shopping.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

PHYSICAL STORES WILL NEED TO DELIVER

VALUE IN NEW WAYS

Physical stores that rely on captive trade from customers who live
close by, essentially serving the role of stock rooms, will decline as
more of their customers find it more convenient to shop online. To
survive and thrive, physical stores will need to give customers other
reasons to visit. (See Exhibit 10.)

VALUE
For discount chains, no-frills stores remain the most economical
way to distribute products. These savings are reflected in low prices,
which are a strong attraction for consumers.

Exhibit 9. CUSTOMER ATTITUDES TO

MULTI‑CHANNEL SHOPPING
OMNICHANNEL SHOPPERS ARE MORE SATISFIED THAN
SINGLE‑CHANNEL SHOPPERS
POSITIVE RESPONSE RATE REGARDING GROCERY SHOPPING1

Multiple-channel
Single-channel 66%
55%

1,903 respondents 720 respondents

1. Include “I love it” and ”Generally enjoy it” responses (five possible responses: “I love it”, ”I Generally enjoy
it”, “Neither love it nor hate it”, “Generally dislike it“, “Hate it and avoid it as much as possible“)
Note: Percentage of respondents, Survey respondents, US/UK/France/Germany
Source: Oliver Wyman internal analysis, consumer survey 2017; international respondents (US/UK/France/
Germany)

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Exhibit 10. STORES HAVE A CLEAR ROLE TO PLAY IN RETAIL’S FUTURE...

...BUT SUCCESSFUL STORES WILL NEED TO PLAY MORE SPECIALIZED ROLES THAN THEY DO TODAY

KEY SUCCESS FACTORS IN THE FUTURE

DISCOUNT MODELS • Ruthlessly efficient operating model

“I WANT TO PAY AS LITTLE AS I CAN, • Own-label sourcing and rigorous
NO MATTER WHAT” quality control
VALUE

• A well-curated assortment that serves the

CONVENIENCE STORE most common customer needs out of limited
“I NEED IT NOW” shelf space
• Broad store network in high-traffic areas

CONVENIENCE • A strong online assortment covering most

CLICK-AND-COLLECT PICK-UP POINT additional customer needs - that can be
“I NEED IT TODAY, ON MY SCHEDULE” rapidly delivered to store
• Broad store network in high-traffic areas

EXPERIENCE • Well-trained, highly-engaged workforce

“I WANT TO ENJOY SHOPPING” • Innovative and exciting store designs

MANUFACTURER BOUTIQUE • Strong general brand recognition

“I WANT ACCESS TO THE NEWEST AND BEST
PRODUCTS FROM THE BRANDS I TRUST” • Unique product offering
EXPERIENCE

• Dynamic environment to support in-store

OMNICHANNEL SHOWROOM consumer trials
“I WANT TO EXPERIENCE THE PRODUCTS
FOR MYSELF AND GET ADVICE IF I NEED IT” • Commercial terms with manufacturers that
can support showroom economics

SOCIAL INTERACTION • Well-trained, highly engaged workforce

“TO ME, SHOPPING ALSO MEANS • Well-located stores that support social shopping
MEETING PEOPLE” occasions with communal spaces or events
SOCIAL
ENGAGEMENT

SERVICE CENTER • Expert employees with access to spare parts

“I WANT SUPPORT IF THE PRODUCT BREAKS” and replacement products
AFTERCARE
AND TRUST

Source: Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

CONVENIENCE
For urgent or “on demand” shopping – most common in food and
homeware – a network of stores in high-traffic, high-frequency
locations can offer rapid access to products. These locations could,
for example, be airports, subways, train stations, or residential
areas. Argos, a store-based catalog retailer of electronics and
homeware in the UK, has transformed its network of 845 nationwide
stores into a hub-and-spoke system that delivers certain items in as
little as two hours. For consumers in many locations, popping out to
the local convenience store is still by far the easiest way to pick up a
pint of milk or missing ingredient.

EXPERIENCE AND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT

Stores remain hard to beat for human interaction, from routine,
everyday exchanges to elaborate customer service for special
occasions. For example, Nordstrom’s Local concept store holds
“Customers want to experience no stock, instead focusing on services such as personal styling,
product instore, even if they tailoring, and amenities like a cafe or nail bar. This smaller format
then buy it online”
could allow Nordstrom to reach more customers with its services,
Apparel executive and thus build loyalty and brand presence.

AFTERCARE AND TRUST

For high-value, complex purchases, such as technology devices
and white goods, the physical store is a key hub for aftercare
services that deliver a branded experience and sustain the customer
relationship. Apple’s Genius Bar and Best Buy’s Geek Squad are two
good examples.

JD.com
aims to launch one million OMNICHANNEL RETAIL WILL BE CHALLENGING
stores across China over FOR ALL TYPES OF RETAILERS
the next five years
It was clear to most of the retail leaders we spoke to that the future
of the retail experience is omnichannel. Customers will expect to
Alibaba.com shop both online and offline, depending on the relative strengths
aims to turn six million of each channel. Retailers will need to offer both online and store-
convenience stores into based shopping experiences in order to take charge of the entire
smart service centers customer journey. However, few retailers are well equipped to
deliver omnichannel.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Offline incumbents already have stores and understand how to

run them. However, most of these networks are not configured
for the new role of the store. In destination sites, stores will need
to be improved and reshaped to deliver a better experience. Staff
will need to be retrained to deliver the services that make the store
a destination. A significant proportion of other stores will need to
be downsized or closed, as customers find more efficient ways to
get products. At the same time, maintaining access to a network of
convenient pickup points will be crucial.

Incumbents will also need to change the way they assess their
stores’ contributions. The old measures of total store sales and
store contribution margin no longer give the full picture. One store
may be effective as a site where sales associates help customers
“We sell a lot of lottery, beer,
understand the product range, before a transaction is concluded on
cigarettes, and perhaps one
day marijuana. You will always the retailer’s website for home delivery the next day. Another may
need a human to check the serve as a pickup and trial point for online apparel orders, where
identity cards. This protects us,
customers can try products on and arrange for alterations to get a
gives us a reason to exist (as a
brick-and-mortar solution)” perfect fit. Some stores may simply function as places where new
customers come to browse, an experience that puts the retailer at
Mass retail executive
the front of their minds when they next shop online.

Manhattan-based concept store Story, which charges brand owners

“You can probably get away
for the innovative experiences it creates to showcase products,
without omnichannel in the
next couple of years, but in the has trialed AI-enabled cameras to create a heatmap of where
long term omnichannel is the customers spend time in the store. This lets Story quantify the
only way to survive and thrive”
number of “views” given to different products. Whether by investing
Grocery executive in such innovations or more thoroughly mapping customers’
shopping journeys, retailers will need to paint a much richer
picture of the value their stores add. Otherwise, they risk closing
“We are starting to think of or underinvesting in key sites, and noticing the overall loss of sales
our stores in the same way as only when it is too late. This could also lead to a way to charge brand
banks think of their branches”
owners for product views, similar to how internet advertisers charge
Apparel executive per click.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

“We are beginning to think Online retailers are beginning to realize that they too need a
about stores more as a physical presence in order to really win on customer experience.
marketing expense and Assembling a network of sites can be difficult and expensive,
evaluate ROI – how effective
are they?” certainly in most major cities. Once online retailers do have stores,
running them effectively presents another problem. Just as physical
Apparel executive
incumbents struggle with rapid innovation, online incumbents
lack the operational DNA to mobilize and motivate large cohorts of
staff – who are often low-paid and have a high turnover – to provide
“You got people working in a consistent in-store experience.
stores, you cannot pay them
that much more than basically
minimum wage. It is all about
how to motivate and engage In the early days of online retail, “brick-and-mortar” became
hearts and minds. Amazon has a synonym for “out of date.” In the omnichannel era, physical
no idea how to do that”
stores are finding new roles – and are seen as an essential part
Grocery executive of the shopping experience.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

INNOVATION IS CHANGING
CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS
Consumers are becoming smarter, and their expectations are increasing
rapidly. To keep up, retailers need to get smarter too. Fundamentally,
consumers’ demands have not changed. They want to know about the
product and to buy it at a good price with minimum hassle. What has
changed is the pace at which the internet has enabled these needs to
be fulfilled, raising customer expectations ever higher. Retailers that do
not meet expectations will lose customers to those that do. And some
of those needs may be better met by companies that look very different
from today’s retailers. Here are three important lessons.

First, consumers are often experts on products. Today’s consumer can

access a seemingly limitless product range online. There is a wealth of
information for every type of shopper: specialist review sites (TechRadar,
Wirecutter), mass user-review databases (Amazon, Makeup Alley), and
technical ingredient glossaries. Blogs and influencers curate the vast
range of available products, helping customers navigate otherwise
overwhelming choices. (See Exhibit 11.) Several intermediaries in China
are allowing customers to collectively shop for products. Friends can let
the savviest among them choose a product, and the entire group saves by
buying multiple units at a discount.

Where could this go? Consumers will become much less reliant on
particular retailers to curate product ranges, instead seeing them
simply as product distributors. They will be confident enough to buy
from relatively unknown retailers and manufacturers, meaning that
competition will center more directly on product functionality. Exclusive
products will be increasingly important to draw customers to a particular
retailer, and the role of brands as a guarantor of quality may come
under threat.

“Loyalty has changed so fast:

one bad experience and it is not
hard to find other options”

Apparel executive

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Second, consumers no longer have to accept the prices they see on

shelf. They can access instant price comparisons across multiple
retailers via online review and aggregator sites. Some websites, such as
CamelCamelCamel, even track price moves over time. This transparency
lets consumers see through retailer pricing games, such as inflating
margins in some products to cross-subsidize low prices on traffic drivers,
and inflating “regular” prices to fund deep promotional price cuts.

Where could this go? Increasingly, retailers with simple, transparent

pricing strategies will win consumer trust. As retailers find it harder to
create smoke and mirrors with their pricing, those with structural cost
disadvantages will be exposed. Overall, there will be pressure on the
industry to simplify and focus on the things consumers truly value.

Third, consumers will continue to minimize hassle, as they get used to

having more of the work done for them at each stage of the shopping
process. Home delivery has eliminated the need to travel to a store, while
price comparison websites remove the need to spend time shopping
around multiple retailers.

Exhibit 11. WEBSITES THAT OFFER ONLINE MAKEUP ADVICE

CUSTOMERS ARE BETTER INFORMED BEFORE THEY MAKE A PURCHASE THAN
EVER BEFORE

BLOGS AND INFLUENCERS USER REVIEW DATABASES MANUFACTURERS

Pixiwoo.com Makeup Alley MAC Lush

MakeupPro Amazon The Body Shop Maybelline
Fleur de force Alibaba Sephora Estee Lauder
Caroline Hirons totalbeauty Shiseido NYX
Tanya Burr
Beautypedia
The Klog INGREDIENT GLOSSARIES ONLINE RETAIL PLATFORMS
Althea
Glow Recipe
Cosmetics Info Feel Unique Lefeng.com Escentual
The Indian Beauty blog
Paula’s Choice Beauty Pie KJT.com Jumei.com
Hudabeauty
EWG Skin Deep Love Lua lookfantastic Cult Beauty

Source: Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

We think the next big hassle to be eradicated will be browsing and

choosing products. This has already happened in the music industry.
Spotify subscribers still exercise choice, but instead of having to spend
hours sifting through thousands of songs, they can instead spend a few
seconds choosing bottomless playlists to suit their mood.

Where could this go? Instead of going to retailers to choose from

thousands of products, customers will first go to choice intermediaries
that provide them with clear recommendations. These could include:
capsule wardrobes of clothes for a whole season, mixing basics and
more expensive items across dozens of brands; meal solutions based on
complex dietary preferences; and tailored gift recommendations based
on unstructured information about the recipient. In our Digital Shopping
Survey, respondents were on average willing to pay five to 10 percent
more for shopping experiences where the selection process was partially
automated. (See Exhibit 12.)

