a'4jrgM Ps ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog

Words of the Buddha: A Critical Study

ldng zfSo
pk k|fWofks
;'ut af}4 dxfljBfno

a'4jrgsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf

zfSod'lg a'4n] af]lwlrQ pTkGg u/]/ ;f/f ;™j k|f0fLx¿sf] lxtfy{ cfh eGbf @%%& ;o jif{
klxn] hDdf rf}/f;L xhf/ wd{:sGwx¿ atfP/ hfg'eof] . To;a]nf k/d zf:tf zfSod'lg a'4n]
tL pkb]zx¿ lbFbf s'grfFlx efiff k|of]u ug'{eof] eGg] k|Zg 7"nf] sf}t'xntfsf] ljifo xf] . x'gt
zfSod'lg a'4 ;Dos\ ;Da'4 x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] nflu cfˆgf] pkb]z hgdfg;;dIf k'¥ofpg s'g}
klg Pp6f lglZrt efiffdf cwLg x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf lyPg . pxfFn] af]Ng'ePsf] efiff ;a}
k|f0fLx¿ b]j, gfu, lsGg/, dflg; b]lv ls/f km6of+u|fx¿ ;d]tn] cf–cfˆgf] efiffdf /fd|/L :ki6
¿kd} a'‰5g\ .! To;}n] pxfF cfˆgf] hLjgsfndf hxfF hxfF hfg'eof], / hxfF hxfF pkb]z lbg'eof],
ToxL+s} efiff af]Ng'ePsf] s'/f lgjf{b ;To xf] . s'g} efiffnfO{ k|j4{g ug'e
{ Gbf klg ;+;f/sf ;d:t
k|f0fLx¿;dIf cfˆgf] pkb]z k'¥ofP/ tL ;a}nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf b'Mvaf6 ;bf ;bfsf] nflu d'lQm
k|bfg ug'{ g} zfSod'lg a'4sf] Ps dfq p2]Zo lyof] . pxfFn] k|bfg ug'{ePsf] wd{ ;+;f/sf ;a}sf
nflu Ps ;femf wd{ lyof] . Tolta]nf pxfFn] s'g} wd{ cyf{t af}4 wd{sf] jsfnt ug'{ ePs} lyPg
. pxfFn] b]vfpg'ePsf] dfu{ t Ps k|fs[lts dfu{ lyof] hf] ;a}sf nflu lyof], s'g} hfltljz]ifsf
nflu dfq lyPg . h;/L lrlsT;f lj1fg ;+;f/sf ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf nflu ;j{dfGo 5g\, To;df
efiff, hflt, lnËsf] s'g} e]befj x'Fb}g . pbfx/0ffy{, xfdLnfO{ /f]u nfUbf xfdL Ps bIf cg'ejL
lrlsT;ssxfF hfG5f}, Tof] lrlsT;ssf] hft, wd{ OToflbsf] xfdLnfO{ s]xL dtna x'Fb}g . xfdLnfO{
a;\ Tof] lrlsT;ssf] d2tåf/f cfˆgf] /f]u lgsf] kfg'{ 5 . a; xfd|f] ;/f]sf/ Tolt dfq xf] . xf],
eujfg\ a'4n] atfpg'ePsf] wd{nfO{ klg ToxL+ lrlsT;fljBfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . of] ;+;f/sf
k|f0fLx¿ ;a} b'Mv?kL dxf/f]un] u|l;t 5g\ . eujfg\ a'4 Ps of]Uo / bIf lrlsT;s x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] wd{ cf}ifwL / ;+3 gz{ kl/rfl/sf h:t} x'g\ . hf] hf] k|f0fL b'Mvåf/f ;tfOPsf x'G5g\,
pgLx¿ ;a}n] hft, lnË, ju{ / efiffsf] s'g} klg ;/f]sf/ g/fvL Ps lkkf;' d[un] kfgL vf]h]h:t}
eujfg\ a'4sf] o; cf}ifwLnfO{ u|x0f u/]/ lnG5g\, o;sf] cEof; u5{g\ / :j+on] df]If -lgjf{0f_

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klg k|fKt u5{g\ . To;}n] eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg] xf] eg] cem
klg h:t} eujfg\ a'4sf] efiff kfln lyof] jf ;+:s[t lyof] eGg] sf]xL dflg;x¿n] u/]sf x7wdL{
s'/fx¿ cfkm}df c;fGble{s / eujfg\ a'4sf] d"n dd{;+u} aflemg] s'/f x'g\ . To;}n] eujfg\ a'4sf]
wd{ s'g} Ps ju{sf] nflu dfq kSs} klg xf]Og . of] xfdLn] /fd|/L a'‰g} k5{ . of] t ;f/f ;+;f/sf
k|f0fLx¿sf nflu xf] hf] cem} klg /fu, å]if / df]xsf] e"d/Ldf km;]/ b'Mv kfO/fv]sf 5g\ . lj:t[t
cWoog / cg';Gwfgn] klg ToxL s'/f b]vfpF5 . of] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{sf nflu oxfF a|fXd0f
leIf'x¿ / eujfg\ a'4aLr ePsf] r"NnjUusf] of] ;+jfb pNn]vgLo b]lvG5 .

