TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND animals in many regions of the world.

In some parts of
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION Africa, they are used as pack animals and for riding.
WITH DRIVING
Reindeer
TRANSPORTATION First domesticated in Siberia in the beginning
 Is the movement or conveying of of Christian era. In Altai Mountains, they were ridden
persons and goods from one with saddles. Elsewhere, they draw sledges somewhat
location to another. like the dog sledges of the far north.

NOMAD Dog
Came from Green “to pasture”, The first animal domesticated is too slight to
was originally used to refer to carry heavy loads. The plain Indians sometimes packed
pastoralists – groups that migrate in a light loads on dog’s backs and piled goods on travois
established pattern to find pasture lands which the dogs dragged. In the Far North, the dogs team
for their domestic livestock. drawing sledges are the chief means of transportation;
and in Europe, the dogs are used to draw small carts.
3 TYPES OF NOMAD
Donkey
1ST TYPE – comprises foraging The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the
populations who wander in search of Middle East. Donkey caravans carry goods between
food. the cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt and the donkey is
still the chief beast of burden among farmers of the
2ND TYPE – those who move with Near East, the Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where
their family, belongings, and herds of it was introduced from Spain.
cattle, camel, sheep, or goats through an
annual cycle of pasture whose Llama
availability is determined by In pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the
alteration of hot and cold or wet and only new world animal other than the dog capable of
dry season. domestication for use in transport.

3RD TYPE – comprises gypsies, In the high Andes, the Llama was used as a pack
tinkers, and similar itinerants in urban animal by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors, as its
and complex societies. means of transportation by modern Andean people.

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF Elephant

TRANSPORTATION The Carthaginians used African elephant in their
war against Rome but in recent centuries, these animals
MANPOWER have not been tamed.
Early man, who had no
domesticated animals, carried his own In India, elephants were formerly used in war
burdens. More so today, manpower is and are still employed to some extent for ceremonial
important in transportation in many processions and big game hunting.
parts of the world.
In Burma and Thailand, this huge animal are
Note: Pedestrian was coined from the widely used in the lumber industry.
Latin word “pedester” – which means
to travel by foot. Horse
Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots
ANIMAL POWER appeared in the southwest Asia and 1,000 years later,
The domestication of animals the Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility
greatly increased the potential power and power to German tribes who invaded Europe and to
available for transportation. Pack the Central Asian conqueror Genghis Khan. In Europe,
animals were introduced as horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for
conveyances mainly to save labor. riding for some time until the introduction of
mechanized vehicles.
Ох
Cattles, which were Camel
domesticated in Mesopotamia, were There are two kinds of camel, the two-humped
used as draft animals to draw war bactirian of Central Asia and
chariots. Oxen are still used as draft
the one-humped dromedary of Arabia macadamized road in England about 1815
have long been used for transport.

The bactirian camel has MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION

plodded along the caravans routes
between China and Iran at least 2,000 Is one of the greatest inventions that appeared
years. It is also used to draw carts. for the last three hundred years.

The dromedary, which has less JAMES WATT – Steam Engine

endurance but it is fleeter and special JACQUES PERIER – built steamboat in 1775
fast-paced riding camel, is bred by the ROBERT FULTON – Steamboat Clermont JOHN
Arab nomads. PALMER – first fast mail coach
KARL VON DRAIS – introduced streerable when
Yak creating “draisienne” or “dandy horse” (bicycle)
A long-haired type of cattle that lives CHARLES GOODYEAR – invented the vulcanized
at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau rubber tires
and in the neighboring Mountain JEAN L. LENOIR – developed the internal combustion
regions is ridden and used as a pack engine
animal at heights were horses and JOHN BOYD DUNLOP – developed the first practical
ordinary animal could not survive. pneumatic tire for bicycle
RUDOLF DIESEL – developed the diesel engine also
WIND POWER known as compression-ignition engine, is an internal
 Man realized the energy from the combustion engine that uses the heat compression to
mass moving air and learned to initiate ignition to burn the fuel.
utilize such powers to lift rather to HENRY FORD – introduced the MODEL T
drag. This paved way to invention
of air lifted transportation vessels. TRAFFIC
 It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or
WEEL vehicles, either powered by combustion system or
 was invented probably in Western animal drawn vehicle, from one place to another
Asia for the purpose of safe travel.
 one of man’s great inventions
 It is movement of vehicles, people from point of
NOTE: origin to the point of destination.

LJUBLJANA MARSHES WOODEN  It is a movement of traffic unit in a traffic way.

WHEEL
 It is also applied with the movement of other
- This is the oldest wheel ever found in vehicles, as well as persons, goods or even
Europe or anywhere in the world. messages and articles.

ROMANS ETYMOLOGY OF TRAFFIC

 Originally meant “trade”
 Were the major road builders in  It originates from Greco-Roman word
the ancient world. “TRAFICO” with reference to the movement of
people.
 Romans road network reached  The Greek originally called the system as
total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 “TRAFIGA”
kms.) with feeder roads branching  There is no dispute that trafico is Greco-Roman
out from the main highways. It was word, but the word traffic was crafted from Famous
costly because its deep foundation, "TRAFALGAR SQUARE“
formed by later after heavy stones,  French trafique from Old Italian “Traffico” from
was necessary to make roads that trafficare “to cary on trade”
would carry heavy traffic for many
years. Traffic Management
It is an executive function such as planning,
JOHN L. MACADAM organizing, and directing, supervising, coordinating,
Did not abandon the theory of operating, recording budgeting traffic affairs.
feeder road building and perfected the
 It also refers to the activities  Express-way - A through traffic for free-flow of
undertaken by a highway transportation vehicular movement.
agency to improve roadway system
safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for  Tunnel Road - A passage of wide shorten section
both providers and consumers of cut throughhill to circuitous roadway.
transportation services.  Feeder Road - Intended for farm-to- market traffic.
 Shoulder – it refers to either side of the roadway,
DEFINITION OF TERMS especially along highways.