Changes in technology are driving changes in customer habits and

expectations; in turn, these changes will influence the next wave
of innovation.

Exhibit 12. CONSUMER DESIRE FOR “CHOOSE IT FOR ME”

THE CONSUMERS WE SURVEYED WOULD PAY MORE FOR SERVICES THAT TAKE THE WORK
OUT OF CHOOSING PRODUCTS

FOR YOUR REGULAR GROCERY SHOPPING, FOR YOUR HEALTH AND BEAUTY ITEMS SHOPPING,
WOULD YOU PREFER USING AN AI WOULD YOU PREFER A SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE
ASSISTANT THAN GOING TO A STORE? RATHER THAN WEEKLY SHOPPING?

Age of respondent

28% Under 25 33%

24% 25-40 36%

14% 41-55 28%

7% Over 55 18%

10% AND HOW MUCH MORE

WOULD YOU PAY? 5%
Source: Oliver Wyman analysis, consumer survey 2017; international respondents (US/UK/France/Germany)

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Part One: Digital Upheaval

DISINTERMEDIATION
AND REINTERMEDIATION:

NEW
WAYS
TO REACH
CUSTOMERS

I
n the old world, retailers acted as the gatekeepers to
consumers – and were richly rewarded. In the future, brands will
find new ways to get their products to customers, whether directly
or through new intermediaries that insert themselves into the value
chain. While all eyes have been on the shift from physical to online
retail, we believe this disintermediation and reintermediation
is the real change to come in the sector, one that will have
profound implications.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

MANUFACTURERS CAN SELL DIRECTLY

TO CONSUMERS

While brand owners have typically run big-budget, above-the-line

marketing campaigns, retailers have owned the below-the-line
touchpoints, controlling the prominence and appeal of products
through in-store presentation, pricing and promotions, and staff
recommendations. In return, they have claimed a significant
share of revenues. Manufacturer direct channels have existed
for decades in sectors such as apparel and premium technology.
But they have been rare or nonexistent in areas such as food and
homewares, where big-store retailers offer the convenience of
buying large, varied baskets in a single shopping trip.

Given the easy scalability of web platforms and the rise of

partnerships, more brand owners now have an opportunity to
“Direct-to-consumer for less
complex items makes a lot
go direct to customer. They also have good reasons to do so: to
of sense and will be big in guard against excessive domination by larger, stronger retailers
the future. For more complex as the industry concentrates and consolidates; and to take back
items, the issue is service”
control of below-the-line brand messaging and engage with
Apparel executive customers directly.

Brand owners have four options for going direct in the new world.
These offer various degrees of control at varying levels of cost and
risk. But all provide significantly more control than the traditional
model mediated by retailers.

Direct-to-consumer marketing and loyalty programs use social

media and direct marketing to engage with and learn from
consumers. In makeup, brands like Zoella and Nyx put social
media at the heart of their marketing strategies, fostering
direct connections with customers, while distributing their
products through major department stores or specialty chains.
Consumer goods giant Nestlé is in touch with over 50 million
customers worldwide, and uses these contacts to run targeted
marketing campaigns.

Manufacturer‑owned online channels can achieve break-even scale

in sectors such as apparel and technology more easily than a costly
network of stores. (See Exhibit 13.) Such a website can be supported
by a small number of showroom stores on the model of furniture
brand Made.com or Casper, the mattress manufacturer.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Warby Parker, which manufactures eyeglasses, started with an

online-only proposition, but now makes nearly half its revenues
through its network of more than 60 stores. This model also works
well for easy-to-ship, routine subscription products, such as razor
blades (Dollar Shave Club) and underwear (MeUndies).

Small cooperative platforms could provide a viable alternative

for brand owners with shares of the basket that are too small to
draw customers into shopping direct. These platforms aggregate
complementary products and could be a good solution for
“Smaller brands emerge
manufacturers of consumer-packaged goods. Early examples
online. The filter is now
Google and Amazon, not include Shobr, a Danish online marketplace backed by a number
retailers anymore” of household brand names, including Coca-Cola, Kraft Heinz,
Grocery executive
and Heineken. (See Exhibit 14.) It sold over 70 brands on its beta
site before folding in late 2017. INS, a potential blockchain-based
successor, located in the UK, has rumoured backing of Unilever
“If I was a new manufacturer
and Reckitt Benckiser, and raised US$41.5 million in an “Initial
today, [going direct-to- Coin Offering”. While bumps in the road lie ahead, we think these
consumer] is exactly what I models hold significant promise for brand owners as new routes to
would do”
the consumer. We expect to see significant experimentation in this
Investor space in the coming years beyond the companies operating today.

Exhibit 13. INCREASING MANUFACTURER SHARE OF

ONLINE SALES
MANUFACTURERS ARE BYPASSING RETAILERS FOR MORE THAN
HALF OF TOTAL ONLINE SALES OF GENERAL MERCHANDISE

SHARE OF TOTAL ONLINE SALES BY CHANNEL

GENERAL MERCHANDISE RETAIL SEGMENTS (APPAREL, HEALTH AND BEAUTY, DURABLES,
AND HOME AND OFFICE), US

2010 2016

Manufacturer Direct/Platforms Retailers

Source: Planet Retail, Bank of America, Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Exhibit 14. HOW MANUFACTURER’S CAPTIVE PLATFORMS WORK IN FOOD

SHOBR AND INS ARE MARKETPLACES THAT SHOW HOW CPG MANUFACTURERS COULD
DISINTERMEDIATE TRADITIONAL FOOD RETAILERS IN THE FUTURE
Full control Direct access to products
over merchandising from favored brands

Online supermarket Consumer

Virtual infinite shelf
for participating suppliers

Direct access Centralized last-mile logistics

to customer data deliver direct to customers

Suppliers own and manage inventory

Supplier Warehouses and logistics

CPG MANUFACTURERS CONSUMERS

WHAT IS Full control over merchandising Direct access to products from favored brands
THE UPSIDE?
Unlimited shelf space for participating suppliers Lower prices from bypassing retailer margins
Direct access to customer data

SHOBR Customer service provided by Shobr (call center) One central delivery platform for a range of brands
BUSINESS MODEL
Direct control of promotional strategies

INS Transparent supply chain using blockchain Logistics charges more transparent
BUSINESS MODEL
INS charges transaction fees (1%) and
logistics fees (~10%-15%)

Source: Shobr, INS, Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Giant marketplace platforms – such as Taobao, Tmall, Amazon

Marketplace, and eBay – have long been the go-to platforms
for generic product manufacturers and upstart brands. Larger
brands, too, are turning to these platforms as a way to access
more consumers, especially in new markets, and they continue
to grow rapidly. In 2017, Estée Lauder reported a 19 percent
increase in sales in China, largely attributed to a doubling of online
sales after the launch of MAC on the Tmall platform. Technology
brands Canon and Nikon also have flagship storefronts on the site,
“If we need to, we will allowing them to directly engage with the Chinese consumer.
innovate; the retailers need to
understand that; I always say
to them, if you do not help us While platforms are well-established in sectors such as apparel and
with the consumer, we will tech, in areas such as food and homeware manufacturers are only
go ourselves”
just beginning to develop these channels. Overall, we think there is
CPG executive significant future growth to come. (See Exhibit 15.)

Exhibit 15. THE RISE IN MARKETPLACE PLATFORMS IN GENERAL MERCHANDISE RETAIL

PLATFORMS HAVE TAKEN THE VAST MAJORITY OF GROWTH IN GENERAL MERCHANDISE SALES IN
THIS DECADE
GROWTH OF GENERAL MERCHANDISE ONLINE SALES1 – PLATFORM VS. NON PLATFORM
US$ BILLIONS

3,000 PLATFORM
Growth Rate 2011-16
36%

2,000

Growth
Rate
2011-16
4.5%

1,000

NONPLATFORM
Growth Rate 2011-16
2%
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016p
1. General merchandise is defined as apparel, health and beauty, durables, and home and office products
Source: Oliver Wyman analysis; Planet Retail; Bank of America

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NEW PLAYERS ARE COMING BETWEEN

RETAILERS AND THEIR CUSTOMERS

Manufacturers selling directly to customers will put more pressure

on retailers. However, we do not see this as a fundamental
disruption. Ultimately, they are simply setting up alternative
retail channels with the same business model: sell products to
customers to make a return. Retailers will be able to compete
along familiar lines: stay competitive on price and continue to offer
a better range and the convenience of a one-stop shop.

Less familiar, and more threatening, are the new intermediaries

coming between the retailer and the customer: the choice
intermediary and the last-mile intermediary. They have
dramatically different business models, and retailers will not be
able to compete by simply doing the same things they have always
done, only better.

HELPING CUSTOMERS CHOOSE

The choice intermediary is already familiar in the travel industry.

(See Exhibit 16.) Giant aggregators – such as TripAdvisor, Expedia,
and Google Flights – have all but replaced travel agents as
customers’ first step when planning and purchasing a trip.
“I do think it would be helpful…
If the platforms could get
enough scale that they really In food retail, a similar unifying choice intermediary could take
do threaten the brick-and-
the form of a voice-activated intelligent ordering platform such
mortar retailers.”
as Alexa, Siri, or Google Home. These can, for example, rapidly
CPG executive automate routine purchases of household goods and groceries.
Chicory, a New-York-based startup with 65 million unique visitors
a month, transmits recipes directly to partner retailer platforms so
“Personalization is crucial. that customers can buy ingredients for a specific recipe. It is not
It’s more than brand
experience – we need to
hard to see how the choice intermediaries of the future could save
know everything about them time for consumers by helping them plan meals based on their
so can we can provide a family size, tastes, schedules, and budgets. With further advances
tailored experience.”
in connected devices, they could even help manage inventory
Apparel executive levels in customers’ pantries to minimize waste.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Exhibit 16. COULD RETAIL GO THE WAY OF TRAVEL?

IN TRAVEL, THE RISE OF “SMART CURATION” HAS TRANSFORMED HOW PEOPLE PLAN AND
PURCHASE TRIPS

HOW IT HAPPENED IN TRAVEL HOW IT IS HAPPENING IN RETAIL

AGE OF MANUAL CURATION AGE OF PHYSICAL RETAILER

Product range Product range

Travel agent creates a range of packaged holidays Physical retailer selects a limited range for a store

Customer purchase journey Customer purchase journey

Customer visits a few agents and chooses a holiday from Customer visits a few retailers to pick products from their
their catalogs ranges – traveling between physical stores

Monetization Monetization
Customers pay a commission to a travel agent for the Retailer charges a hidden gross margin on top of the unit cost
service of assembling the holiday paid to manufacturer

AGE OF VAST CHOICE AND

CUSTOMER DO-IT-YOURSELF AGE OF VAST CHOICE

Product range Product range

Hotels and airlines make their inventory available online Online retailers and marketplace platforms list a vast range
directly to customers – no longer filtered through agents online: no longer limited by shelf space

Customer purchase journey Customer purchase journey

Customer visits multiple airline, hotel, train, and car rental Customer visits multiple retailer, manufacturer and platform
booking sites to compare prices and availabilities sites and browses the range directly
Significant time spent researching, with little confidence Significant time spent comparing prices, reading reviews, and
in the quality of bookings comparing product specifications

Monetization Monetization
Commissions are mostly eliminated in favor of aggregator Gross margins generally decrease as price transparency
ad fees but the customer now does the agent's work increases but the customer does more work

AGE OF SMART CURATION AGE OF SMART CURATION

Product range Product range

Intermediaries such as Skyscanner and TripAdvisor curate the vast Unlimited range still exists…
choice based on what the customer values … but using a combination of machine learning and the judgment
of a merchant, choice intermediaries provide the customer with a
Customer purchase journey manageable list of personalized recommendations
Customer goes to a flight intermediary to find the cheapest flights
based on their preferences; TripAdvisor recommends the best Customer purchase journey
hotels and itineraries for their budgets and interests Customer identifies which problems they are trying to solve,
Purchase is made through the aggregator platform that offers the instead of which products they want
best bundle discount Shopping is about accepting or rejecting recommendations rather
than seeking out products
Monetization
Aggregators and platforms collect revenue in a variety of ways: Monetization
small commissions, booking fees, advertising fees, and listing fees Retailers, aggregators, and platforms will collect revenue in a
variety of ways: gross margins, small commissions, booking fees,
advertising fees, listing fees, and data insight sales

Source: Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

Apparel companies such as StitchFix, which was valued at

US$1.4 billion when its shares were floated in November 2017, are
finding ways to add even more value as choice intermediaries. By
combining machine learning with expert design and curation, they
can predict customers’ tastes and sizes. They then scan a wide variety
of retailers’ stock to assemble recommendations for their clothing-as-
a-subscription service.