t]g vf] kg ;do]g odns]s'6f -odn't]s'nf gfd, d]6\7sf]s'6\7f gfd_ leSv" å] efltsf xf]lGt
a|fXd0fhfltsf sNof0fjfrf sNof0fjfSs/0ff . t] o]g eujf t]g'k;ª\sld+;', pk;ª\sldTjf
eujGt+ clejfb]Tjf PsdGt+ lg;Llb+;' . PsdGt+ lgl;Ggf vf] t] leSv" eujGt+ Ptbjf]r'+ –
æPt/lx, eGt], leSv" gfgfgfdf gfgfuf]Qf gfgfhRrf gfgfs'nf kAalhtf . t] ;sfo lg?lQof
a'4jrg+ b";]lGt . xGb do, eGt] a'4jrg+ 5Gb;f] cf/f]k]dfÚlt . lju/lx a'4f] eujf====k]====
æsyl~x gfd t'Dx], df]3k'l/;f, Pj+ jSvy – æxGb do+, eGt], a'4jrg+ 5Gb;f] cf/f]k]dfÚlt . g]t+,
df]3k'l/;f, cKk;Ggfg+ jf k;fbfo===k]======lju/lxTjf====k]=====wlDd+ sy+ sTjf leSv" cfdGt]l; –
æg, leSvj], a'4jrg+ 5Gb;f] cf/f]k]tAa+ . of] cf/f]k]o\o, cfKklQ b'SsQ:; . cg'hfgfld, leSvj],
;sfo lg?lQof a'4jrg+ kl/ofk'l0ft'ÚlGt .@

efjfy{ M b'O{hgf hGdn] a|fXd0f, pRrsf]6Lsf] efiff af]Ng] jfsk6' leIf'x¿ eujfg\ a'4sxfF cfP .
eujfg\ a'4nfO{ ljlGt tyf jGbgf u/]/ o:tf] cfu|x u/], æx] eujg\ oxfF gfgf k|sf/sf gfd
ePsf, gfgf y/Lsf uf]qsf, gfgf y/Lsf hft ePsf / gfgf y/Lsf s'naf6 cfPsf k|a|lht
leIf'x¿ a'4jrgnfO{ cf–cfˆgf] efiffdf bf]x¥ofP/ -cyjf k|of]u u/]/_ k|b'lift ub}{5g\ . To;}n]
a'4jrgnfO{ 5Gb;\ -j]lbs ;+:s[t_ df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbg'xf];\ . eujfg\ a'4n] pgLx¿nfO{
ufnL ub}{ eGg'eof], æx] d"v{x¿, s;/L ltdLx¿n] a'4jrgnfO{ 5Gb;\df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ s'/f ug{
;Sof} < To;n] s;}nfO{ kmfObf x'g]5}g . eujfg\ a'4n] wd{b]zgf ug'{eof] / ;a} leIf'x¿nfO{ cfb]z
lbg'eof], ætkfO{+x¿n] a'4jrgnfO{ 5Gb;\df 9fNg] xf]Og -5Gb; cf/f]k]df_ . h;n] To:tf] sfo{ u5{,
To;n] cfklQ sd{ u/]sf] 7xl/g]5 . leIf'x¿, tkfO{+x¿ ;a}n] cf–cfˆg} efiffdf a'4jrgsf]
cWoog ug'{xf];\ -;sfo lg?lQm_ .

dflysf ;+jfbaf6 s] s'/fsf] k'i6\ofFO x'G5 eg] eujfg\ a'4 ;a} k|f0fLx¿n] a'‰g] efiffdf a'4jrg
JoQm ug{ rfxg'x'G5 . x'g klg xf], o;n] ubf{ k|jrg sfo{df s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;d:of pTkGg
gx'g] s'/f lglZrt lyof] . bz an# ;DkGg x'g'ePsf] sf/0fn] eujfg\ a'4n] ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] cfzo
/ dgsf] Ifdtf / em'sfjnfO{ /fd|f];+u hfGg'x'G5 / ;f]lx cg';f/ pkb]z lbg'x'GYof], dg'io, cdg'io
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;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{ pxfFn] Ps};fydf pkb]z lbg;Sg'x'GYof] / ;a}n] Ps};fy eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z
cf–cfˆgf] efiffdf ;'Gy] / cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ a'‰y] . t;y{ eujfg a'4sf] cfˆg} lsl;dsf]
k|jrg z}nL lyof] . b]jtf, lsGg/, jf ljleGg hft hflt / efiff efifLsf dg'io hf];'s} >f]tfx¿
cf–cfˆgf efiff ;'xfFpbf] k|jrg eujfg\ a'4n] lbg'x'GYof] . To;sf/0f j}zfnLdf lj/fhdfg x'Fbf
pxfFn] ToxfFsf] Tof] a]nfsf] k|rlnt efiff lnR5jL efiffdf g} k|jrg ug'{x'GYof] eg] s'zLgu/,
slknj:t' OToflb 7fpFdf /xFbfv]/L ToxLF ToxLFsf efiff af]Ng'x'GYof] / duwdf klg dfuwL efiffd}
pkb]z lbg'x'GYof] . Tolt dfq geP/ cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{ klg >f]tfx¿s} efiffdf k|jrg lbg]
lgb]{zg lbg'ePsf] lyof] h'g dflysf] ;+jfbaf6} k|i6 x'G5 .