MANAGEMENT - Refers to the skillful  Sidewalk - it refers to the paved walkway along
use of means to accomplish purpose. the side of a street.
 Through highway – it means every highway or
OPERATION - Pertainsto a cause or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is given
series of acts to effect certain purpose, the right-of-way, and at the entrances to which
manner of action; or a vital or natural vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is
process of activity. required by law to yield right-of-way to vehicles
on such through highway in obedience to either an
ROADWAY – refers to that part of the authorized stop sign or a yield sign, or other
traffic way over which motor vehicles official traffic-control device.
pass. For purposes of construction,
repair, and/or maintenance, roads are  Thruway or throughway – it is a highway that has
classified as: limited entrances and exits such as the expressways,
 National Roads – interconnecting freeways, or motorways. It is known as autobahn
provinces and/or cities in German
 Provincial Roads –  Traffic way – refers to the entire width between
interconnecting municipalities boundary lines of every way or place of which any
and/or cities within a province part is open to the use of the public for purposes of
 City Roads – interconnecting vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
barangays with a city
 Municipal Roads – ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS
interconnecting barangays within a
municipality According to political subdivision
 Barangay Roads – roads/streets
located within a barangay which NATIONAL ROADS - The main road as conduit
connects sitios or places within a system with a right of way from 20 meters to 120
barangay. meters.

 Sky way - A modern urban system PROVINCIALROADS - The linkages between two
of roadway above street level for municipalities with right of way from 15 meters to 60
free flow of traffic meters.
 Lane - one of the longitudinal CITY ROADS - The inter-link between
strips from which the carriageway municipalities and within the city proper with right of
can be divided whether or not way of 15 meters.
defined by longitudinal road MUNICIPAL ROADS - All roads within the town
markings. proper with the right of way of not less than 10 meters.
 Highway- any public thoroughfare,
public boulevard, avenue, park INTERSECTION
alley, but shall not include
roadway upon grounds owned by Refers to the area of a roadway created when
private persons, colleges, two or more roadways join together
universities, or other similar
institution. CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTION
ACCORDING TO NUMNER OF INTERSECTING
 Subway - A conduit running ROADS
entirely under the ground for fast
travel route of commuters. 3 WAY
 Overpass - Refersto a roadway It is commonly known as the T or Y crossroad
passing through another roadway 4 WAY
It is the most common. Two roads cross
perpendicularly
5 WAY and traffic accidents which are mostly attributed to
It involves the crossing of five human errors.
roads. This type is the least common
6 WAY POOR MAINTENANCE
It involves the crossing of three
streets. This type is very rare Often-times motor vehicles are stalled in traffic
STAGGERED INTERSECTION ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road
It involves two successive T pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting.
crossroads.
SPECIFIC TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
WHY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS
NECESSARY? 1. Traffic Build-up -It is characterized by the gradual
increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the
In every traffic management, highway or traffic way.
three elements are necessary to be
considered. These are: 2. Traffic Congestions - These are conditions on road
networks that occurs as use increases, and is
 ROAD (TRAFFICWAY) characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times
SYSTEM and increased vehicular queueing.
 ROAD USERS
 ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES 3. Traffic Jams (snarl-up) - These are situations in
highways in which the movement of traffic users
Failure to coordinate these (MVS and pedestrians) is very slow or stationary.
elements in a particular highway and/or
intersection may cause traffic-related 4. Bottlenecks - These are narrow points or areas in
problems. highways where traffic congestions or traffic jams
Traffic management aims to usually occur or traffic may be held up.
attain efficiency in the utilization of the
traffic-way. 5. Gridlocks - A state or condition of severe road
congestion arising when continuous queues of
MAJOR CAUSE OF TRAFFIC vehicles block an entire network of intersecting
CONGESTION streets bringing traffic in all directions to a
complete standstill.
1. PHYSICAL INADEQUACY
2. POOR CONTROL MEASURES 6. Accidents - These are events or incidents which
3. HUMAN ERRORS may cause unintentional damage to property, loss
4. POOR MAINTENANCE of limbs, and or death.

PHYSICAL INADEQUACY 7. Collisions - These are incidents or instances of one

moving traffic unit or person striking violently
This is characterized by lack of against another.
roads, narrow bridges, rail-road
crossings, lack of traffic facilities and THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
etc. These are the main areas of traffic management
which are also known as the “Es” of Traffic.
POOR CONTROL MEASURES
GENERAL PILLARS:
This is characterized by
ineffective mechanical control devices,  TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
inefficient traffic orders, and poor  TRAFFIC EDUCATION
implementation of traffic laws, rules  TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
and regulation.  TRAFFIC SUBSIDIARY PILLARS:
Slide 32  TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT
 TRAFFIC ECONOMY
HUMAN ERRORS
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
Many traffic congestion are
caused by slow drivers or poor driving It is the science of measuring traffic and travel
habits, pedestrian mistakes, officer’s the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and
errors, poor planning, poor legislation; generation; the application of this knowledge to the
professional practice of planning, HIGHER EDUCATION – offer and conduct courses
deciding and operating traffic system to regarding traffic safety subjects.
achieve safe and efficient transportation
of persons and goods. b. PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAMS
c. CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUPS
FUNCTION OF TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING: TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
This field deals mostly on the implementation
1. fact-finding, surveys and and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and
recommendations of traffic rule regulations.
and regulations;
2. Supervisions and maintenance to AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE ENFORCEMENT
the application of traffic control OF TRAFFIC
devices
3. Planning of traffic regulations Land Transportation Office (LTO)

AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR Legislative Bodies

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Included are the Congress, Provincial Boards,
and City and Municipal Councils. They are responsible
a. Department of Public Works and for the passing and/or amending of laws and/or
Highways ordinances.
Police Traffic Enforcement
 has responsibility of determining This pillar is not limited to the PNP-HPG
traffic flow planning approval of (formerly TMG) but it includes all government
program and budget finding of personnel who are duly authorized for the direct
construction and maintenance of enforcement of traffic laws such as:
road and instrument 1. The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA) for the National Capital Region (NCR).
b. Local Public Works and 2. Police/Traffic Auxiliaries
Engineering Offices 3. LTO Law Enforcement Services/Flying Squad.