Choice intermediaries benefit from being independent of retailers,

as they can help customers choose from the widest possible range of
options, which might cross traditional category boundaries. Solutions

THE RISE OF THE

ACCESS ECONOMY
Access economy players allow customers to rent rather than buy
items, so they share the cost of the asset and pay less per use.
Services like Spotify and Netflix have already revolutionized the music
and film industries, while Rent The Runway and Girl Meets Dress
are allowing more consumers to access luxury and designer apparel.
However, the rise of the access economy could diminish the total
demand for the products concerned.

We think this model has the potential to expand to other categories

where products are purchased and not used regularly, for instance
power tools and other infrequently used household appliances, some
sports and leisure equipment, and many children’s toys. Today, retailers
address the issue indirectly by sourcing cheap, low-quality products
that may not last very long, but do bring down the cost per use. But
this has consequences both for the environment and the quality of the
consumption experience.

Retailers and manufacturers in such sectors face a choice between

continuing to drive wasteful consumption and helping their customers
access products in more efficient ways. These could include setting up
swap clubs as well as standard rental models. Rapid and convenient
fulfilment options – “we can have the power tool you need for that DIY
project at your door in an hour” – may help to “unlock” such models.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

for “dinner tonight” could involve a recipe cooked from scratch, a

frozen premium ready meal, or a takeaway from a nearby restaurant.
Outfits could be designed to mix and match inexpensive accessories
from fast-fashion outlets with articles built to last from higher-end
boutiques that will optimize cost per wear over a few seasons. Even
retailers that curate within their own ranges will find it hard to cross
these boundaries to match independent curation engines.

Choice intermediaries could channel consumer demand to the

retailer who offers the best deals on each part of the basket, or even
suggest that a customer delay a purchase when there is a high
likelihood of an upcoming promotion. This is already commonplace
in travel, with flight intermediaries like Hopper and Skyscanner
helping consumers to find the lowest possible prices. And just
“Players who have customer
knowledge and client as Expedia makes bookings directly with hotel chains, choice
relationship will probably be intermediaries could also start to negotiate terms directly with
the new middleman.”
major manufacturers, and pay retailers only a nominal fee for their
Grocery executive undifferentiated role in fulfilment and delivery.

If consumers shift to beginning their shopping journeys with

“The technology for AI personal choice intermediaries, retailers could find themselves reduced
shopping already exists. It’s to undifferentiated providers of catalog for these intermediaries.
probably five years away.”
They might then struggle to defend their cut of the margin stack.
CPG executive (See Exhibit 17.)

THE LAST MILE AS A KEY

CUSTOMER TOUCHPOINT

Last-mile intermediaries build a direct relationship with customers.

At first glance, this may not seem like a threat because they are just
providers of a service – delivery – that many retailers have chosen
to outsource. However, the threat lies in their direct interaction with
the consumer. Once customers are loyal to a last-mile provider,
retailers may find themselves tied into offering delivery through that
provider, even if the terms are unfavorable. If loyalty is particularly
high, customers may even go to their last-mile portals as a first step
in the shopping journey – in order to find compatible retailers. They
might then browse a shortlist of products that could be delivered
in the next few hours at no added cost due to spare capacity in
the network.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

One example is DPD. As well as simply delivering packages, it

offers additional services such as live tracking of the delivery van,
which draws customers into direct interactions. The drivers are
rated and reviewed by customers, creating a personal connection.
Instacart’s customers already conduct the whole of their shopping
journeys within its ecosystem. The system today is a fairly
transparent portal onto retailers’ own websites. But Instacart is
a tech player, and it is well funded and on the lookout for new
ways to scale profitably beyond its current business model. Once
“Retailers are outsourcing to Instacart controls access to a large part of a retailer’s high-value
Instacart and ceding control customer base, it could start to act as a gatekeeper. For instance, it
of the experience”
could incorporate technology to suggest that customers choose a
Investor different retailer with lower prices or better products.

These two new models offer very different propositions from

traditional retail. The choice intermediary offers customers
transparency, neutrality, and an infinite catalog. The last-mile
intermediary offers low-cost, high‑quality delivery services
through a dense, well‑optimized network, which then gives it
privileged access to the customer and the opportunity to become

Exhibit 17. THE SHARE OF TOTAL RETAIL VALUE “UP FOR GRABS” BY NEW INTERMEDIARIES
BY SUPPLANTING RETAILERS, NEW INTERMEDIARIES COULD CLAIM A LARGE PORTION OF THE
MARGIN STACK
BREAKDOWN OF RETAIL REVENUE BETWEEN CONSUMER PACKAGED GOODS MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS
2016, FOR US$100 OF RETAIL SALES

43 Today manufacturers and retailers evenly

split the share of non-COGS revenues

100
23

25
3

Total CPG cost of goods CPG operating cost CPG earnings Retail operating cost Retail earnings

CPG manufacturers Retailers

Note: Scales CPG Earning, Operating, COGS to Retail COGS
Source: S&P Capital IQ – All public companies under “Retailing (Primary)” or “Consumer Staples (Primary)” (5,613 companies worldwide)

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

a favored intermediary. Retailers run the risk of becoming back-

end utilities serving these new intermediaries – supplying a ready
catalog of standard products, and struggling to differentiate
their offer.

The travel industry provides a good benchmark for the value such
intermediaries can command. The total value of bookings in the
global travel market was US$1.3 trillion in 2016. The three biggest
online travel choice intermediaries – Expedia, Priceline, and
C-Trip – together had gross bookings accounting for approximately
15 percent of this market. On this gross booking value, they took
between three and 20 percent as their fees – amounting to over
US$20 billion in net revenues. All three continue to forecast annual
growth rates of between 20 and 45 percent, so they are building
phenomenal global scale.

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The grocery sector in North America and Europe is one and

a half times the size of the global travel market. Therefore
choice intermediaries – imagine a digital “food butler”
that manages a household’s food and places orders when
necessary – participating in 15 percent of the market and
“Innovation is just not in charging a commission between five and 10 percent would be a
retailers’ DNA”
US$15 billion to US$30 billion business. It would also benefit from
Investor significant network scale effects once its algorithm was perfected.

Though the shift to online is the most visible sign of change, the
really profound changes in retail could come from disruptive
models that create more effective links between manufacturers
and consumers. (See Exhibit 18.)

Exhibit 18. THE OLD RETAIL VALUE CHAIN IS BEING TRANSFORMED...

...WITH NEW INTERMEDIARIES AND ROUTES TO MARKET SUPPLANTING THE RETAILER’S
TRADITIONAL ROLE
OLD VALUE CHAIN

Choice

Manufacturer Retailer Consumer

Fulfilment

NEW VALUE CHAIN

Pure direct-to-consumer

Marketplaces
intermediary
Fulfilment

Manufacturer Choice intermediary Consumer

Retailer

Source: Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part One: Digital Upheaval

INDUSTRY VIEW
building a basket online now takes roughly as long as
shopping the aisles of a supermarket. But, by applying
artificial intelligence to data on a customer’s past
purchases, the process can be shortened – even while
adding services such as meal planning.

Second, product picking for online baskets has to

cost supermarkets as little as getting customers to
pick from store shelves. This is doable. While it is
difficult to create robots capable of picking from stores,
robots find warehouses much easier to navigate.
Capital expenditures are offset by reductions in
labour costs, spoilage and theft, and real estate, thus
MARC POULIN generating enough economies to pay for delivery,
enabling a full loop system with similar costs to
FORMER CEO OF SOBEYS traditional supermarkets.
AND CORPORATE DIRECTOR
Third, delivery has to be more practical for the
consumer without adding extra cost. Drone delivery
One reason food shopping has mostly stayed offline is may be far from mature, but the use of passive cooling
that the current model is so efficient that it is difficult technologies and existing delivery networks by logistics
to disrupt. However, the system relies heavily on providers could drop the cost significantly – even if it
customers to do much of the work that makes it cheap does not match the immediacy of the store.
and convenient. They plan their own meals, pick items
from shelves, and then haul them back home and Has all the technology required to make these
these tasks turn food shopping into a chore. breakthroughs been invented yet? I do not think so.
However, I think it is close enough that traditional food
That gives technology an opportunity to disrupt today’s retailers should be preparing. Their volumes – and,
model. But there will be conditions. Thanks to their therefore, their productivity – will erode, creating
own participation in the work, customers have grown enormous pressures on their cost structures.
accustomed to low prices – and they will not want to However, they will still benefit from their convenient
pay any more. But retailers’ margins are already very locations. And, at least for the time being, they have
slim, so any new system will have to be extremely superior information on the customer base through
efficient for them to avoid subsidizing online baskets. card data and the local expertise of store staff. Plus,
These are high bars to clear. Here are three ways to there will always be a place for personal service and
achieve this level of efficiency. human interaction.

First, consumers need to be able to select products One thing that seems sure is that grocery shopping will
online at least as quickly as they do in a physical store. be less of a chore in future. Now, the only chore will be
Most online food interfaces are poorly designed, and clearing up after cooking!

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Two: Retail in the Future

Part Two: Retail in the Future

NEW MODELS
FOR SURVIVING
IN THE FUTURE

T
he impact of these changes on the retail sector will be fundamental.
New business models will emerge, and retailers as we know them
today will cease to exist. Those that survive will do so by reshaping
themselves along the lines of one, or more, of these new models.
Many others will go out of business, and there will be significant
consolidation across the sector.

THE TRADITIONAL RETAIL BUSINESS MODEL IS

NO LONGER ENOUGH

The traditional retail business model has been stable for the past
century. First, create a winning format – the right mix of products,
value, and service for the target customer segments. Second,
propagate this format to more and more locations. Finally, once the
market is saturated, tune the offer to local demand and optimize
store space, while continuing to offer good value.

A significant amount of the strategic control in the old model came

from being customers’ closest store – the one they could reach
with the minimum hassle. However, for an increasing number of
consumers, the internet has become the closest store, particularly
for planned purchases where waiting a day or a week for delivery
is no barrier. This disruption has already hit the retail industry hard
and been reflected in measures such as stock price valuations.
(See Exhibit 19.)

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However, the shift to online retail is only the start of the disruption to
come. Consumers’ behavior, habits, and expectations are changing.
New intermediaries are arriving to meet these demands, threatening
“Dave Gilboa of Warby Parker retailers’ once‑privileged position as the only route to the customer.
said it best, ‘Mediocre retail Online players are slightly better positioned to respond by virtue of
is dead’”
their agility, their innovation DNA, and their growth tailwinds – but the
Apparel executive challenges are relevant to the entire sector.