lqwd{rqmk|jQ{g

u|Gyx¿af6 of] s'/f klg :ki6 x'G5 ls eujfg\ a'4n] d'Votof tLgj6f wd{rqm k|jt{g ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .$ k|yd wd{rqm k|jQ{g ;f/gfydf ePsf] lyof] / ;Dk"0f{ >fjsofgL pkb]z ;f]
wd{rqmk|jQ{gsf] d'Vo ljifo lyof] . To:t} k|yd wd{rqm k|jQ{gsf] 7Ls & jif{ kl5 bf];|f] wd{rqm
k|j{Qg duwsf] /fhu[xdf ePsf] lyof] hxfF eujfg\ a'4n] k|1fkf/ldtf ;"q / cGo ;"qx¿sf]
b]zgf u/]/ dxfofgsf] pkb]z lbg'eof] .% ToxLF a]nf wfGos6s kj{tdf j|hofgsf] klg pkb]z
lbg'eof] . b;f} ztfAbLsf af}4 dxfl;4 gf/f]kfbn] klg cfˆgf] ;]sf]2]z 6Lsf df To:t} n]Vg'ePsf]
5M

u[3|s"6] oyf zf:tf k|1fkf/ldtfgo] . tyf dGqgo] k|f]Qmf >LwfGo] wd{b]zgf .. ! .. ^

t];|f] / clGtd wd{ rqmk|jt{g klg dxfofg ;+u} ;DalGwt lyof] h; cg';f/ eujfg\ a'4n]
tyfut ue{ nufotsf pkb]zx¿ lbg'ePsf] lyof] . tL hDd} pkb]zx¿ eujfg\ a'4n] :yfgLo
rng rNtLdf /x]sf efiffd} lbg'eof] / >f]tfs} efiffdf lbg'eof] eGg] s'/fdf ca b'Odt x'g
;Sb}g .
tyfut :jo+n] o;/L ;a} >f]tf lziox¿sf dfgl;s em'sfj, cfzo, efiff cg's"n g} k|jrg
lbg] eP/ Tof] a]nf af}4 ;flxTo eGg] g} lyPg / To;sf] cfjZostf klg lyPg . To;a]nf
eujfg\ a'4sf pkb]zx¿ ljåfg x'gsf nflu lyPg a? dflg;x¿sf b'Mv kL/ dsf{af6 ;bf
;bfsf nflu /fxt jf d'lQmsf nflu lyof] . pxfFsf] pkb]z Tof] nIotkm{ nfg] Jojxfl/s dfu{
lyof] .

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eujfg\ a'4sf] kl/lgjf{0fkl5sf] zf:tf wd{ / ljgo

ha;Dd eujfg\ a'4 hLljt x'gx' 'GYof], ;a}hgfsf nflu pxfF x'g'x'GYof], ;a} k|sf/sf b'Mv lgjf/0f
u/]/ lgjf{0f tyf a'4Tjsf] dfu{ b]vfpg] Ps ct'ngLo zf:tf x'g'x'GYof] . t/ pxfFsf] kl/lgjf{0f
kl5 Pp6f 7"nf] ;+s6 cfOk¥of] . ca s;nfO{ zf:tf dfGg] < eujfg\ a'4 t /xg'ePg . Tof]
;d:ofsf] lgjf/0f klg eujfg\ a'4n] klxNo} u/]/ hfg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] cfˆgf] kl/lgjf{0fkl5
wd{ g} ;a}sf u'? x'g]5 eg]/ hfg'ePsf] lyof] . of] s'/f bL3lgsfosf] dxfkl/lgAaf0f ;'Qdf
pNn]lvt 5 M

cy vf] eujf cfo':dGt+ cfgGb+ cfdGt]l; – æl;of vf] kgfgGb, t'Dxfs+ Pjd:; – …ctLt;Ty's+
kfjrg+, glTy gf] ;Tyf…lt . g vf] kg]t+, cfgGb, Pj+ b6\7Aa+ . of] jf], cfgGb, dof wDdf] r ljgof]
r b]l;tf] k~`tf], ;f] jf] ddRro]g ;Tyf .&

efjfy{ M clg eujfg\ a'4n] cfgGbnfO{ eGg'eof], æx] cfgGb, ltd|f] dgdf o:tf] ljrf/ cfpg
;S5 M æzf:tfsf] jrgsf] ca cGTo eof], ca xfd|f] aLrdf zf:tf /xg'ePg ÛÆ x] cfgGb, To:tf]
lsl;dn] ;f]+Rg'x'Gg . lsgeg] d]/f] kl/lgjf{0fkl5 d}n] atfPsf / JofVof u/]sf wd{ / ljgo g}
ltdLx¿sf] u'? x'g]5g\ .