 local government units and TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC

instrumentalities that have the ENVIRONMENT
same function as the DPWH
 perform such powers within their The study of potentially disastrous population
territorial boundary. explosion, changes in urban environment due to the
scale and density of new urban concentration and new
TRAFFIC EDUCATION activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and
crowding, transport congestion which result therein.
It refers to any act o process of
imparting or acquiring general TRAFFIC ECONOMY
knowledge on traffic or any matters
relating to the use of the trafficway or  This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which
road ways. deals with the benefits and adverse of traffic to our
economy.
Traffic safety education is the  Is the study of how people choose to use scarce or
primary concern of traffic education in limited productive resources to produce
the area of accident reduction and commodities and distribute them for their
prevention. consumption.
 One aspect affecting our economy is the unending
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN increase of oil prices in the world market.
TRAFFIC EDUCATION  Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not
only the time of travel but the productivity of an
a. SCHOOL (public/private) individual as well.
ELEMENTARY – focused on safety
guides TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION
SECONDARY – geared towards school
safety organizations It is the process of training road users in the
avoidance and prevention of traffic-related accidents.
 It is already identified that one the driving situation presented to the student
if not the major causes of the traffic 2. DIDACTIC FILM – aims to show good driving
accidents is HUMAN FACTORS. This behavior
can be corrected by traffic safety 3. SIMULATION FILM – offers “visual realism”
education.
THE BIORHYTHM
ROAD SAFETY – It refers to the
reduced risk of accident or injury on the It is a theory, which asserts that man exhibits
roads. constant variation of life energy and mood states.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO Man's theorized cycles and interpretations

ACCIDENTS rhythm is peculiar characteristics of most natural
1. HUMAN ERRORS phenomena, some examples of which are:
2. ROAD DEFICIENCIES THAT  Diurnal exchange of light and darkness
ARE MAIN CONTRIBUTORY  The four season
3. MAIN VEHICLE  Our wet and dry season
 The waxing of the moon
DRIVER’S EDUCATION
THE BIORHYTHM CYCLE
In general, drivers instruction
aims PRIMARILY to teach 23 days of physical cycle – is also known as cycle of
RUDIMENTS OF DRIVING. our strength, endurance and courage (the male
component of a person)
SECONDARY AIMS are as follows: 28 days of emotional cycle – also known as the cycle of
1. To in still awareness of one’s our sensitivity, love and intuition (the female
responsibilities legal and moral component of a person)
2. To teach the abilities required for one 33 days of intellectual cycle - is related to thinking,
to be eligible for a driver’s license. analysing, judgement, concentration, composition and
etc.
4 BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION
METHODS All these cycles are present at the time we are
born. When the curve is above the center line, the
 COMPREHENSIVE – This biorhythm value is said to be “HIGH” or a person has
methods places the students into more energy to spare. When the curve is below the
real life of driving situations from center line, the biorhythm is said to be “LOW” or in a
the beginning recharged period.

 TRADITIONAL The High State The Low State

INSTRUCTION – This type of 1. Physically high 1. Physically low
instruction depends on instructor- - people are energetic, - people tend to be tired
student communication strong and agile and succumb to sickness
 COMMENTARY DRIVING 2. Emotionally high 2. Emotionally low
METHOD – The student-driver - people are creative, - people are moody,
accompanied by an instructor. As artistic and happy irritable and depressed
the student-driver drives, the 3. Intellectually high Intellectually low
instructor has to give a commentary - people think quickly and - people find it difficult to
on his driving logically think logically and lacks
coordination
 SIMULATED CONDITIONS –
Simulator is a static machine with IMPORTANCE OF BIORHYTHM
all the important features of a car
used in driving method or driving It should be borne in mind that biorhythm does
training. not predict what actually will happen.

CLASSIFICATION OF FILMS AS All it does is to give us a hint on how we will

SHOWN BY THE SIMULATORS tend to feel in a certain day.

1. ANALYTICAL FILM – which

provides an objective analysis of
 TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers
REGULATIONS and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for
agricultural purposes.
RA 4163 - "Land Transportation and Trailers having any number of wheels, when
Traffic Code.“ amended by a amended propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment to a
by RA 10930 motor vehicle, shall be classified as separate motor
RA 8749 – "Philippine Clean Air Act of vehicle with no power rating.
1999”
RA 8750 – “Seat Belts Use Act of (b) "Passenger automobiles" shall mean all pneumatic-
1999” tire vehicles of types similar to those usually known
RA 7924 – The Act creating the under the following terms: touring car, command car,
Metropolitan Manila Development speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle, car (except
Authority (MMDA) motor wheel and similar small outfits which are
RA 10586 - Anti-Drunk and Drugged classified with motorcycles), coupe, landaulet, closed
Driving Act of 2013″ car, limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.
RA 10054 - Motorcycle Helmet Act of The distinction between "passenger truck" and
2009 "passenger automobile" shall be that of common usage:
RA 10666 - Children’s Safety on Provided, That a motor vehicle registered for more than
Motorcycles Act of 2015 nine passengers shall be classified as "truck"
RA 10913 - Anti-Distracted Driving Slide 58
Act
RA 10916 - Speed Limiter (c) "Articulated vehicle" shall mean any motor vehicle
RA 11229 - Child Safety in Motor act with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that
RA 11235 - Motorcycle Crime part of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a
Prevention Act substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its
RA 6539 – “Anti-car napping Act of load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall
1972” be called as "semi-trailer."
RA 10883 – “New Anti-car napping
Act of 2016 (d) "Driver" shall mean every and any licensed operator
PD 96 – Regulating the use of sirens of a motor vehicle.
PD 207 – Declaring as part of the laws
of the Philippines the Vienna (e) "Professional driver" shall mean every and any driver
Convention on Road Traffic, Signs and hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle,
Signals whether for private use or for hire to the public.
EO 202 – Creating the Land Any person driving his own motor vehicle for
Transportation Franchising and hire is a professional driver.
Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
(f) "Owner" shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor
IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly registered
4136 with the Land Transportation Commission.
Section 1. Title of Act. - This Act shall The "owner" of a government-owned motor
be known as the "Land Transportation vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of the
and Traffic Code." Bureau to which the said motor vehicle belongs.