Of course, incumbent retailers can find ways to fight back for a

while. Most traditional retailers have already started to cannibalize
themselves online – working to keep the customer in their
ecosystem by building a credible online offer. This threatens
profitability, as they have to sustain both the high fixed costs of
stores as well as the high marginal cost to serve online.

Other companies are growing by serving the need-it-now mission,

where physical proximity and strong range curation remain
strategic strengths – but this will only sustain a relatively small set of
niche retailers.

Exhibit 19. MARKET VALUATION OF TRADITIONAL RETAILERS COMPARED WITH

CPG COMPANIES
FINANCIAL MARKETS HAVE VALUED CPG COMPANIES MORE HIGHLY THAN
TRADITIONAL RETAILERS
P/E RATIOS AND CHANGES OVER TIME New entrants:
SELECTED RETAIL AND CPG COMPANIES 24 Amazon : 225
Asos: 57
Alibaba: 34

Pepsico

20

Valuations of large incumbent retailers: P&G

• Have decreased (or only slightly

increased) over the past 10 years
Valuations of large
• Now overall lower than those of
incumbent manufacturers:
manufacturers
16 Walmart • Have increased over the past
Carrefour 10 years
Kroger
• Now overall higher than those
of retailers

Unilever

Decreasing valuations 12 Increasing valuations

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Change in P/E beween 2008-2012 and 2013-2018

Source: Capital IQ; Oliver Wyman analysis

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SIX NEW MODELS CAN

HELP BUSINESSES WIN
IN THE NEW ERA
For most of the industry, whether physical incumbent or pure-play
online, the old formulae for success are no longer good enough. We see
six models that will prosper in the new world, each based on a particular
dimension of strategic control. Most retailers will likely combine
elements of more than one of these models to achieve success and
continued growth.

For example, Alibaba is building a magnetic ecosystem with its

integrated Alipay payments solutions and is also leading as a fulfilment
intermediary with its low-cost next-day delivery service. Its platforms
such as Tmall allow foreign brands to showcase their ranges online,
building Alibaba’s credentials as a choice intermediary – the first place
that consumers go to search for and compare multiple brands.

The new models also serve as a framework to analyze the success

of Amazon. Its infinite range, recommendation algorithms, and
unparalleled bank of genuine customer reviews positioned the
company as an early choice intermediary for numerous sectors. More
recently, Amazon Prime has helped to build a magnetic service for its
subscribers. Now, Amazon is developing its strengths in fulfilment and
product leadership.

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1. PRODUCT LEADER While global scale confers advantage, we also

see a role for small, local producers. The growing
WHAT IS IT? consumer demand for low‑carbon‑footprint,
Product leaders offer market‑beating products that ethically produced food and apparel has benefited
consumers cannot get elsewhere. These products smaller‑scale producers, who find it easier to sell
offer value for money and unbeatable quality on their wares through online platforms.
dimensions the customer cares about.
New technologies such as additive
manufacturing – that is, 3D printing – and
HOW TO WIN? semi‑autonomous sewing robots could also reduce
Product leaders have the ability to design and the cost of creating customized products and
create products that satisfy consumer needs. They apparel. Technology could thus herald a comeback
are also able to source effectively to deliver these for “preindustrial” crafts and artisan products.
products at reasonable prices. Their products are
not limited by the geographic reach of their own
channels – demand for them is strong enough to WHO IS DOING THIS TODAY?
sustain third party channels. Most apparel players are vertically integrated
and aim to be product leaders. Zara is a leader in
In this model, as product leaders expand into more fast‑fashion thanks to innovative supply chains
markets, their increasing scale enables higher designed to respond rapidly to customer demand.
R&D spending and better supplier terms, further
improving product quality and reducing costs. In the food sector, the model is at the core of the
success of upmarket retailers such as Mercadona
and Marks & Spencer, as well as the discount chains
Aldi and Lidl. Aldi has recently started to sell its
own products beyond its own stores, via the Chinese
e‑commerce marketplace Tmall.

“We aren’t afraid that Instacart will

In consumer electronics, California‑based
steal our customers because we have
unique products” Monoprice’s private brand is growing fast through
aggressive value‑engineering that replicates the
Grocery executive
quality of major brands at a significant discount.

At the hyper‑local, artisanal end of the scale,

“Merchandising has been the core
independent producers are emerging in affluent
function of retailers, which have
essentially provided a curated urban centers throughout the western world. We
marketplace experience. But with think this trend is here to stay, threatening luxury
e-commerce, customers can act as their
brands among aspirational consumers.
own merchants. As a result, retailers
need to backwards-integrate to become
more like CPG companies, and add value
by offering unique products”

Grocery executive

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2. MAGNETIC ECOSYSTEM The Alipay payments system was set up with an

escrow functionality in order to tackle the lack of
WHAT IS IT? trust in remote purchasing which was holding back
Magnetic ecosystems create compelling shopping the growth of Alibaba in China. Today, Alipay has
and consumption experiences that give customers expanded far beyond the Alibaba website to allow its
strong reasons to keep coming back. They do this customers to pay for purchases virtually anywhere in
through exclusive features that deliver seamless, the world.
hassle‑free shopping or add value to an ongoing
consumption experience. Nike has created a system of connected devices and
compatible sports apparel, participatory events, and
personalized trainer apps. These give customers
HOW TO WIN? strong reasons to buy compatible products and stay
Magnetic ecosystems are usually created through a within Nike’s ecosystem.
mix of strategies. A magnetic purchase experience
might involve personalized recommendations,
one‑click payment, and same‑day delivery. To create
ongoing customer engagement, companies could 3. CHOICE INTERMEDIARY
set up user communities, proprietary apps, and
connected devices – all available to customers who WHAT IS IT?
stay in the ecosystem. Choice intermediates are where customers start
their shopping journeys, because they help
Some of these strategies work well on a market customers match products to their needs. Customers
scale: social networks, rapid delivery services, find they save time and money, and make better
and discounts at partner brands. Others have the decisions, compared to going direct to retailers
potential to go global, for example, connected or manufacturers.
devices or integrated payments infrastructure.

HOW TO WIN?
WHO IS DOING THIS TODAY? Successful choice intermediaries deliver high‑quality
Amazon Prime makes the shopping process seamless recommendations that match each customer’s
with their one‑click payment, free next‑day delivery, needs – in a variety of different ways.
and no‑quibbles returns. They offer ongoing value
to members with services such as personalized Review aggregators assemble and maintain large
promotions and free streaming of exclusive databases of high‑quality reviews. In travel, leaders
video content. such as TripAdvisor offer customers the ability to
filter reviews to ensure relevance – for instance
based on the purpose of the trip.

“I would give Prime customers credit for

knowing the difference. If it is not on the Learning algorithms analyse customer behavior to
doorstep in two days, they know it is a create a customised set of recommendations. Netflix
third‑party seller, not Amazon”
was one of the pioneers of this technology, famously
CPG executive

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Two: Retail in the Future

offering a $1 million prize for the best algorithm to E‑commerce player Jet.com acts as a market mapper
predict a given user’s preference for films. by making transparent the true marginal costs of
customers’ orders, so that they can then modify their
Market mappers focus on products, helping the behavior to share in cost savings.
consumer rapidly make sense of the range of
available choices. Travel technology companies such In Europe at least, the European Union’s General
as Skyscanner and Kayak optimize thousands of Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which gives
route and carrier combinations to give users the customers control over their own data, will make it
most cost‑ and time‑effective options for getting easier for disruptors to acquire the data needed to
between two points. make a success of this model.

The choice‑intermediary model could scale

well globally, particularly in sectors with few
market‑specific products, such as technology, 4. CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE
hardline goods, and some parts of apparel. It is not SPECIALIST
necessary to physically distribute products in this
model, as other retailers can do this once customers WHAT IS IT?
have made their selection. In this model, retailers create the best customer
experience in‑store, on the phone, and online. These
retailers then become the preferred destinations for
WHO IS DOING THIS TODAY? a great shopping experience, whether for everyday
Amazon aggregates user reviews and customizes purchases or special occasions.
recommendations using its learning algorithms.

Womenswear retailers like Topshop and John HOW TO WIN?

Lewis partner with Dressipi, a technology company Spending heavily on staff headcount and free
that creates personalized “style edits”: outfits in‑store services is not enough. Only a tiny segment
recommended for each shopper on the basis of of consumers are willing to pay the premiums
initial profiling that is then tuned to individual required to make such services profitable.
preferences through machine learning.
Instead, retailers who provide a superior experience
often have passionate frontline staff, who are strong

“You do not go to a department store, product and brand advocates in store or on the
because you cannot find any help” phone. Smart retailers find ways to empower their
staff to deliver a great customer experience in an
Apparel executive
efficient manner, for instance by building back‑end
systems that let staff readily access stock data or
pull up customer account details.
“Costco, HEB, Wegmans, Publix, Trader
Joes, Aldi. What do they all have in
common? They put employees first and The best scale for this model is typically the local
pay better”
market: It is strengthened when the retailer is in
Grocery executive some way part of the community and understands

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local consumers. However, e‑commerce players that 5. FULFILMENT SPECIALIST

execute this model well – in particular, those that
offer interactions with front‑line staff through digital WHAT IS IT?
technologies – could potentially scale internationally Fulfilment specialists own the last mile. They get
as well. products from distribution centers and stores to
customers rapidly and cheaply – often, but not
always, to their front doors.
WHO IS DOING THIS TODAY?
US‑based home improvement retailer Lowe’s
Innovation Lab develops ways to apply disruptive HOW TO WIN?
technologies to enhance the customer experience Efficient, low‑cost delivery requires good
both in‑store and online. For instance, its mobile app system design, which can be done in a number
shows the layout of Lowe’s stores to help customers of ways. Successful hard discounters like Aldi and
find products quickly, while its “Holoroom How To” Lidl set their stores up to be as streamlined and
is a virtual‑reality DIY skills‑training clinic available efficient as possible. The savings they offer are
in stores. enough to persuade customers to travel to the store
to pick their own baskets.
Back Country, a North American online specialty
outdoor gear retailer, employs a team of Online fulfilment specialists will build scale networks
‘Gearheads’ – outdoor sports aficionados who can that send delivery vehicles to nearly every street in
give technical advice to customers via digital chat, a given market every day. To achieve such densities,
email, or phone. As a result, Back Country offers they need to win and keep customers by offering great
far superior customer advice than competitors that service and reliability. For attended delivery, such
rely on in‑store staff who typically have less direct services may include allowing customers to track their
experience of the products. their delivery in real time, and offering flexible options
to reschedule. Great unattended delivery service would
It is not all about technology, however. Zappos require offering frequent drops and a wide network of
has built up legendary customer service ratings collection points to maximize convenience.
based on an analog approach to staff training and
management. Call‑center staff are highly trained,
and enjoy a high degree of autonomy in dealing WHO IS DOING THIS TODAY?
with customer requests and complaints. This builds Tesco’s acquisition of the Booker Group gives
employee engagement, which in turn leads to it potential access to 125,000 independent
superior service. convenience stores across the UK. If it uses many
of these as collection points, it could dominate
unattended delivery.