eujfg\ a'4n] cfˆgf] $% jif]{ k|jrgsfndf lbg'ePsf] k|jrgnfO{ df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf b'O{ ju{df
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . != wd{ / @= ljgo . oL b'O{6fnfO{ g} a'4jrg eGg ;lsG5 . eujfg\ a'4n]
ug'{ePsf] æwd{Æ k|jrgdf ;Dk"0f{ >fjsofg\, k|To]sa'4ofg / ;Dos\;Da'4ofgsf wd{x¿
;d]l6G5g\ . To;}n] a'4jrgnfO{ ;fu/ em}+ ljzfn eGg] ul/G5 . a'4jrg o;/L lsg ljzfn eP
eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] eujfg\ a'4sf] wd{ ;f/f k|f0fLx¿sf tLg k|sf/sf
b'MvnfO{ ;j{yf lgd"{n u/]/ k/d ;'v lgjf{0f jf a'4Tj ;Dd nfgsf nflu x'g\ . t/ To:tf] ljzfn
a'4jrg u|x0f ug]{ lziox¿sf] dfgl;s Ifdtf, em'sfj / cfzo km/s km/s x'g] ePsfn] /
lziox¿sf] ;f]xL dfgl;s Ifdtf, em'sfj / cfzo ;'xfpFbf] pkb]z lbg'kg]{ ePsfn] olt a'4jrg
olt ljzfn ;+Vof cyf{t *$,))) wd{:sGwdf ;d]l6g k'u] . dfgf}+ xfdL /]i6"/fFleq /flvPsf]
d]g'df x]/]/ cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ vfgf /f]H5f}F, To;/L g} olt ljzfn a'4jrgaf6 xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{
;'xfFpbf], dg kg]{ a'4jrg /f]Hg ;S5f}+ . tL hDd} a'4jrgsf] ;f/ eg] oL tLg x/km] Znf]sdf
;d]l6G5 .

;Aakfk:; cs/0f+ s';n:; pk;Dkbf

jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] oL tLg x/km] Znf]sdf >fjsofg\, k|To]sa'4ofg / ;Dos\ ;Da'4ofg -
kf/ldtfofg / jh|ofg b'j}_ sf] dd{ n's]sf] 5 .

åfb;fË a'4jrg

eujfg\ a'4sf] kl/lgjf{0f x'g'eGbf cufl8sf ;d:t a'4jrgnfO{ ;+:s[t u|Gyx¿df åfb;fË
a'4jrg eg]/ / kfln u|Gyx¿df gjfË a'4jrg eg]/ juL{s/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfln ;'Q jf
lqlk6sdf gjfË a'4jrg ;d]l6Psf] 5 eGg] ;jf{l:tjfbb]lv dxfofg ;"qx¿df åfb;fË a'4jrg
;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . xfdLn] k|1fkf/ldtf ;"qdf ;f] åfb;fË a'4jrgsf] pNn]v e]6fpg ;S5f}F .

;"q+ u]od\ Jofs/0fd\ ufyf]bfgjbfgsd\ .

a'4jrgsf tL !@ j6} c+ux¿sf] tn ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbOPsf] 5 M

!= ;"q M ;"q Pp6} ljifodf lbOg] wd{ b]zgf xf] . o; pkb]zsf b; cf]6f nfex¿nfO{ dWo gh/
u/]/ eujfg\ a'4n] k|fozM ;"q wd{b]zgf ug'{x'G5 . ;"q pkb]z Pp6} ljifodf lbOPsf] pkb]z
ePsf] x'gfn] o;n] >f]tfx¿sf] cle?rL dfq a9fpg] geP/ Jofks ¿kdf >f]tfx¿sf] k|ltlqmof
klg ;lhn} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿n] wd{nfO{ Psbd} >4f ug]{ eP/ ;"qdf lbOPsf]
lzIffnfO{ t'?Gt} Jojxf/df ptf5{g\ . ;"qn] >f]tfx¿df a'4, wd{ / ;+3k|lt cufw >4f hufOlbG5
/ To;}sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] dgdf zflGt / k|Llt dx;'; u/fOlbG5 h;n] ubf{ jt{dfg h'gLd}
;'v nfe u/fOlbG5 . o;df eujfg\ a'4n] Ps} ljifodf lbg'ePsf] ts{ / k|df0fn] ubf{
ljåfgx¿sf] lrQnfO{ klg k|;Gg kfl/lbG5 .

@= 1]o M ufyfdf lbOg] k|jrg – k|fozM ;"qsf] ;'?jftdf / cGtdf kfOg] ufyfnfO{ g} 1]o elgG5
. slxn]sfxL ;"qdf JoQm gul/Psf pkb]zx¿nfO{ ufyfdf k|i6;+u JoQm ul/Psf] x'G5 .