Section 2. Scope of Act. - The (g) "Dealer" shall mean every person, association,
provisions of this Act shall control, as partnership, or corporation making, manufacturing,
far as they apply, the registration and constructing, assembling, remodeling, rebuilding, or
operation of motor vehicles and the setting up motor vehicles; and every such entity acting
licensing of owners, dealers, conductors, as agent for the sale of one or more makes, styles, or
drivers, and similar matters. kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles,
keeping the same in stock or selling same or handling
Section 3. Words and phrases defined. with a view to trading same.
(a) "Motor Vehicle" shall mean any
vehicle propelled by any power other (h)"Garage" shall mean any building in which two or
than muscular power using the public more motor vehicles, either with or without drivers, are
highways, but excepting road rollers, kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not include
trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, street stands, public service stations, or other public
lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork- places designated by proper authority as parking spaces
lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if for motor vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting
not used on public highways, vehicles business.
(i) "Gross weight" shall mean the It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors
measured weight of a motor vehicle collecting passenger fare (Sec. 32, c)
plus the maximum allowable carrying
capacity in merchandise, freight and/or 4. RIDING ON TOP OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE
passenger, as determined by the Passenger shall not be allowed to ride on top of
Commissioner of Land Transportation. motor vehicles, but baggage or freight may be carried
on top of the truck, provided that the weight thereof is
(j) "Highways" shall mean every public no more than 20 kilos per square meter distributed in
thoroughfare, public boulevard, such a way as not to endanger passengers or the
driveway, avenue, park, alley and vehicle’s stability
callejon, but shall not include roadway
upon grounds owned by private persons, HITCHING ON TO A VEHICLE:
colleges, universities, or other similar The following practices ae prohibited:
institutions. a. HANGING ON to or riding on the outside or rear
end of any vehicle
(l) "Parking or parked", for the purposes b. HOLDINGON to any moving vehicle
of this Act, shall mean that a motor whetheron foot or otherwise
vehicle is "parked" or "parking" if it has c. DRIVER ALLOWING ANY PERSON TO HANG
been brought to a stop on the shoulder on to or ride outside of or at the rear end of the
or proper edge of a highway, and vehicle (Sec. 51)
remains inactive in that place or close d. OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC. Obstruction of
thereto for an appreciable period of traffic by operating a motor vehicle in such a
time. A motor vehicle which properly manner as to obstruct, block or impede the passage
stops merely to discharge a passenger of another vehicle is prohibited. This prohibition
or to take in a waiting passenger, or to applies even when discharging or loading
load or unload a small quantity of passengers (Sec. 54)
freight with reasonable dispatch shall
not be considered as "parked", if the DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT
motor vehicle again moves away
without delay. In the event that any accident should occur as a
result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a
(m) "Tourist" shall mean a foreigner highway, the driver shall observe the following: (Sec.
who travels from place to place for 55)
pleasure or culture. a. Stop immediately
b. Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law
SELECTED PROVISIONS OF RA enforcer
4136 c. Give his true name and address, including that of
the owner of the vehicle
1. EXCEEDING REGISTERED d. Assist injured persons
CAPACITY (OVERLOADING) e. Take measures to protect belongings of passenger
Passengers, freight or cargo f. Report the accident
load of a motor vehicle should not be
more than its registered capacity. WHEN COULD A DRIVER LEAVE THE AREA OF
All passenger automobiles for ACCIDENT WITHOUT BEING HELD LIABLE FOR
hire are required to have the registered HIT-AND-RUN?
passenger capacity marked plainly and 1. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed by
conspicuously on the sides thereof in other person/s by reason of the accident
the letters and numerals not less than 2. He surrenders to proper authority
5cms in height (Sec. 33) 3. He summons the assistance of a physician or nurse
to aid the victim
2. CARGO CARRYING DEVICES
The construction of devices for REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE
carrying cargo at the rear or sides of
trucks may be allowed, subject to the RA 4136, mandates that all motor vehicles shall
approval of the Commissioner, but the be registered by its owner before the designated District
total net weight of the device, including Offices of the Land Transportation Office.
cargo, must not exceed 100 Kilos (Sec. Slide 68
32,a)

3. RIDING ON RUNNING BOARD

 CLASSIFICIATION OF 9 –Associate Justices of the SC
REGISTERED MOTOR 10 – Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of
VEHICLES Appeals, SOLGEN
11 – Chairman of the Commission on Elections
PRIVATE (not for hire) - MV's which 12 – Cabinet Secretaries
are used for personal purpose of their 13- None
Owner (white color background with 14 – Chief of Staff of the AFP and Chief PNP
green markings) 16 – RTC judge
17 – First level courts
Public Utility Vehicle (PUV aka for
hire) – These are registered primarily LICENSING SYSTEM
for the conveyance of passengers and
other commercial goods. (Yellow color It is the system of issuing license to any person
background with black markings) who is qualified to fulfill the responsibilities required
by the license
Government - These are motor vehicles Administered by the LTO
owned by government offices and are
used for official purposes only. (White DUTY TO HAVE LICENSE
color background with red markings)
Chapter III, Art. I, Sec.19 of RA 4136
Diplomatic - these are issued to foreign Except as otherwise specifically provided in this
diplomats and consuls assigned in the Act, it shall be unlawful for any person to operate any
Philippines; white color background motor vehicle without having in his possession a valid
with blue markings) license to drive a motor vehicle.

SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION Tourists and similar transients:

May be allowed to operate motor vehicle during
Registration of motor vehicles but not after 90 days of their sojourn in the Philippines.
should be done ANNUALLY which
follows the numerical suffixes of their LICENSING PROCEDURE:
plate numbers.  Age Requirement
 Be able to read and write (English and Filipino
Last Digit of Last Digit Weekly or any local dialect)
Plate Numbers of Plate Deadline  Physically fit and mentally fit to drive motor
Numbers vehicle
1– JAN 6 -JUN 1, 2, 3 1st- 7th Day  Clinically free from contagious diseases
2– FEB 7- JUL 4, 5, 6 8th-14th
3–MAR 8- AUG Day KINDS OF DRIVING
4 –APR 9- SEPT 7, 8 15th-21st PRIVILEGES/DRIVER’S LICENSE
5 –MAY 0- OCT Day
9, 0 22nd-31st STUDENT DRIVER'S PERMIT
Day  Birth Certificate
 Payments receipts for corresponding fees.
Example: PLATE NUMBER – TNG  At least 16 years of age
984  validity is one year non-renewable
 Thea above motor vehicle shall be  After 30 days or 1 month he is eligible to apply for
registered in APRIL every year. Non-Professional Driver's License
The day of registration falls in  5 months in case for Professional Driver's License.
April 15-21 since the middle digit
is “8” NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER'S LICENSE
 At least 17 years of age
PROTOCOL PLATE NUMBERS  Must pass the practical and written test given by the
1 - President LTO
2 – Vice  For new applicant he must be a holder of Student
3 – Senate Pres. Driver's Permit of not less than 30 days
4 – Speaker of the House of Reps  Non-renewal for 2 years shall
5 – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court subject the applicant to a
6 – Cabinet Secretaries written examination.
7 - Senators  Validity: 10 years (Effective: 28, October 2021 in
8 – Representatives (Congressmen) line with the provisions of Republic Act (RA) No.
 10930 which amended the Land - Issuance was made by the Armed Forces of the
Transportation and Traffic Code.) Philippines but the holder must pass all the test and
examination in compliance with the rules and
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER'S regulations thereof.
LICENSE Restriction: Military personnel and The holder must be
 At least 18 years' old a authorized to drive a military vehicle only.
 Holder of Student Driver's Permit Validity: 3 years
for at least 5 months (for new
applicants) Accessories of Motor Vehicles (ART. IV, SEC. 31,
 Non-renewal for 2 years shall RA 4136)
subject the applicant to a written
examination. Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle with
 Restriction: The type of category metallic tires shall be operated upon any public
of authorized to drive is indicated highway, and solid tires whenever used shall be of
on the face of the license. sufficient thickness to prevent the metal rims thereof
 Validity: 10 years (Effective: 28, from coming in direct contact with the road.
October 2021 in line with the
provisions of Republic Act (RA) Brakes - Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels
No. 10930 which amended the shall be provided with dual hydraulic brake system so
Land Transportation and Traffic that in case of hydraulic line failure affecting the
Code.) braking efficiency of any of the four wheels at least
 Note: Under Republic Act No. either the front or rear wheels shall retain normal
10930 which amended the Land braking capabilities. In the absence of such dual braking
Transportation and Traffic Code, system every motor vehicle with four or more wheels
the new licenses that are valid for shall be provided with safety valve devices of such
10 years will be given to all design and make so that failure of the hydraulic braking
driver’s license holders who do not system of the vehicle because of leakage in the line of
have any traffic violations on file. other parts of the system will not affect all wheels but
Those with traffic violations rather render at all times effective the braking power of
recorded during the validity of their either the two front wheels or the two rear wheels when
expired licenses, will be issued brakes are applied. This requirement, however, does not
renewed licenses that are only valid apply to motor vehicles equipped with pneumatic
for five (5) years. braking system.

SPECIAL TYPE OF DRIVER'S Headlights. - Every motor vehicle of more than one
LICENSE meter of projected width, while in use on any public
highway shall bear two headlights, one on each side,
International Driver's License - it is with white or yellowish light visible from the front,
issued for special purpose and issued by which, not later than one-half hour after sunset and until
Philippine Motor Association at least one-half four before sunrise and whenever
weather conditions so require, shall both be lighted.
(PMA) now known as Automobile
Association of the Philippines (AAP). Taillights. - Every motor vehicle and trailer shall,
- this kind of license is also issued to during the above-mentioned hours, also bear on each
foreigner or tourist side in the rear a lamp showing a red light visible at
 Filipino (Must be a holder of least one hundred meters from the rear of the vehicle
domestic driver's license). and a lamp throwing a white light upon the number
 Tourist (with foreign driver’s plate issued for such vehicle.
license issued by their country)
Restriction: Filipino holder of this kind Stop lights. - Every motor vehicle shall be equipped at
of license must carry with him the valid the rear with at least one lamp which shall throw a
local driver’s license. sustained bright red light visible under all conditions,
Validity: Indicated on its face and even under bright sunlight, when the brakes are applied.
recognize in countries signatory to the Each bus, truck, trailer or similar vehicle shall be
Geneva Convention equipped, as its stop light at or near its rear center, with
a lamp at least twelve centimeters in diameter with the
2. Military/Government Driver’s word "stop" inscribed in the center.
License – issued by the agency for
limited and special purpose. Lights when parked or disabled. - Appropriate parking
lights or flares visible one hundred meters away shall be
displayed at a corner of the vehicle when so
whenever such vehicle is parked on designated.
highways or in places that are not well-
lighted or is placed in such manner as On city and 30km/hour 30km/hou
to endanger passing traffic. municipal r
streets, with
Windshield wiper. - Every motor light traffic,
vehicle shall be equipped with a when not
mechanically or electrically operated designated
device for wiping off raindrops or other “through
moisture from its front windshield. streets.”