Amazon, through its DHL deal and Amazon Locker

trials, appears to be pursuing a comprehensive
“In many markets, we have had the same strategy for the last mile, which is understandable
delivery driver for 10 years”
given the importance of delivery for its entire
Grocery executive business model.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Two: Retail in the Future

Beyond retailers, French parcel delivery firm DPD WHO IS DOING THIS TODAY?
has introduced real‑time driver tracking in its app, Shopping mall developers – such as Westfield,
as well as innovations such as the DPD virtual which owns complexes in Europe, the US, and
address, which allows customers to access cheaper Australia – and estate management companies – such
international shipping. These innovations are the as Grosvenor Estates in London – have always played
key to becoming customers’ preferred delivery this role. They manage the mix of retail brands and
service – and reaping the scale benefits. other attractions in their shopping centers and high
streets. In a different kind of example, French retailer
E. Leclerc profits from the customer traffic coming to
its hypermarkets by charging rent to other retailers
6. KEY LOCATION PLAYER that join the cluster and benefit from this traffic.
At the other end of the size spectrum, convenience
WHAT IS IT? players have flourished in recent years with many
Key location players own, manage, and create the of them adding additional services to their offering
best high‑traffic locations for capturing consumers’ and optimizing for smaller, more focused baskets. We
attention. They are physical‑world versions of expect the importance of this business model to grow
magnetic online ecosystems, which acquire strategic as the role of physical stores changes.
control by owning the physical locations where
consumers want to spend time shopping.

HOW TO WIN?
Key location players need both farsighted
purchasing to own the best locations and active
management to generate traffic. The sites could be
convenient – pickup points at commuting nodes, for
instance. They could also be relatively upmarket,
such as locations on prime high‑streets or in
shopping malls. They need to be actively managed
and developed to increase their value: Entertainment
can draw traffic, while office or residential space
can create a pool of potential consumers. The value
of this model grows as high street becomes “social
street.” (See box on page 44.)

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TOMORROW’S WINNERS NEED TO BE MATCH

FIT TODAY

The choice of which models to pursue will vary by retailer and depend
on their current areas of strength, the profile of their target customer
base, existing competition in the market, and the resources available
to make the transition. Regardless of which models retailers choose,
three enablers can help to execute the new strategy effectively. For most
companies, putting these in place will be a no-regrets move that should
be carried out as soon as possible. Many of the executives we spoke to
recognized these priorities, but delivery is not straightforward in many
legacy organizations.

COST TRANSPARENCY
As customers grow accustomed to price transparency, retailers will
need to ensure their cost bases are at least as streamlined as those
of other players in the market, in order to match competitor prices
without profits suffering. Moreover, most will also need cash to fund the
strategic transformation in their business model.

Cost leaders have a clear view of which of their activities drive

value, and they can be ruthless in culling those that do not. Most
incumbents we spoke to lack this insight because of their highly
complex legacy organizations. So, while cost is on the agenda of most
of the retailers we have spoken to, few so far have taken bold moves.
Those that have made the most progress have applied a “zero-basing
approach” – redesigning their organization from nothing, and adding
back in only those cost-generating elements that deliver the most value.
For most retailers, such a radical approach is the best way to free up the
substantial funds needed to pay for transformative investments in the
future while simultaneously providing great value for customers.

CUSTOMER DATA
Almost all of the new models will depend on the effective use of
customer data to evaluate and improve services, and develop the most
potent, cost‑effective propositions.

However, omnichannel customer behavior will make customer

journeys and decisions increasingly difficult to track, as they will
involve in-store, phone, and web touchpoints. Furthermore, the

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GDPR legislation in the EU will give consumers legal control over

their data, so their explicit consent will be needed to use it or share
it with third parties. To retain permission to use customer data,
companies will need to offer benefits that are clearly supported by
data sharing, such as high-quality recommendations and tailored
services or offers.

Many incumbent retailers have found it a challenge to build world-

class data and insight capabilities. In one common structure, digital
teams which are separate from the commercial parts of the business are
responsible for processing customer data and drawing insights from
it. Such disconnected digital teams often find it difficult to engage with
the legacy organization to discover ways of using customer data to add
value. Without a good business case, digital projects are frequently
too low on the executive agenda to drive real change and investment.
So retailers need to develop a clear picture of how customer data will
enhance the effectiveness of their entire business – and a clear roadmap
to collect and deploy data in their organization.

AGILITY
Insights from data are only useful insofar as they guide decisions and
actions. To keep up with the pace of innovation at digital and new-wave
intermediary rivals, most incumbent retailers need to be able to design,
test, and rapidly implement new solutions. However, retail corporate
culture is often based on faithfully rolling out a proven format. Even at
head office, teams are typically accustomed to working within narrow
functional areas with limited autonomy. New projects usually require
sign-off from an array of stakeholders, each tasked with defending an
element of the winning formula.

By contrast, digital-native companies frequently deploy partially-built

solutions, and then make improvements based on learnings from pilot
or beta testing. Rather than waiting to approve a project until there is
sufficient data to be certain about its prospects, agile companies break
a project down into small, low-risk deliverables that minimize the costs
of any misstep.

Successful retailers will replicate key aspects of the agile operating

models they see in new economy players – even while they stop
short of blindly copying all elements and compromising their
operational consistency.

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MANY RETAILERS WILL FAIL, LEADING TO

CONCENTRATION AND CONSOLIDATION

CONCENTRATION AND CONSOLIDATION AHEAD

Retailers who are unable to give shoppers a reason to come to them first
will lose customers or find that access to their customers is controlled by
new intermediaries – probably on less favorable terms. As they face the
choice between losing volumes and margins, they will find it harder to
invest in new capabilities and their customer proposition. A fair number
of these players will likely go out of business or into managed decline.

When a company is in decline, the best policy for its investors is often
to preserve the company’s capital and ensure that it is managed for
cash, so that it can fund innovation elsewhere. This is of course a hard
management role to play – and it often happens far too late.

By contrast, companies that are well positioned on one or more of

the six dimensions of success should grow. In the past, retail was
primarily a game played at local scale. But some of the new models
bring advantages on a global scale, encouraging the emergence of
international giants. This will be the case particularly for business
models based on product leadership, which are powered by sourcing
scale. It will also apply to models with a significant technology
component, such as choice intermediaries that offer algorithm-driven
services such as a food butlers and personal wardrobe assistants. These
will scale globally given the technology investment required and the
benefits from having more customers – and data points – to learn from.

This does not mean the end for local winners though. At a national
or market level, there remains a clear role for retailers that can create
strong customer experiences and a sense of community, or build the
local scale to dominate last-mile delivery.

However, a condition for winning will be to build the crucial enablers

of cost transparency, customer data, and agility. These are essential for
companies to have the cash and core capabilities to develop their new
business models.

Retail is changing fundamentally. In the future there will be fewer

bigger retailers, and new models for success will emerge.

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“Our strategy is heavily based on our culture of “It is difficult to get buy-in from the company to
treating our customers like kings and queens. invest when they will not see immediate returns
We spend a fortune on technology to understand but we have to change the mindset on this or
customer trends and demand. We embed a many companies will not be around much longer “
thousand different ways of using timely and
insightful market information to drive our key Investor
business processes”

Grocery executive
“Talent can be a barrier to changing. These
are operators, not PhDs and so change is
difficult. Also, we need to make sure the
“Data will be the currency in the future. We customers follow”
need to make sure we are collecting data to
stay relevant” Grocery executive

Grocery executive

“The rate of change has speeded up and it is not

going to slow down”
“No one has as much data as retailers do. Brands
will never have as much data. Retailers will have CPG executive
to play a role on data, but they still do not value
this data”

Grocery executive “It is a murky picture. No one knows how it is

going to play out; all you can do is make bets and
be flexible”

“The biggest problem of traditional retailers is that Mass retail executive

they do not know how to use the data as opposed
to eRetailers”

Grocery executive “There will be another round of significant fall out

in the industry”

Grocery executive
“There needs to be more risk-taking and
investment and understanding that ROI will
be further out, because the industry and
competitiveness of the environment are changing “No matter what companies do with AI,
consumer expectations faster and faster” automation, etc, there is not much they can do to
stay afloat. They are dead but do not even know
Grocery executive it. If I were those guys, I would sell as fast as
I could”

Grocery executive

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WHERE COULD THIS ALL

LEAD? PREDICTIONS FOR
SOME SECTORS OF RETAIL

GROCERY:
INTERNATIONAL BEHEMOTHS
AND LOCAL HEROES

We see online penetration picking up, particularly in affluent, densely-

populated cities and suburbs, as some barriers to last-mile delivery are
removed. One contributor will be fulfilment intermediaries providing
last‑mile delivery services for all players. There will likely be a small
number of these for each market or region, some of which will emerge
from joint ventures between incumbent grocers seeking viable scale.
Customers will also be more willing to pay for the service of picking and
home delivery, especially as online shopping interface quality improves,
for instance through better curation and recommendations that
save time.

A particular kind of online retailer – the product specialist or category

killer – will hurt the margins of full-basket grocers by picking off
products or categories where they are making outsized margins, and
offering bulk deals and good-value product subscriptions. The trial and
adoption of this model will be supported by choice intermediaries that
can help consumers find good opportunities to save money.

A few product businesses with international scale will continue to

grow in the markets where they currently have a toehold. Examples
include discounters such as Aldi and Lidl, which will consolidate their
scale advantages, in particular across Europe. Mid-market product-
led retailers such as Mercadona will seek opportunities to help their
products find new markets and channels, by selling internationally
through platforms and partners.

A small number of winning incumbent grocers who have consolidated

across borders will grow into international customer champions. Their
strengths will be improved sourcing and product development carried

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out on a greater scale, and they will also leverage their scale to invest
in technology that drives other services. These could include choice
intermediaries and connected devices that form a magnetic ecosystem.
Customer segments with complex needs, such as diabetics, could use
customized recipe services, or gamified health features such as diet or
fitness tracking.

The growth of these three models will leave a smaller role for national
and regional retailers. We think that within the next 10 to 15 years, there
will be half as many as today. Those that remain will consolidate their
strengths as local heroes focused on customer experience and locally-
sourced products.

“Food butler” choice intermediaries will help manage customers’ food

needs from the choices offered by different retailers. They will become
an increasingly important part of the landscape as customers come to
trust them to construct meals to suit specific nutritional needs, tastes,
and budgets. Customer loyalty will accrue to the food butlers, rather
than to retailers, and such intermediaries will reduce retailer margins by
taking the work out of basket splitting. They will enable cherry picking of
promotions, and more volume will automatically flow to the lowest-cost
players. Brands will decline in importance, as the choice intermediary
highlights lower-cost generic substitutes of similar quality and taste.
Choice intermediaries might aggregate across hundreds or thousands
of customer baskets and make retailers “bid” for these sales. One overall
consequence will be the loss of retailers’ insight into customer-level
shopping behavior.

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS AND

OTHER HARDLINES

Hardlines and technology products face continued disruption, both

from the continued growth in online share and the new trend towards
ordering direct from manufacturers. In particular, western consumers
will enjoy unprecedented access to manufacturers in China via
marketplaces such as AliExpress, which connect consumers directly to
the manufacturer and dispatch the product, involving no retailer and
providing significant savings.

Choice intermediary services will speed up this trend by helping

consumers select complex products with confidence and navigate

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foreign brands. With such assistance, consumers might find products

with quality and features they value but would not otherwise have
recognized. As a result, we expect continued decimation of traditional
hardlines and technology products retailers, as some stagnate and others
shrink. Consolidation will continue.

One model for survival is to develop strategic advantage through

capabilities as a product business, such as the French sporting goods
retailer Decathlon. Such a business understands consumer needs in
depth and then specifies high-functionality, low-cost products to meet
those needs. These may even be manufactured in Asia by the same
companies that are also selling direct to consumers via platforms.

Another model is to develop “product lifecycle” services that encourage

customers to stay in an ecosystem – for instance by providing aftercare
and advice. Indeed, the potential advent of “right to repair” legislation
could increase the number of retailers offering repair and servicing
propositions – including for products they did not sell.

APPAREL:
NEW WAYS OF SHOPPING, BUT CONTINUED
BRAND DIVERSITY

Fashion brands have always played a strong role in curating and

taste-setting. And except in the case of the lowest‑price discount
clothing retailers, customers generally expect some assistance with
choosing – whether in the form of online look-books or in-store advice.