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#= Jofs/0f M eljiojf0fL – ;+3 kl/ifbsf k"j{ hGdx¿ / ;Defljt efjL k'gh{Gdsf af/]df /
eljiodf ;+3 kl/ifbsf ;b:ox¿ eljiodf tyfut x'g] h:tf eljiojf0fL tyf To; ;DaGwL
5nkmn g} Jofs/0f xf] . ;"qdf lbOPsf a'+bfx¿nfO{ k|i6\ofpg] sfd klg Jofs/0fn] g} ub{5 .

$= ufyf M kB ;f/f+z – ;"qleq} 5GbfTds Znf]sdf JoQm ul/Psf pkb]znfO{ ufyf elgG5 .
;+lemgsf nflu ;lhnf] xf]; eGgfsf nflu ;"qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ufyfa4 ¿kdf bf]x¥ofP/
elgG5 .

%= pbfg M ljz]if JolQmx¿nfO{ wd{sf] ;f/ wf/0f ug{sf nflu lbOg] pkb]z g} pbfg xf] . oL
pbfgx¿ eujfg\ a'4n] clt k|;Gg lrQn] eGg'ePsf] x'G5 .

^= lgbfg M s'g} 36gf 36]kl5 To;sf] ljifodf x'g] 5nkmn JofVofnfO{ g} lgbfg elgG5 . To:tf]
36gf lsg 36\of], s'g sd{sf] kmn lyof] OToflb eg]/ eujfg\ a'4n] :ki6¿kn] ;+emfpg'x'G5 .

&= cjbfg M a'4, af]lw;™j, lzio / ljleGg JolQmx¿sf] hLjgL;DaGwL JofVof ul/Psf]
pkb]znfO{ cjbfg elgG5 .

*= Oltj[Qs M Pltxfl;s ljj/0f / j+zj[If ;dfj]z ePsf] a'4jrgnfO{ Oltj[Qs elgG5 .

(= j}k'No M j}k'No Psbd} j[xt ;"qx¿ x'g\ . j}k'No ;"q dxfofgsf cToGt} uDeL/ / ljzfn
;"qx¿df kb{5 .

!)= hfts M eujfg\ a'4sf] k"j{hGdsf] j[tfGtnfO{ hfts elgG5 .

!!= cb\e"t wd{ M eujfg\ a'4, >fjsx¿ / af]lw;™jx¿sf] clt cb\e"t Cl4k|fltxfo{x¿, l;l4x¿
;dfj]z ePsf] j[tfGtnfO{ cb\e"t wd{ elgG5 .

!@= pkb]z M ljz]if 1fgsf] ljifodf lbOg] k|jrgnfO{ pkb]z elgG5 . pkb]z t™jsf af/]df
;lts, uDeL/ / clt ;"Id k|jrg x'g\ .

;"q, u]o, Jofs/0f, ufyf / pbfg gfds a'4jrgx¿ ;f/gfydf ePsf] k|yd wd{rqm k|jQ{gsf
;"qx¿sf cË x'g\ eg] bf];|f] / t];|f] wd{rqmk|jQ{gsf cËx¿ j}k'No / cb\e"t wd{ x'g\ . oL b'O{6f
cË a'4 / af]lw;™jx¿sf] Jofks b[li6 / cb\e"t l;l4 / Cl4x¿sf] cleJolQm x'g\ .!)
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eujfg\ a'4sf] kl/lgjf{0fkZrft\ dxfofg pkb]zsf] ;+3fogf tyf k|rf/k|;f/