Use of red flag. - Whenever the load of Through 20km/hour 20km/hou

any vehicle extends more than one crowded r
meter beyond the bed or body thereof, streets,
there shall be displayed at every approaching
projecting end of such load a red flag intersections
not less than thirty centimeters both in at “blind
length and width, except that during the corners,”
hours fixed under subsection (c), there passing
shall be displayed, in lieu of the school zones,
required red flags, red lights visible at passing other
least fifty meters away. vehicles
which are
Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle stationary, or
propelled by an internal combustion for similar
engine shall be equipped with a muffler, dangerous
and whenever said motor vehicle passes circumstance
through a street of any city, s.
municipality, or thickly populated
district or barrio, the muffler shall not
be cut out or disconnected. No motor
vehicle shall be operated in such a EXCEPTION TO THE SPEED LIMIT
manner as to cause it to emit or make The rates of speed hereinabove prescribed shall not
any unnecessary or disagreeable odor, apply to the following:
smoke or noise.
a. A physician or his driver when the former responds
SPEED LIMIT AND OTHER to emergency calls
RULES ON SPEED MAXIMUM b. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to
ALLOWABLE SPEEDS and from the place of accident or other emergency
Passenger Motor c. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for
Cars and Trucks emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic or any
Motorcycl and Buses other similar place.
es d. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the
On open 80km/hour 50km/hou Armed Forces while in use for official purposes in
country r times of riot, insurrection or invasion
roads, with e. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers
no “blinds are in pursuit of a criminal
corners” not f. A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake
closely a violator of traffic laws
bordered by g. The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of
habitations. any fire department, provided that exemption shall
not be construed to allow useless or unnecessary
On “through 40km/hour 30km/hou fast driving of drivers aforementioned.
streets” or r
boulevards, UNIFORM SPEED LIMITS THROUGHOUT THE
clear of PHILIPPINES
traffic, with No provincial, city or municipal authority shall
no ” blind enact or enforce any ordinance or resolution specifying
corners,”
maximum allowable speeds other than official business and the drivers thereof sound
those provided by RA 4136. audible signal of their approach
c. The drive of a vehicle entering a “through
RIGHT OF WAY highway” or a “stop intersection” shall yield the
right of way to all vehicles approaching in either
This principle refers to the legal direction on such “through highway”
or customary precedence (priority in
place or time) which allows one vehicle PARKING PROHIBITED IN SPECIFIED PLACES
to cross or pass in front of another.
No driver shall park a vehicle, or permit it to
1. RULES ON RIGHT OF WAY stand, whether attended or unattended, upon a highway
in any of the following places:
a. In case of two vehicles a. Within an intersection
approaching or entering an b. On a crosswalk
intersection at the same time, the c. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.
driver of the vehicle on the left d. Within four meters of the driveway entrance to and
shall yield the right of way; fire station.
however, the driver of any vehicle e. Within four meters of fire hydrant
travelling at an unlawful speed f. In front of a private driveway
forfeits this right. g. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or
parked at the curb or edge of the highway
b. In case of a vehicle approaching h. At any place where official signs have been erected
but has not yet entered the prohibiting parking.
intersection, its driver shall yield
the right of way to vehicles Whenever a motor vehicle is parked unattended
already within the intersection. on any highway, the driver thereof must turn off the
ignition switch and stop the motor and notch effectively
c. In case of a vehicle on a highway the hand brake.
within a business or residential
district, its drive shall yield the TRAFFIC SIGNS
right of way to pedestrians
crossing the highway within a Any device mounted on a portable support
crosswalk, except at intersections whereby a message is conveyed by means of words
where traffic is regulated by a or symbols officially installed for the purpose of
peace officer or a traffic signal. If regulating, warning, or guiding traffic.
there is no crosswalk, pedestrians
shall yield the right of way to Functions:
vehicles on the highways. 1. To control traffic
2. To safeguard the flow of traffic
d. The river of a vehicle upon a 3. To expedite traffic
highway shall bring to a full stop 4. To guide traffic and motorists
such vehicle before traversing any
“through highway” or railroad CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL SIGNS
crossing: Provided, that when it is
apparent that no hazard exists, the DANGER WARNING SIGNS - also known as
vehicle may be slowed down to "caution signs". These signs have equilateral triangular
FIVE MILES PER HOUR instead shape with one side horizontal and having red borders.
of bringing it to a full stop a. Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road
conditions.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RIGHT OF b. seek caution for the approaching road hazards.
WAY RULE c. call the reduction of speed.
a. Of a vehicle entering from a private SHAPE: Equilateral Triangle with one side
road or drive. The right of way is horizontal COLOR BORDER: Red
in favor of ALL VEHICLES BACKGROUND: White
utilizing highway SIGN/MARKING: Black
b. The driver of a vehicle upon a
highway shall yield the right of Regulatory Signs - These are signs which impose legal
way to police or fire department restrictions applicable at particular location usually
vehicles and ambulances when enforceable in the absence of such signs.
such vehicles are operated on
a. inform road users of certain laws Special Pedestrian Signals – These signal lights
and regulations and provides regulation for pedestrians like the “WALK”
b. special obligations, instructions, or and “DO NOT WALK” signal lights.
prohibitions which must comply
with and violations of which Train Approach and Gates signals – These are usually
constitute misdemeanor. installed on road-rail intersections designed to inform
Subdivisions: motorists of any approaching train on the intersection.
Prohibitive signs and restrictive signs
– used on specified section of the road Other Special Traffic Signals – These are installed on
which will be easily seen by motorist to traffic ways where special regulations are emphasized
indicate regulation which is prohibitive like “YIELD TO VEHICLES COMING FROM LEFT”
or restrictive in nature. and other similar regulations
SHAPE: Round COLOR BORDER:
Red BACKGROUND: White TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS
SIGNS/MARKINGS: Black
1. THE FIXED-TIME SYSTEM
Mandatory signs- intended to notify A traffic control signal by which traffic is
the road users of special rules in which alternately commanded to stop and permitted to proceed
they must comply for the safety in accordance with pre determined time schedule.
convenience and smooth flow of traffic.
SHAPE: Round 2. PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM
COLOR: Blue These are used on major arteries of a number of
Sign/Markings: White cities. Signal at successive intersections along the artery
are time to change from red to green at staggered
Informative Signs - These signs are intervals, permitting a vehicle that maintains a constant
also known as "guide Signs", or speed to proceed without interruption under normal
"direction signs." The rectangular shape circumstances.
white-colored blue background is used
for informative signs. Green 3. COMPUTERIZED CONTROL OF SIGNAL
background is usually used for route NETWORKS
markers and destination signs. Signal changes are ordered by the demands of
a. Guide motorists along established traffic and are directed by computers that operate on the
routes, basis of traffic information relayed from vehicle sensors
b. informs the motorists of the proper on the streets.
roads, and
c. help motorists along the way in the PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
most simple and direct method
SHAPE: Rectangle These pertain to all lines, patterns, words, colors,
COLORS: Blue or Green or other gadgets except signs set into the surface or
SIGN/MARKINGS: White applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing or
to objects within or adjacent to the roadway, officially
TRAFFIC LIGHTS placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding
traffic.
 These refer to any power operated
traffic control device by which is TYPES OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND
warned or directed to takes some MARKERS
specific actions.
 The color of traffic lights are 1. PAVEMENT MARKINGS
chronologically arranged to give These are lines usually white and yellow or a
motorists better view of signal combination of white and yellow officially set on
lights. roadways as separation for motor vehicles traveling
From top, the series of color is opposite or the same direction
RED, YELLOW AND GREEN.
2. CURB MARKINGS FOR RESTRICTIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC These are markings placed on the curbs or edges
SIGNAL LIGHTS of the traffic for restriction or for parking regulation
purposes.
Traffic Control Signals – These are
signal lights designed primarily to
control and regulate traffic flows.
 a. That you cannot overtake if the solid line is in your
3. OBJECT MARKINGS side
These are markings placed on b. If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the
objects on the road or beside the road solid line
like humps, rocks , or similar hazardous
object on the side of the road. CROSSWALK OR PEDESTRIAN LANE

4. REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS a. For pedestrian to cross

These are gadgets, designed to b. Stop for pedestrians on an intersection with no
reflect and become luminous when hit traffic light
by vehicles head light. c. DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane especially to
load or unload passengers
SPECIFIC MEANING OF d. Pedestrians should ALWAYS cross a street on a
PAVEMENT MARKINGS crosswalk