The next wave of innovation in the industry will see the rise of businesses
that go even further in helping consumers to choose. Instead of just
assembling looks or recommending pieces, curation services assisted
by artificial intelligence will help customers assemble whole wardrobes,
personalized to individual budgets, tastes, shapes, and sizes. They will
help people evaluate their wardrobes in terms of cost per wear, which
could drive a move away from disposable fashion towards apparel that
lasts, reducing textile waste. Brands will need to adapt and deliver
versatile, high-quality clothing that fits the new patterns of consumption.

Another set of innovations will help customers try on products

virtually, minimizing the disappointment of receiving an order that
does not fit or flatter. Augmented- and virtual-reality technology can

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help, but the key barrier is sizing consistency. Unless customers are
reordering, it is impossible to know how something will fit. One startup,
Bonobos, stocks only a very narrow set of styles in a very wide range
of colors and sizes. That enables it to aggregate demand and produce
a much more granular set of sizes, combining different waist sizes
with five fit styles. Another company, Fit Analytics, groups customers
into fit profiles, and then aggregates feedback from each fit profile to
recommend the best size for each article.

Such innovations will accelerate the move to online apparel shopping,

as the experience will soon surpass that in stores, where fitting room
queues and insufficient stock remain customer bugbears that are costly
to fix. Winning brands will focus on creating market-beating products,
rather than grabbing physical store space.

The diversity of consumer tastes and the value placed on access to a

wide range of styles and price points mean that apparel has always
been a fragmented sector with a large number of players. For this
reason, we do not see significant consolidation in brands in the future.
However, scale will help the development of technologies that improve
the online customer experience, such as fit-matching and trialing
through augmented and virtual reality. Apparel brands could access
such technologies via partnerships, or they could become “product
companies” that sit under the umbrella of large choice intermediaries
that help customers choose. Such disintermediation is less of a danger
in apparel than in sectors such as food, because customers will always
want to access the hot brand of the day.

HIGH STREET BECOMES SOCIAL STREET

The shift of volume online has led to many predictions of the death of
the high (or main) street. We think that, while there will indeed be fewer
physical stores, some high streets in the best locations have a bright
future as destinations for social shopping. These new “social streets” will
be dominated by a mix of retail stores operating as customer experience
specialists and outlets offering aftercare services. There will also be a
good smattering of restaurants, cafés, and leisure facilities. Some outlets
may also double as collection points for goods ordered online. Customers
will frequent social streets with friends and family when they want to
engage with shopping as an immersive, fun experience – not as a chore.

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Part Three: Fallout

BRAND
OWNERS AND
MANUFACTURERS:
UPSIDES AND CHALLENGES

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T
he upheavals in retail will also have impacts on brand owners.
Unlike retailers, brands do not face a clear, immediate threat
to their existence. However, the changes in the ecosystem will
challenge brands’ continued ability to grow profitably. At the
same time, brands will have new opportunities that could enrich
them – for example, if they establish more direct connections with
their customers.

MANAGING IN A CHANGING RETAIL LANDSCAPE

The first challenge will come from the changing retail landscape.
Retailers are likely to concentrate into fewer, larger groups, as
weaker players in each market cede share to those with more
effective business models and, ultimately, get taken over or
go under. These emerging giants will develop internationally,
thanks to the global scalability of some of their business models.
To some degree, this is a continuation of the ongoing trend of
the past decade towards greater international consolidation.
(See Exhibit 20.) The difference we think manufacturers will
notice is that from this point forward the consolidated entities will
“Acquisitions in the right space increasingly operate more as a single company than as banners in
are definitely a key strategy”
a holding entity. This will let them benefit from scale in technology
CPG executive development and synergy in purchasing and product development.

The changes in retail pose three challenges for manufacturers.

Firstly, the rise of a smaller number of large, multinational
players will give manufacturers fewer options, meaning tougher
conversations across the negotiating table.

Secondly, the rise of a few online‑first e-commerce giants means

that manufacturers will have to reassess how best to obtain terms
that secure a share of growth in these channels. This will involve
redesigning legacy systems of list prices, promotional funding, and
joint business plans for every account in every market.

Finally, big retailers will increasingly develop their private brand

products and market these throughout their global networks; a
couple of players have already developed such business models,
notably the hard discount chains Aldi and Lidl. This will reduce
the market share of manufacturer brands. In the past, many CPG
manufacturers also produced retailers’ private brands alongside their

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regular brands – thus mitigating the threat of private brand growth.

“Smaller companies are more
agile. RXBar brought a new
Now, both traditional and discount retailers are increasingly owning
product to market in 30 days. the entire private brand production chain. As retailers become larger,
For the big guys, it would be 18 their ability to develop innovative (or innovative enough) products will
months on a good day”
mean that private brands could become an existential threat to many
CPG executive brands in CPG manufacturers’ portfolios.

NEW BRANDS RISE OUT OF THE DISRUPTION

There are many possible partnerships that can enable relatively

small manufacturers to reach consumers directly and better
compete with big brands. Brands that are making outsize profits
or offering products that can be improved on relatively easily are
particularly open to disruption.

Exhibit 20. HOW THE LANDSCAPE OF TOP 10 RETAILERS HAVE EVOLVED

RETAILERS ARE CONSOLIDATING INTO FEWER LARGE, MULTINATIONAL PLAYERS

TOP 10 GLOBAL RETAILERS

FISCAL YEARS 2000-2016, RANKING IN REVENUE
#1. Walmart Walmart

Carrefour Costco

Kroger Kroger

Home Depot Schwarz Group

Metro Walgreens
TOP 10

Ahold Amazon

Kmart Home Depot

Albertsons Aldi Group

Sears Carrefour

#10. Target CVS

2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Tesco
Source: Deloitte, “Global Powers of Retailing”, 2002 to 2018 (Fiscal Years 2000 to 2016), Oliver Wyman analysis

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One example is the success of Dollar Shave Club, which offers

razor subscriptions for a fraction of the cost of buying from market
leader Gillette. (See Exhibit 21.) DSC keeps costs down by mailing
razor blades direct to customers, bypassing the costly, complex
distribution offered by physical retail channels. Launched in 2012,
DSC now has 54 percent of the online shaving market. It was bought
in 2016 by Unilever for US$1 billion. By contrast, Gillette owner
P&G’s share of the men’s shaving market declined from 70 percent
in 2010 to 54 percent in 2016.

Owners of large brands can use the rise of upstart challengers as

part of an innovation strategy. Pharmaceutical companies shifted
“Walking through the
from developing drugs in-house only, to a mixed portfolio strategy
center store, how many of scanning and buying. Consumer goods companies could do
of those brands actually something similar, by studying the market for successful cult brands
bring innovation?”
to buy and scale up, and for proven new product concepts to adopt
Grocery executive and improve upon. Many are developing such an approach.

Exhibit 21. HOW DOLLAR SHAVE CLUB DISRUPTED THE US RAZOR MARKET
NEW UPSTART BRANDS ARE NOW ABLE TO DISRUPT INCUMBENTS WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT
CAPITAL INVESTMENT

SHARE OF US RAZOR MARKET

GILLETTE AN “ASSET LIGHT” MODEL STAGGERING GROWTH
DSC manages only product Sales have more than doubled

70% design, brand and customer

service. Manufacturing,
distribution, and web-hosting
each year since 2012, surpassing
US$250 million in 2017

are handled by third parties

2010

The market leader ACQUISITION OF

has lost 16 percentage points DSC BY UNILEVER
of share in six years
for US$1 billion
DOLLAR (July 2016)
SHAVE CLUB

54% REDUCED MARKETING

EXPENSES
HIGHLY COMPETITIVE PRICES
Subscription
by using unconventional to shaving blades from
events to reach new US$3/month, including
customers shipping (half the price of
(regional food festivals) Gillette razors bought in stores)
2016

Source: Macquerie Research Power to the People; Business Insider, April 2017, Oliver Wyman analysis

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The rise of Chinese marketplace platforms may also open the way for
new brands from Asia to challenge established brands in the West.
For example, Xiaomi, China’s largest smartphone manufacturer, also
produces a wide range of consumer electronics under the Mi brand
name, including Bluetooth headphones, fitness trackers, smart TVs,
and even blood pressure monitors. These cost a fraction of the price
of established brand equivalents, but in reviews compare favorably
on quality and durability. Product manufacturers will need to
increase their level of vigilance to avoid being disrupted by the next
wave of upstarts.

SPECIAL PRODUCTS ONLY PLEASE

A major role of brands has been to guarantee the quality and

consistency of products, and when customers begin to shop online
in a sector they often turn to familiar brands at first. However, the
rise of online reviews and choice intermediaries is reducing the
importance of this role. Purchasers of skincare and cosmetics
products, for example, can consult detailed, functional review sites
such as Makeup Alley; watch detailed online makeup tutorials; and
look up ingredients in technical glossaries such as EWG’s Skin Deep.
“If you have got no product As a result, consumers are becoming increasingly brand-blind. The
differentiation, then trend could strengthen if algorithmic choice engines continue to
you’re stuffed”
grow, and manufacturers may find an increasing share of sales going
CPG executive to consumers who are no longer willing to pay brand premiums.

Rather than going directly to favored cosmetics brands, millennial

consumers increasingly turn to the product recommendations of
beauty bloggers and other social media influencers. This channel
has spawned new challenger brands to the established beauty
houses. One of these – Kylie’s Cosmetics, a makeup brand belonging
to TV and social media personality Kylie Jenner – reaped revenues of
US$386 million in its first full year of operation, and is on track to hit
annual sales of US$1 billion in five years.

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In food, owners of “A” brands of fast‑moving consumer goods

already invest significantly to maintain a quality edge. Heinz Tomato
Ketchup is not just made to a specific recipe – it is made from Heinz’s
own breed of tomatoes, a strain selected for color, taste, and yield.
These give Heinz a quality advantage that allows it to charge a price
premium over other brands. Brands that do not offer true functional
differentiation will be increasingly exposed, as consumers turn
elsewhere. For this reason, the impact of choice intermediaries on
brands is a significant concern for the long term.

We expect leading brands to double down and invest on

consistently delivering quality in aspects of the product that
consumers really care about – constantly studying the market to
understand and keep ahead of these preferences. Fewer and fewer
brands will be able to coast along on an established brand name,
as undeserved price premiums will be exposed by the range of
information available to savvy consumers.

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DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER:
THE NEW OPPORTUNITIES

One of the biggest opportunities for brands comes from going

directly to consumers. For many this is a necessary step to protect
their business. There are three objectives which brands should
consider in designing a D2C strategy. (See Exhibit 22.)

Firstly, they can learn from it. Deeper insights into consumer tastes,
consumption patterns and purchasing behavior help manufacturers
better design products and distribution channels. In 2010,
P&G launched P&G Shop, an eStore in the US. Operations were
outsourced to a partner firm, and the store was not a commercial
success. But its purpose was to learn rather than sell. Through the
exercise, P&G for the first time got access to their own proprietary
data on online behavior and consumer buying habits.

Exhibit 22. HOW AND WHY MANUFACTURERS GO DIRECT TO CONSUMER

D2C ALLOWS MANUFACTURERS TO LEARN, ENGAGE, AND SELL WITH A COMBINATION OF MODELS

LEARN ENGAGE SELL

Selling through
E-TAILERS
Effective
sales driver
Selling through
online
MARKETPLACES

Low strategic
control on
consumers Selling through
own
WEBSITES

Selling through
High strategic self-owned
control on PHYSICAL STORES
Extensive learning
consumers and engagement
with consumers
MASS-PERSONALIZING
PRODUCTS

SUBSCRIPTION
MODEL

Source: Oliver Wyman analysis

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D2C can also help brands engage with consumers. Brand loyalty
and engagement can be developed directly by using a mix of
digital and traditional touchpoints that create connections with
customers. Lego’s 130 shops worldwide host monthly mini‑build
events and have iconic destination features such as the pick-a-brick
wall. This physical presence establishes customer intimacy – even if
customers still mostly buy Lego through third-party retailers.