eujfg\ a'4sf] kl/lgjf{0fkZrft\ eujfg\ a'4sf >fjsofgL pkb]zx¿ ;+sng ug{sf nflu
/fhu[xl:yt u[4s"6 kj{tdf kfFr;o hgf cx{tx¿sf] pkl:yltdf k|yd ;+3fogf eof] . ToxLa]nf
eujfg\ a'4sf dxfofg / jh|ofg pkb]zx¿sf] ;+3fogf ljdn:jefj kj{tsf] lzv/df af]lw;™j
d~h'>L, af]lw;™j d}q]o / jh|kfl0fsf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] lyof] . ;+3fogfsf] ;efdf b; nfv
af]lw;™jx¿sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ltAatL k/Dk/f lgª\dfsf] lgjt{dfg k|d'v b\o' Hof]d l/Gkf]5]sf
cg';f/ dxfofg ;+3fogfdf dxfofg ;"q / jh|ofg tGqx¿sf] ;+snsstf{ ;dGteb| af]lw;™j,
d~h'>L af]lw;™j, u'Xoklt cyf{t jh|kfl0f af]lw;™j, d}q]o af]lw;™j OToflb lyP . eujfg\ a'4sf
bf];|f] wd{rqmk|jQ{g cyf{t k|1fkf/ldtf ;DaGwL pkb]zx¿sf] ;+sngstf{ af]lw;™j d~h'>L lyP
eg] eujfg\ a'4sf t];|f] wd{rqmk|jQ{g cyf{t tyfutue{ / ci6lj1fg;DaGwL pkb]zx¿sf]
;+sng stf{ af]lw;™j d}q]o lyP .!!
Tolta]nf, dflg;x¿sf] em'sfj, kl/l:ylt OToflb ;'xfFpbf] pkb]z >fjs ofgL pkb]z g}
lyof] . dxfofg pkb]zx¿ klg eujfg\ a'4sf] sfndf k|rf/ k|;f/ eO/fv]sf lyP t/ ;Lldt
ju{leq dfq . lsgls Tolta]nf dxfofg pkb]z u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] lziox¿ w]/} lyPgg\ . emg\
eujfg\ a'4sf jh|ofgL pkb]z t uf]Ko tj/n] Psbd} ;Lldt 9Ëaf6 k|rf/ k|;f/ eO/fv]sf lyP
. t/ eujfg\ a'4sf] kl/lgjf{0fkl5 k|yd ztfAbL;Dd >fjsofgL pkb]zx¿ g} ;fj{hlgs¿kdf
k|rf/ k|;f/ eP . ;"q dxfofg / tGq dxfofg -jh|ofg_ Psbd} uf]Ko¿kdf u'? lzio
k/Dk/fdfkm{t dfq ;Lldt ju{leq k|rf/ k|;f/ eP . ToxL eP/ kl5Nnf af}4 cWoogsf
cg';Gwftfx¿nfO{ Tolta]nf dxfofg ah|ofgsf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] af/]df yfx} ePg . af}4 wd{sf]
Oltxf; klg xfdLnfO{ Psbd} kIfkftL 9Ën] >fjsofgL k/Dk/fsf Oltxf; dfq k9fOof] . lsgeg]
>fjsofg / dxfofg jh|ofg eujfg\ a'4sf a'4jrg nueu k|yd / låtLo ztfAbL;Dd lnlka4
ePs} lyPg . Tolta]nf;Dd b'j}sf] ;flxTo lyPg jf ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . >fjsofgL k/Dk/fsf]
Oltxf; cx{tx¿sf] cr's :d/0faf6 cl3 al9/x]sf] lyof] eg] dxfofg jh|ofgsf] k/Dk/fsf]
Oltxf; klg af]lw;™j / l;4x?sf] cr's :d/0fzlQmaf6 cl3 al9/x]sf] lyof] . To;}n] b'j}sf]
lnlka4 x'g'eGbf cufl8 b'j} k/Dk/f 1fg k|fKt dxfk'?ifx¿s} :d/0fzlQmaf6 cl3 al9/x]sf lyP .
t/ dxfofg / jh|ofg a'4wd{ eujfg\ a'4sf] kl/lgjf{0fkl5 k|yd ztfAbL;Dd >fjsofgL k/Dk/f
h:t} ;fj{hlgs¿kdf cufl8 a9]g . vfln af]lw;™j dxf;™jx¿sf] :d/0fzlQmdf dfq} eujfg\
a'4sf dxfofg jh|ofgsf pkb]zx¿ ;'/lIft lyPg aNsL b]je'jg, gfunf]s OToflb 7fpFx¿df
klg 7Ls ;do gcfP;Ddsf nflu dxfofg jh|ofgsf pkb]zx¿nfO{ n'sfOPsf lyP .
k|yd ztfAbL;Dd cfOk'Ubf ef/tjif{df tLgj6f >fjsofgL ;+3fogfx¿ eO;s]sf lyP .
bf];|f] ;+3fogfdf k'/fgf] ;gftgL >fjsofgL k/Dk/faf6 5'6]/ csf]{ >fjsofgL k/Dk/f klg
b]vfk/]sf lyP . To;sf] gfd lyof] dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/f . dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/fsf] efiff k|fs[t /
7
;+:s[t lyof] / tL efiffx¿df kl5 dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/fsf] cfˆgf] 5'§} lqlk6s lyP . ;+:s[tdf
n]lvPsf] dxfj:t' dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/fsf] Pp6f dx™jk"0f{ u|Gy dflgG5 . >fjsofgL k/Dk/f
ePklg dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/f Psbd} pbf/jfbL k/Dk/f lyof] . ToxL+ eP/ g} z'? d} !) j6f