SINGLE WHITE DOTTED LINE DIRECTIONAL ARROWS

 On two lane road, it separates STOP LINES – Where these lines are present, you
direction traffic moving in opposite should stop behind the stop line
 On a one way street, separates THE BARREL LINES – A new concept in reducing
traffic moving in one direction the seriousness of accidents. The barrels are engineered
 Overtaking is possible when the to act as impact cushion. Usually installed in front of a
other lane is clear of incoming solid obstacle or traffic island at an area of HIGH
possible ACCIDENT FREQUENCY

SINGLE WHITE CONTINUOUS TRAFFIC ISLANDS

LINE IN A TWO-LANE WAY
These are areas within the roadway constructed
 Separates traffic moving in in a manner to establish physical channels through
opposite direction which vehicular traffic is guided.
 Could be found in road sections
that are made dangerous FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ISLANDS:
 Passing and overtaking can be 1. Segregate pedestrians and vehicles
made but ONLY under 2. Control streams of traffic in order to minimize
circumstances where there is no conflict, expedite traffic flow or increase safety.
oncoming traffic
CLASSIFICAITONS OF TRAFFIC ISLANDS
SINGLE CONTINUOUS LINE ON A
FOUR-LANE ROAD 1. PEDESTRIAN ISLAND
These are constructed between the pedestrian
 When there are slow and fast lanes , sidewalk and the road pavement to prevent pedestrian
NEVER overtake by passing over from using the roadway in passing and to prevent motor
the solid white lanes vehicles from using the sidewalk for parking and
 Lanes 1 & 4 (outer lanes) for slow passing purposes.
moving vehicles
 Lanes 2 & 3 (inner lanes) is for fast 2. TRAFFIC ISLANDS
moving vehicle These are the raised portion in the middle of the
traffic way constructed to separate the streams of motor
DOUBLE YELLOW LINE OR vehicles traversing on opposite directions and at the
DOUBLE WHITE LINES same time preventing motorists from using the opposite
lane for overtaking. Traffic islands are further sub-
 ABSOLUTE NO OVERTAKING classified into three:
 Overtaking is extremely dangerous
 Stay in your lane until you pass the a. DIVISION ISLANDS
end of the solid lines b. CHANNELIZING ISLANDS
c. ROTARY ISLANDS
SINGLE YELLOW/WHITE LINE

A yellow or white line with a

dotted white line means
 TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES OF TRAFFIC LAW
ENFORCEMENT
TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT 1. Preventive activities – Such as preventive patrols,
1. POLICE TRAFFIC LAW directing, supervising, traffic, investigating accidents
ENFORCEMENT and eliminating road hazard
2. COURT TRAFFIC LAW 2. Persuasive activities – such as oral warning, written
ENFORCEMENT warning or visible patrols
3. Punitive activities – normally dealt with by the
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC courts, police or traffic authorities
ENFROCEMENT SYSTEM
KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
Removing one of the elements
or any of the elements, enforcement is 1. Traffic arrest - the taking of a person into custody of
not complete. the law. It is made when:
1. ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM – a) the offense is serious;
This area consists of legislation, b) detection is needed to avoid continued violation;
police and the courts. and
2. ROAD USER SYSTEM c) there is reasonable doubt that violators may not
(TRAFFIC WAY USER) – appear in court.
Includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, 2. Traffic citation -made to compel violators to appear
drivers, passengers, and others. in court in absence of arrest.
3. ROAD SYSTEM (TRAFFIC 3. Traffic warning - an act reminding the driver of his
SYSTEM) – This area is violation in order for him to not do it again. No arrest or
composed of the entire road and citation is made.
vehicle complex, as well as all
traffic rules and regulations. TYPES OF WARNING

FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE 1. Visual warning - using gestures and signals.
ENFORCEMENT PROCESS Usually used when you have observed a minor
violation but more importantly occupied at a
1. DETECTION - wholly police moment.
activity and entails looking for 2. Verbal warning - oral warning made when there is
defects in the behavior motorist, newly enacted law. This is a form of safety
pedestrian, vehicle, equipment and education. Tell the driver/violator that he violated a
roadway condition. law and explain the hazards of such violation.
2. APPREHENSION - a police 3. Written warning - combination of verbal warning
responsibility wherein the police and citation. This is seldom used nowadays.
are required action to prevent
continued and future violation. TRAFFIC PATROL
3. PROSECUTION - it is a court
function, the police also provides It refers to the observation of road conditions, the
corresponding influence through behavior of the drivers and other users of vehicles for
preparation and introduction of the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement
evidence or close contact with the and providing authorized traffic-connected services to
prosecution office. the public.
4. ADJUDICATION - it is court
function, the police provides TYPES OF STATIONARY OBSERVATION
influence on this step by as a
witness to the prosecution by 1. CONSPICUOUS OBSERVATION
supplying additional evidence. It The observer remains full view of traffic
determines the guilt or innocence conditions. Here, the traffic patrol officer is situated in
of the accused. any place where he could be seen by all traffic users.
5. PENALIZATION - the imposition 2. VISIBLE OBSERVATION
of penalty upon the accused. The observer is in full view but so located, for
Penalty can be influenced by example, at side street, so as to require effort on the part
previous records of conviction as if traffic users to discover the observer
provided by the police. 3. CONCEALED OBSERVATION
 The observer is not visible to any motor vehicle accident which occurs
persons using ordinary power of entirely in any place other than a traffic way (ex.
observation from the roadway being Accident on a private driveway)
observed.
MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic
INVESTIGATION way (ex. Collision between automobiles on a highway)

A. WHAT TRAFFIC ACCIDENT NON- MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC

INVESTIGATION DETERMINES? ACCIDENT
is any accident occurring in a private traffic way
WHAT happened? involving persons using vehicle or transportation but
WHO and WHAT was involved? not involving a motor vehicle in motion. (ex.
WHERE did it happen? Pedestrian and cyclist in a private road.)
WHY did it happen?
HOW did the accident occur? CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE
WHEN did the accident happen? TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY
EVENT
COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES
1. Running off road – This is usually characterized by
ACCIDENT motor vehicle falling on the road side or cliff along
That occurrence in a sequence mountainous roads
of events which usually produces
unintended injury, death or property 2. Non- collision on road – this does not involved
damage collision example of which is overturning

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT 3. Collision – on the other hand, this type of accident

An accident involving travel includes all forms of accident as long as there is
transportation on a traffic way collision

MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT  CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS

Event resulting in unintended ACCORDING TO SEVERITY
injury or property damage attributable
directly or indirectly to the action of a 1. PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENT – no fatal
motor vehicle or its load or injury to any person but only damage to the
motor vehicle or to other property
KEY EVENT 2. SLIGHT – only slight damages to properties
An event on the road which 3. NON-FATAL INJUDRY ACCIDENT – Injuries
characterizes the manner of occurrence other than fatal to one or more persons
of a motor vehicle traffic accident  LESS SERIOUS NON FATAL
 SERIOUS NON FATAL
DEBRIS 4. FATAL – This results in death to one or more
The scattered broken parts of persons
vehicles, rubbish dust and other
materials left at the scene of the CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC
accident caused by a collision ACCIDENT

KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS

 Road condition
NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC  Driver’s attitude
ACCIDENT  Weather condition
refers to any accident occurring
on a traffic way involving persons using B. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS
the traffic way or travel or  Unsafe greater speed
transportation, but not involving a  Defective vehicle
motor vehicle in motion (ex. Pedestrian
and a cyclist in a traffic way) C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR
 Road hazard
MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC  driver’s non compliance
ACCIDENT
D. PERCEPTION FACTOR POINT OF NO ESCAPE
 driver’s inability to react It is that place and time after or beyond which
promptly to a situation the accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit
 driver’s faulty action to escape under consideration
collision course
PERCEPTION DELAY
HAIN OF EVENTS IN A The time from the point of possible perception
VEHICULAR ACCIDENT to actual perception

1. PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it FINAL POSITION

is seeing, feeling or hearing and It is the place and time when objects involved in
understanding the usual or an accident finally come to rest without application of
unexpected movement or condition power.
that could be taken as a sign of an
accident about to happen SKIDMARKS AS A TOOL IN TRAFFIC
2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
– it is the first action taken by a
traffic unit to escape from a SKIDMARKS – The sudden application of brakes
collision course or otherwise avoid which results in the locked wheel condition places great
a hazard pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum that
3. INITIAL CONTACT – the first the frictional force at this point becomes greater than the
accidental touching of an object frictional force between the tire and the road surface.
collision course or otherwise
avoids a hazard The following are the principle underlying on skid
4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – marks as a tool in investigation:
it is the greatest collapse or overlap 1. Measurement of skidmarks gives idea on how
in a collision; the force between FAST the car which left these marks was going
the traffic unit and the object prior to the accident.
collided with are greatest at 2. Estimates of speed based on skidmarks may lead to
maximum engagement convictions, or knowing how to estimate speed
correctly may help to keep an innocent person
5. DISENGAGEMENT – it is the from being convicted.
separation of a traffic unit in
motion from an object with which COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OR DRAG
it has collided; the force between FACTOR
the object ceases at this time
6. STOPPING – this is when the It is the measurement of the maximum friction
traffic units involved come to rest; resistance of pavements. It is equal to the force exerted
it usually stabilizes the accident when the wheels are skidding divided by the weight of
situation the car.
7. INJURY – it is receiving bodily
harm; this event does not FORMULA: F=S2 30(D)
necessarily occur after the accident
but within any of the chain of S= SPEED
events; it may also happen right D= DISTANCE
after the evasive action taken by F=DRAG FACTOR 30=CONSTANTS
the drivers involved or during the
initial contact GRADE OR SLOPE (GRADIENT) – This is the
degree of inclination or declination of the road.
OTHER EVENTS THAT MAY REACTION TIME – This is the distance travelled
OCCUR DURING AN ACCIDENT before applying the brakes.

POINT OF POSSIBLE TEN COMMANDEMENTS OF TRAFFIC

PERCEPTION
The place and time of which the 1. KEEP RIGHT
hazard could have been perceived by a 2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY
normal person. 3. VEHICLES SHOULD NOT BE PARKED NEAR
INTERSECTION, CROSSWALK, PEDESTRIAN
LANES, FIRE STATIONS, FIRE HYDRANTS,
AND PRIVTE DRIVEWAYS
4. IF IN DOUBT, DO NOT ART. 11. JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES
OVERTAKE
5. THE BUS STOP RULE Par. 4 State of Necessity (Avoidance of Greater Evil
6. RULES TO PREVENT OR or Injury)
UNTANGLE TRAFFIC
CONGESTION OR TRAFFIC Elements:
JAM 1. evil sought to be avoided actually exists
7. OBSERVE THE TRAFFIC 2. injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it
MANAGEMENT MEASURE 3. no other practical and less harmful means of
8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF A PINOY preventing it
DRIVER NOTE: The necessity must not be due to the negligence
9. ON PEDESTRIANS or violation of any law by the actor.
10. REMEMBER THE
INTERNATIONAL DRIVING Memorandum Circular No. VPT-2012-1609
SAFETY REMINDER – SAFETY The EWD (Early Warning Device) as a mandatory
FIST accessory for all motor vehicles, except motorcycles
and tricycles.
LIABILITIES ARISING FROM
VEHICULAR ACCIDENT Where and when to install EWD?
1. Culpa Contractual – liability arising
from contractual negligence or that Must be installed at least 4 meters to the front
results in a breach of a contract. and at the rear of the motor vehicle whenever the
Example: A passenger in a motorcycle is stationary for any reason, or it is
taxi was hurt because of the driver’s compelled to stop on an area where standing or parking
negligence is prohibited

2. Culpa Aquiliana – liability as a RA 10642

result of civil negligence or tort or
quasi-delict. This Act shall be known as the "Philippine
Example: A pedestrian was hit Lemon Law".
by a taxi and suffered physical injury
It is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote
3. Culpa Criminal – liability caused by full protection to the rights of consumers in the sale of
criminal negligence or that which motor vehicles against business and trade practices
results in the commission of a crime or which are deceptive, unfair or otherwise inimical to
a delict. consumers and the public interest.
Example: A passenger in a taxi
was hurt because of the driver’s -END-
negligence.

THE DOCTRINE OF LAST CLEAR

CHANCE

The doctrine of last clear

chance provides that where both parties
are negligent but the negligent act of
one is appreciably later in point of time
than that of the other, or where it is
impossible to determine whose fault or
negligence brought about the
occurrence of the incident, the one who
had the last clear opportunity to avoid
the impending harm but failed to do so,
is chargeable with the consequences
arising there from.