A third use for D2C is to sell more. Directly selling through

“Our minimum score in
blind taste tests is 60/40 (i.e.
marketplace platforms or brand-owned web channels can boost
preferred in blind taste tests revenues, improve margins, and help expand into new market
60 percent of the time) and our segments. Though this model was first started in the apparel and
target is 70/30”
luxury sectors, in the past two years consumer packaged goods
CPG executive have cooperated to test online retail platforms like Shobr and INS.

D2C engagement may also offer an opportunity for brand owners

and manufacturers to develop new modes of consumption for
their products, such as subscription services, or to access new
“value pools” from managing a product lifecycle, such as repair
and servicing.

As brand owners develop their approaches to the new retail world,

they should be alert to some key points. For many, there will be
a significant cultural challenge inherent in adding a customer-
facing function to a legacy organization that focuses on product
engineering and manufacturing excellence. They will need to ensure
that their capabilities keep pace with their ambitions, as channels
that are unable to keep up with frontline consumer demands risk
damaging the brand image and destroying consumer trust in future
initiatives. In addition, brands often overestimate their ability to
reach minimum commercial scale, and they close down projects that
are not delivering the desired additional revenues – even if they are
yielding important learning and engagement objectives, which may
be worth the investment.

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INDUSTRY VIEW value chain. Each link of the chain can be challenged
by a new platform or intermediary. At the same
time, technological advances are accelerating. Big-
data analysis, robotization, artificial intelligence,
and intelligent personal assistants will shake up our
traditional business practices, which have changed
little over the past 40 years.

We believe that the right business model for the coming

years will be one that creates connections. Shopping
will be carried out in places where people live, and
customers will use all their senses when deciding
what to buy – looking at products and receiving advice
from a human voice. The best algorithms in the
DOMINIQUE world – whether they provide information to someone

SCHELCHER sitting on a sofa looking at a tablet or a person carrying a

mobile phone – will not replace the pleasure of meeting
and connecting with others, or of a pleasant surprise
VICE PRESIDENT OF SYSTÈME U waiting around the corner.

The retail industry is shifting from a product- The majority of consumers will not be satisfied simply
focused model towards one focused on customers. by placing an order online and then waiting for a
The mass-market era we have known for the package to be delivered by another in a succession of
past 40 years – which offered mass products to anonymous agents. So we will make the places we live
customers coming en masse to buy them – is ending. and shop even more attractive, by bringing together
Now, customers are at the heart of approaches to the physical and digital worlds, ending the era when
marketing, and they expect personalized interactions they excluded each other.
that maintain their trust in brands. That implies an
exceptional and ever-more exclusive experience, Système U reaffirms its faith in the future of physical
including customized offers even for food products. stores. Even if e-commerce continues to grow, physical
stores will still have meaning, especially in food
Hyper-connectivity has given consumers more choice, retail. In France, customers decide what products
and consumption patterns have become fragmented. to cook primarily with their eyes. We will have to be
This trend has had an impact on the average basket constantly attentive to the quality and innovation of
size, and mass retailers are increasingly competing our food offerings.
with specialized or dematerialized businesses.
E-commerce is growing rapidly, across all sectors other Tomorrow’s business model will not involve a choice
than food. But attempts continue to spread it to food, between physical and digital commerce. Its aim will
such as new, unexpected partnerships that aim to be to ensure that customers can move fluidly between
overcome the challenges of delivery. different product categories and sales channels. Today,
we describe this as omnichannel commerce. But
As a result, new players are competing with brick- soon it will just be called retail, which will have been
and-mortar supermarkets in parts of our traditional reinvented once again.

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IMPACTS OF
THE RETAIL
REVOLUTION
ON ECONOMIES
AND SOCIETIES
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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Three: Fallout

The retail industry is a big part of most economies and societies,

so this revolution will have impacts beyond the business itself. In
particular, we anticipate effects on employment, the environment,
and the allocation of capital.

RETAIL WILL PROVIDE BETTER – THOUGH

FEWER – JOBS

Retail will provide fewer low-skill jobs in the future, but this wave of
disruption will generate new, better jobs. (See Exhibit 23.)

Exhibit 23. ONLINE RETAIL’S POTENTIAL IMPACT ON JOBS

THE RISE OF ONLINE RETAIL MAY NOT HAVE THE SAME NEGATIVE IMPACT ON JOBS IN FOOD AS IT
DOES IN APPAREL

APPAREL FOOD

STAFF COST AS A PERCENTAGE OF REVENUE STAFF COST AS A PERCENTAGE OF REVENUE

Next | 16.2 Tesco | 14.8

ASOS | 6.9 Ocado | 19.9

STAFF NUMBERS (FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT) STAFF NUMBERS (FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT)

PER US$1 MILLION OF REVENUE PER US$1 MILLION OF REVENUE

Next | 5.6 Tesco | 5.1

ASOS | 1.4 Ocado | 6.4

Incumbent physical retailer Pureplay online

Source: Company annual reports, Oliver Wyman analysis

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Three: Fallout

Today, the majority of jobs in retail are still related to its traditional
role of distributing products through stores. The work involves
transferring goods from warehouses to stock rooms and from
stock rooms to shelves; the tasks are typically low-skill, with a
high degree of standardization and control. These jobs make a
significant contribution to most economies, and retailers are the
source of a significant proportion of entry-level jobs. Furthermore,
retail jobs tend to be distributed around a country, often providing
employment in places that offer few alternatives. For this reason, job
losses from the collapse of traditional stores and chains have been
a concern in many countries – and the shift to online sales is often
“We are having trouble attracting seen as the culprit.
the majors that we need.
Supply chain is important but
However, we think the idea that further growth in e-commerce
it will be more focused on math
and engineers than on supply will destroy jobs may be a red herring. In many sectors, selling
chain experts” online typically does mean fewer jobs compared with running
Grocery executive
stores – particularly if some of these stores are underperforming.
But some of the biggest growth in online penetration from now
on will come in food, where many retailers are taking on labor-
“Industrial maintenance is
intensive picking and distribution work that customers previously
a hot topic. We cannot find did themselves. The effect can be seen in the cost structures of
even half the people that we pure-play online retailers such as Ocado, which despite significant
need to support it. We want
to start shifting people from
efficiencies at head office, is less labor-efficient overall than physical
activities that are no longer incumbent competitors such as Tesco. Moreover, as we have
needed to where we will have mentioned in this report, online giants in both the food and non-
the shortages”
food sectors are now building a physical presence, adding jobs in
Grocery executive the process.

What will remove jobs across the retail sector is task automation,
which is a trend in many industries and not the focus of this report.
In particular, automation will hit low-skill store and supply-chain
jobs, as well as repetitive tasks in head offices. The first casualties
have been at supermarket checkouts, where a single employee can
staff between four and six automated self-service terminals. Task
automation will often be led by some of the disruptors we have
mentioned in this report. It is no surprise, for example, that online
supermarket Ocado is leading in the automation of warehouses, or
that Alibaba was fast on the heels of Amazon Go with its own fully
automated convenience store Tao Café. Traditional retailers will have
to follow quickly in order to compete.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Three: Fallout

We see a silver lining, however, in the higher-skill, higher-agency

jobs that will be created by many of the new business models we
predict will grow. To stay competitive, retailers will have to improve
productivity and drive out routine tasks – and, hence, lower-paying
jobs – from the system. At the same time, completely new jobs will
“I do believe some things will be created, for example delivering packages to customers’ front
change, but there will always
doors where previously customers would have picked them up from
be something for people to
migrate to. There will still be a store themselves.
a demand for labor but it will
be different than what we
Product businesses will rely on expert teams of creative designers
have today”
and skilled sourcing managers. They will also need strong front-
Grocery executive line connections with customers to receive and analyze feedback.
Choice intermediaries are likely to rely heavily on technology
to provide customers with large numbers of high-quality
“There will be fewer entry-level recommendations, but they will also need a small number of
jobs, as the repetitive, simple
highly-skilled staff, for example to direct algorithms and provide
tasks are automated away”
human advice on top. As these intermediaries’ function is entirely
Grocery executive new, so too will be these jobs. If choice intermediaries became a
US$30 billion industry across multiple retail sectors (see previous
section), and had the same revenue per employee as Expedia or
“There will be fewer, but better, pure-play online apparel platform ASOS, this would create more
jobs in retail”
than 60,000 high-skilled jobs in the United States alone. Magnetic
Grocery executive ecosystems, too, will likely create new, high-skill technology jobs.

Customer experience champions will need skilled store staff who

may also use technology, for instance, to look up relevant product
specifications or enrich their expert advice. Digital chat – which
has long been used to field routine customer service queries – will
also require remote salespeople who enhance the online shopping
experience by offering high-quality advice. An example is the
Gearheads at Backcountry.com. Fulfilment intermediaries may one
day manage to fully automate delivery, but until then they will need
a relatively large number of employees to pick products, pack them,
and deliver them to customers’ homes. And some will differentiate
themselves by deploying drivers on stable routes, so they can get to
know the customers.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Three: Fallout

These changing labor demands mean that retail jobs of the future
will on average be more interesting and more rewarding. But the
trend could pose challenges for society, as retail has long provided
highly-localized, entry-level jobs with relatively flexible hours. Other
labor‑intensive sectors such as catering, and jobs requiring a human
touch, such as social care, may well benefit from the increased labor
supply, but only if people are able to retrain and are given support to
make the transition.

HOME DELIVERY PRESENTS NEW

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

The growth of online shopping – and hence home delivery – has

“What is the right model? increased the number of delivery vehicles on the streets, and led to a
Giant warehouses 200 miles
apart or thirty thousand small
corresponding rise in emissions of carbon dioxide and pollutants, as
nodes near the customer. No well as in noise and hazards caused by the extra traffic. On the other
one knows the answer to this. hand, home delivery – particularly of groceries – typically means
The market is doing a bunch
of tests and pilots to figure
fewer individual shopping trips by car. That said, online shopping
out the model. There will be a has taken off fastest in cities, where customers are more likely to use
tremendous amount of capital public transport anyway. The net results of these effects are not yet
flushed down the toilet on this”
clear, and they will vary between countries and between urban and
Grocery executive rural areas.

Still, there is significant potential for reducing waste. Now, multiple

vans from different retailers often serve the same household on the
same day – while a different set of vehicles serves the neighbors.
Over time, we think the new fulfilment intermediaries will find
ways to deliver more efficiently, maximizing drop densities and
consolidating orders from multiple retailers into a single run. If
customers are flexible enough to allow retailers to plan efficient
routes, the result could be a net reduction in vehicle emissions
and traffic. This will be the case especially if the fulfilment industry
consolidates to a small number of winners in each area. Indeed,
some local governments might even mandate such consolidation to
increase efficiency and reduce traffic.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Three: Fallout

Secondary packaging constitutes another potential environmental

impact, as products are often shipped in cardboard boxes, paper,
and foam – even though they are often already protected by the
primary packaging they left the factory floor in. Changing consumer
attitudes towards minor damage to primary packaging would
help reduce secondary packaging. But ultimately, the solution lies
in a coordinated industry move to create secondary packaging
standards that reduce waste. Governments may step in to back this
up with legislation, as they already have with mandatory charges
for supermarket carrier bags in Europe. For instance, reusable
bags and boxes could be picked up on the next delivery run.
Fulfilment intermediaries could prove instrumental in driving these
efficiencies, just as they could play a consolidating role in routing.