zLnnfO{ pgLx¿n] pbf/jfbL ;f]+rsf ;fy lnPsf lyP . pgLx¿n] uf]Ko¿kdf k|rf/ k|;f/
eO/fv]sf] dxfofg k/Dk/fsf pkb]z klg cf+lzs¿kdf cfˆgf] >fjsofgL k/Dk/fdf gafFlemg]
xb;Dd cfTd;ft u/]sf lyP . clxn]sf Oltxf;sf/x¿ oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ Hofb} e|ldt x'g k'u]sf
5g\ . pgLx¿ /fd|f];+u cWoog g} gu/Lsg dxfofg k/Dk/f dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/faf6 pbo ePsf]
xf] eg]/ n]V5g\ . of] Oltxf;sf] unt JofVof xf] . dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/f / To;af6 kl5 ag]sf cGo
kfFrj6f k/Dk/fx¿n] dxfofg k/Dk/fsf pkb]z cf+lzs¿kdf cfTd;fy u/]/ lnPklg tL ;a}
ljz'4¿kn] >fjsofgL k/Dk/f g} lyP . clxn] dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/fsf lqlk6s ;+:s[t / k|fs[t
efiffdf k"0f{¿kdf pknAw 5}g . dxfj:t' / dxf;f+l3s ljgo h:tf b'O{ tLgj6f u|Gyx¿ cBflk
;+:s[tdf pknAw 5g\ . t/ dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/f k'/fgf] ;gftg >fjsofg k/Dk/faf6 5'l6bf;Dd
To;sf s'g} klg lnlvt u|Gy jf ;flxTo lyPg . t/ efiff t x'g] g} eof] . O{zfk"j{ t];|f]
ztfAbL;Dd cfOk'Ubf ef/tjif{df >fjsofg k/Dk/fsf hDdf !* j6f lgsfox¿ ljsl;t
eO;s]sf lyP . tL dWo] k|d'v >fjsofgL k/Dk/f cyf{t ;jf{l:tjfbL k/Dk/fsf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{
kf6lnk'qdf df]ulnk'Qlt:; y]/sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] t];|f] ;+3fogfkZrft s's'tf/fd ljxf/af6
aflx/ lgsflnP . To;kl5 ;jf{l:tjfb k/Dk/f ljz]if u/]/ dy'/f, ufGwf/ / sflZd/df k|rf/ k|;f/
x'g yfNof] . k|yd ztfAbLdf sflZd/sf /fhf slgissf kfnfdf ;+:s[t efiff af]Ng] ;jf{l:tjfb
k/Dk/fsf cx{t leIf'x¿n] rf}+yf] >fjsofgL k/Dk/fsf] ;+3fogf u/]sf lyP . To;a]nf vfln
cx{tsf] :d/0fzlStdf dfq ;Lldt ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ lqlk6snfO{ klxnf]k6s ;+:s[t efiffdf lnlka4
ul/of] . o; ;+3fofgnfO{ g} ;+:s[t af}4 ;flxTosf] z'?jft ePsf] ;+3fogfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5
. Tolta]nf tLg} j6f lk6s ;"qlk6s, ljgolk6s / clewd{lk6ssf Ps Ps nfv Znf]s ePsf]
dxfljefiff ;+:s[tdf n]lvof] . lqlk6ssf] dxfljefiff jf 6Lsf n]Vg] k|rng oxL+a]nfb]lv z'? eof]
. dxf;f+l3skl5 ;jf{l:tjfb k/Dk/fn] klg uf]Ko¿kdf km}lnFb} u/]sf] dxfofgsf w]/}h;f] pkb]zx¿
cfˆgf] k/Dk/fdf gafFlemg] xb;Dd cfTd;ft u/]/ lnof] . ToxL+ eP/ clxn] k'/fgf] ;gftg
>fjsofg k/Dk/faf6 ljsl;t ePsf] kfln af}4 ;flxTodf cfwfl/t >fjsofgL :ylj/jfb jf
y]/jfb k/Dk/fn] cfˆg} k/Dk/faf6 5'l6P/ ljsl;t ePsf] >fjsofgL ;jf{l:tjfb k/Dk/fnfO{
dfGb}g .
sflZd/L rf}+yf] ;+3fofgkl5 k|yd ztfAbLlt/} ;j{k|yd rLgdf klg ;jf{l:tjfb k/Dk/fsf]
k|rf/ k|;f/ eof] . cem !* j6f >fjsofgL k/Dk/fdWo] klg k|d'v k/Dk/f dxf;f+l3s k/Dk/f /
;jf{l:tjfb k/Dk/fsf] pbf/tfsf sf/0f kl5 uf]Ko¿kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ eO/fv]sf] dxfofg
pkb]zx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs¿kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]} 7"nf] phf{ k|fKt eof] . geGb} kl5 k|yd låtLo
ztfAbLsf cfrfo{ gfufh'{gn] eujfg\ a'4n] /fhu[xl:yt u[w|s"6 kj{tdf b]zgf ug'{ePsf] bf];|f] wd{
8
rqmk|jQ{gsf k|1fkf/ldtf pkb]zx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kd} k|rf/k|;f/ u/]/ dxfofg a'4wd{ / ToxL
pkb]zx¿sf] ljefiffx¿ n]v]/ dxfofg af}4 ;flxTox¿sf] klg z'?jft u/]sf lyP . kl5Nnf
o'lg6x¿df dxfofg ;flxTosf] ljsf; zLif{s lj:t[t ¿kdf JofVof ul/g]5 .