DEPLOYING CAPITAL WHEN A BUSINESS IS

IN DECLINE

In any industry disruption, some incumbents will reinvent

themselves, while others go out of business. The story will be
no different in retail. Successful reinventions are full of risks and
unknowns, making the business case for them hard to write. For
many retailers, there simply is not one. In such cases, the most
efficient way forward, both for investors and for society as a whole, is
to recognize this early and allow resources to be redirected towards
business models that can create value for society.

In practical terms, this means no longer investing for the long term,
but instead running these businesses as cash machines to fund
innovation and new models elsewhere in the sector. One trap that
often prolongs the decline of doomed retailers is the relative ease
of pursuing short‑term measures that boost performance, without
addressing the fundamental shifts in consumer expectations and,
hence, behavior.

Furthermore, management teams are often reluctant to manage

decline; it is not what most went into business to do. It is the role of
capital owners to nudge them in the right direction.

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 Retail’s Revolution | Part Three: Fallout

INDUSTRY VIEW
But the Luddites did not, and nor did the
Lamplighters. Weavers whose skills were overtaken
by machines and men who no longer carried the
flame to light the lights saw few of the benefits of
the revolution going on around them. Instead, those
with the energy and drive were forced to re-skill and
relocate, whilst for many the world left them behind.

We are in the early stages of what is being called the

Fourth Industrial Revolution, where almost infinite
processing power and connectivity are allowing
unimaginable developments in artificial intelligence
and robotics. If we think the Digital Revolution of
RICHARD the past 20 years was disruptive, we have not seen

PENNYCOOK anything yet.

As retailers, that should give us pause. Our industry

CHAIRMAN OF FOUR RETAILERS is vibrant and dynamic, but is being reinvented in a
AND THE BRITISH way every bit as profound as when organized retail
RETAIL CONSORTIUM first emerged in the late 19th century. The difference,
this time, is that whereas it took over a hundred
years to develop the structure of brick‑and‑mortar
When Zhou Enlai was asked in 1969 whether the stores, served by complex supply chains and directed
French Revolution had been a good thing, he was centrally by large home offices populated by smart
rumored to have replied, “It is too early to tell.” We people, this time it is moving much more quickly.
can probably be more definitive about the benefits of The implications for us as business leaders, and for
other revolutions. our politicians, are profound. Future generations
will benefit greatly from the changes to come. The
The British Agricultural Revolution in the 18 century
th
question is whether we can be far-sighted enough to
and the Industrial Revolutions of the 19 and 20
th th
avoid large numbers of our colleagues in retail today
centuries have transformed our human existence. becoming the modern-day weavers and lamplighters,
Living standards for the vast majority of people in and getting left behind.
the West exceed those of even the very wealthiest
people in previous epochs. Globally, the number of
people living in extreme poverty has been halved
over the past 30 years, and life expectancy has
increased by eight years. So we should probably
think these revolutions were a good thing.

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Part Three: Fallout

BETTER RETAIL
FOR BETTER
LIVING
 Retail’s Revolution | Part Three: Fallout

T
he average American spends over five hours a week on
shopping – or the equivalent of 34 working days each year. A
significant proportion of this time is spent on relatively routine
tasks, such as the weekly supermarket shop. As retailers compete
to offer a smoother shopping experience, with more and more
aspects of the customer journey streamlined and automated, time
spent on chore shopping will be gradually re-allocated to shopping
for pleasure, or to entirely different work or leisure activities.

Advances in artificial intelligence will give an increasing number

of people access to products and services that used to be the
exclusive preserve of the wealthy. Just as the access economy
makes luxury apparel affordable by sharing the cost of a product
with dozens of other consumers, services such as Stitchfix are
making personal styling and shopping services affordable to
thousands. In the past, only wealthy households would have been
able to pay for a housekeeper to fetch groceries for them. Online
grocery retailers such as Instacart and Ocado have made picking
and delivery so efficient that far more households can now afford
a few extra dollars for home delivery. Artificial intelligence will also
help to better match products to people’s needs, giving them more
control over their consumption, reducing waste, and possibly
encouraging healthier diets.

Finally, as stores start to focus more on experiences and services

rather than holding stock, the shopping experience should
become a lot more interactive and enjoyable. The quality and
richness of interactions between customers and staff will improve.
The conversation need no longer center on the availability of
a particular shoe size, but can focus on advice and product
information. And the high street will become a social venue, where
people arrange to meet up and make new friends.

82
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“If I have seen further than others it AHOLD DELHAIZE USA

is by standing upon the shoulders Kevin Holt, CEO
of giants”
ASSOCIATED WHOLESALE GROCERS
Isaac Newton
Dan Funk, EVP Marketing and Merchandising

BARCLAYS
Karen Short, Managing Director
As part of writing this report we spoke
to more than 50 senior people in the
BRITISH RETAIL CONSORTIUM
industry. We thank them all for their
Helen Dickinson, CEO
contribution; their ideas have helped
shape our hypotheses and conclusions.
BRYAN GARNIER
Olivier Garnier de Falletans, Managing Partner
Charles Tellier, Managing Director
Jean Cailliau, Executive Advisor

THE BODY SHOP

Jeremy Schwartz, ex-CEO

CBRE – CONVERGENCES
Jérôme Le Grelle, Executive Director Retail France

CHICO’S FAS
Shelley Broader, CEO

THE CO-OPERATIVE GROUP, UK

Steve Murrells, CEO

COUCHE-TARD
Alain Bouchard, Chairman

E. LECLERC
Maud Funaro, Strategy, Digital and Innovation Director

EBAY
Kumaran Adithyan, Director of Trading
Strategy & Planning

FÉDÉRATION DU COMMERCE ET
DE LA DISTRIBUTION
Jacques Creyssel, Director General; Vice-President
FIRAE (International federation of retail)

FOOD CITY
Dan Glei, EVP, Merchandising & Marketing

FOOD MARKETING INSTITUTE

Mark W. Baum, SVP & CCO
GRAIN DE MALICE MAXEDA DIY
Alain Boittiaux, Chairman and CEO George Adams, former CEO; former Chairman
Screwfix; current Non Exec and Chairman, various
GROUPE BEL
Francis Le Cam, former COO METRO INC. (CANADA)
Eric R. La Flèche, CEO
GROUPE CASINO
Régis Schultz, Chairman and CEO of Monoprix, MICHEL & AUGUSTIN
member of the Casino Group ExCo Michel de Rovira, Cofounder and CEO
Franck Poncet, Commercial and Technical Group
Director, Monoprix and President, Naturalia MIZZEN+MAIN
Gabriel Naouri, former Deputy Head of Kevin Lavelle, CEO
International Operations
NESTLÉ USA
GROUPE CARREFOUR Paul Grimwood, Chairman & CEO
Gérard Lavinay, Merchandise, Flow and Formats
Executive Director and ExCo Member ONEX PARTNERS
Matthieu Malige, CFO and ExCo Member; former Matt Ross, Managing Director
CFO, Fnac-Darty
PEAPOD
GROUPE GALERIES LAFAYETTE Spencer Baird, Chief Merchant
Ugo Supino, CFO and Executive Board Member
REXALL
GROUPEMENT DES MOUSQUETAIRES Beth Newlands Campbell, President
Alexandre Falck, CEO
SHOBR
HANESBRANDS Mikkel Lohmann Davidsen, former CEO
David Bortolussi, President, Australasia
John Marsh, President, Global Activewear SOFINA
Harold Boël, CEO
H-E-B
Craig Boyan, President SOUTHEASTERN GROCERS
Anthony Hucker, President & CEO
HSBC
Dave McCarthy, Head of Consumer Retail Europe SYSTÈME U
Guillaume Darrasse, COO
IBOTTA
Kane McCord, COO UK DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY
AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY
ICA SWEDEN Laura Robinson, Deputy Director
Anders Svensson, CEO
UNIBAIL-RODAMCO
INSTITUT DU COMMERCE Christophe Cuvillier, Chairman and CEO
Xavier Hua, General Manager
WALMART
THE J.M. SMUCKER COMPANY Charles Redfield, EVP, Food
Mark T. Smucker, CEO
WESSANEN
LAGARDÈRE TRAVEL RETAIL Christophe Barnouin, CEO
Dag Inge Rasmussen, Chairman and CEO
WOOLWORTHS HOLDINGS AUSTRALASIA
MANOR John Dixon, CEO
Stéphane Maquaire, CEO
YOUSCRIBE
Juan Pirlot de Corbion, Founder, Chairman and CEO
GLOSSARY

Augmented reality Latent demand

Technology that uses direct or indirect views of the Consumers who want to shop online but do not
world to superimpose computer-generated sensory because of various “blockers” related to cost
stimulation. Most commonly, this is refers to visual and convenience.
images imposed on the real world through cameras and
screens to provide additional information. Omnichannel retailers
Retailers who offer consumers the opportunity to
Access economy shop and complete purchases in stores and via
Sometimes referred to as the “sharing economy.” A internet channels.
form of commerce in which consumers purchase access
to products rather than outright ownership. Popular Omnichannel shoppers
examples include Uber, Airbnb and Zipcar. Consumers who shop and complete purchases both in
stores and via internet channels.
Choice intermediaries
Businesses that help consumers choose which specific Online penetration
products best meet their needs. The role of choice The percentage of sales in which the purchase occasion
intermediary can be distinct from purchase and is completed either on a computer, a mobile device,
fulfilment activities, or it can be embedded within a or via an intelligent assistant (such as Google Home or
single entity that does all three. Amazon Echo’s Alexa).

Direct-to-consmuer (D2C or DTC) Passive cooling

DTC: Direct-to-consumer is a variety of channel A technique of design that allows for the transport
opportunities by which manufacturers are able to of products at low temperature without requiring
sell to consumer while maintaining control of the active refrigeration.
merchandising levers. DTC can include manufacturer
stores, online shops, andparticipation in online platforms. Platforms
Also referred to as marketplaces. These are online
Dynamic routing ecosystems where manufacturers maintain control
Using advanced analytics techniques to update routing of the merchandising decisions and control of the
in to real-time based on current network information to products until purchase occasion. Most but not
redesign how products get to a destination. all platforms also rely on third-party fulfilment
intermediaries as well.
Fulfilment intermediaries
Businesses that help deliver products to consumers Purchase occasion
after the purchase event. The role of the fulfilment The moment of exchange of money for goods, which
intermediary can be distinct from purchase and can be separate from when the goods are received.
fulfilment activities, or it can be embedded within a
single entity that does all three. Traditional retail
The model in which retailers purchase product from
General merchandise manufacturers and sell to consumers. In traditional
General merchandise retail broadly refers to any retail, the retailer plays the role of both choice
product that is non-food and non-grocery. More intermediary and fulfilment intermediary. The purchase
specifically, it is often used to refer to sectors like occasion happens in the retailer’s store.
electronics, health and beauty, and apparel.

Last-mile intermediaries
A subset of fulfilment intermediaries that specialize
in getting product to customers’ homes in an
affordable manner.
ABOUT OLIVER WYMAN
Oliver Wyman is a global leader in management consulting that combines deep industry
knowledge with specialised expertise in strategy, operations, risk management, and
organisation transformation.

In the Retail & Consumer Goods Practice, we draw on unrivalled customer and strategic
insight and state‑of‑the‑art analytical techniquesto deliver better results for our clients. We
understand what it takes to win in retail: an obsession with serving the customer, constant
dedication to better execution, and a relentless drive to improve capabilities. We believe
our hands-on approach to making change happen is truly unique – and over the last 20
years, we’ve built our business by helping retailers build theirs.

www.oliverwyman.com

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