!^ cf}+ ztfAbLsf ltAatL af}4 l;4 Oltxf;sf/ tf/fgfyn] n]Vg'ePsf] Uofu/\ 5|of]PHo'ª\ sf
cg';f/ klxnf] dxfofgL ;"qsf] k'gk|f{b'efj klxnf] ztfAbLd} sfZdL/sf ;d|f6 slgissf] kfnfdf
ePsf] lyof] . Tof] a]nf /fhf dxfkb\d duwdf zf;g rnfpFb} lyP . af]lw;™j d~h'>L Ps
leIf'sf] e]ifdf pl8;fsf /fhf rGb|/lIftsf] b/jf/leq k|j]z ug'{eof] / b/jf/d} ci6;fxl;|sf
k|1fkf/ldtf ;"qsf] Ps k|lt 5f]8]/ hfg'ePsf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] sfnb]lv cfrfo{ gfufh'{gsf] pbo
gx'Fbf;Dd dxfofgsf] ljsf;sf af/]df lj:t[t ljj/0f Uofu/ 5\of]PHo'ª\ df kfOG5 . kl5
dxfofgsf] bz{gnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg] b'O{hgf bfh'efO{ pb\e§ :jfdL / z+s/klt lyP .!@ t/ k|yd
låtLo ztfAbLsf cfrfo{ gfufh'{gsf] cfudgnfO{ ef/tjif{sf] af}4wd{sf] Oltxf;df dxfofg
a'4wd{sf] ;fj{hlgs k|rf/ k|;f/sf] o'u elgG5 . To;kl5 w]/} dxfofgL ;"qx¿ klg ;+:s[t
efiffdf lnlka4 ul/of] . Tolta]nf lnlka4 ul/Psf] ;+:s[tnfO{ z+s/ ;+:s[t elgGYof] / ToxL af}4
;+:s[t lyof] h'g j}lbs / kfl0fgL ;+:s[t eGbf leGg lyof] . gfufh'{gsf] pboaf6 dxfofgsf]
dfWolds k/Dk/f cyf{t uDeL/ k/Dk/fsf] z'?jft eof] h; cGtu{t ljleGg dxfofgL
cfrfo{x¿n] cg]s dxfofgL zf:qx¿sf] /rgf u/] . rf}yf]+ / kfFrf} ztfAbLlt/ cfrfo{ c;+Ë /
j;'jGw'sf] cfudg;+u} dxfofgsf] csf]{ k/Dk/f of]ufrf/ k/Dk/fsf] klg z'?jft eof] h;nfO{
ljk'n k/Dk/f elgG5 . Tolta]nf dxfofgL cfrfo{x¿n] w]/} g} ;+:s[t dxfofgL af}4x¿sf] /rgf
ul/;s]sf lyP . To;kl5 kfn /fhfx¿sf] ;+/IfsTjdf gfnGbf ljxf/ ;+:s[t efiffdf n]lvPsf
;jf{l:tjfbb]lv lnP/ dxfofg ;flxTox¿sf] cWoog cWofkg ug]{ Pp6f 7"nf] ljZjljBfno g}
ag]kl5 t emg\ dxfofg a'4 wd{ ck|Tofl;t ¿kdf ef/tjif{df Jofks¿kdf km}lng yfNof] . kl5
;ftf}+ cf7f}+ ztfAbLlt/ gfnGbfs} ;+/rgfnfO{ k5\ofP/ ljqmdzLn, cf]bGtk'/L, ;f]dk'/L OToflb
dxfljxf/ / dxfljBfnosf] :yfkgf ;+u} emg} uf]Ko ¿kdf eujfg\ a'4sf] sfnb]lv Tolta]nf ;Dd
u'? lzio k/Dk/fdfkm{t km}lnPsf] dxfofgsf] csf]{ k/Dk/f cyf{t jh|ofg k/Dk/f klg ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/of] . jh|ofgsf] ;fj{hlgs k|rf/ k|;f/df Tolta]nf pbo ePsf hDdf *$
dxfl;4x¿sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg lyof] . jh|ofgsf tGqx¿ klg z+s/ ;+:s[td} n]lvPsf x'G5g\ h'g
;ftf}+ ztfAbL cufl8 b]lv g} kmf6km'6 aflx/ cfO;s]sf lyP . t/ rf}/f;L l;4x¿n] ubf{ eujfg\
a'4n] b]zgf ug'{ePsf] w]/} g} jh|ofgL tGqx¿ ;fj{hlgs eP . tL l;4x¿ nufot w]/} dxfofg
jh|ofgL ;fwsx¿n] w]/} g} jh|ofgL tGqx¿sf] 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ;d]l6Psf u|Gyx¿ klg n]Vg yfn] .
o;/L a'4jrg / af}4 ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] z'?jft / ljsf; ePsf] Oltxf;nfO{ ;+If]kdf JofVof oxfF
k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

9
pk;+xf/

k|:t't n]vsf] z'?d} k/d zf:tf zfSod'lg a'4n] cfˆgf] hLjgsfndf s'grflxF efiff k|of]u ug'{eof]
eGg] s'/fsf] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . clxn] w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿n] cWoog g} gu/Lsg eujfg\ a'4n]
k|of]u ug'{ePsf] efiff kfln g} xf] eg]/ 7fF8} eGg] u5{g\ . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] eujfg\ a'4sf]
s'g} klg lglh efiff lyPg, g pxfFsf] kfln efiff lyof] g ;+:s[t . pxfFsf] efiff t hgefiff lyof]
eg]/ dfly k'li6 ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} eujfg\ a'4n] b]zgf ug'{ePsf] dxfofg / jh|ofg
k/Dk/f s;/L uf]Ko tj/n] k|rf/ k|;f/ eof] eGg] s'/fsf] klg lj:t[t 5nkmn ul/of] / kl5
;+:s[t af}4 ;flxTosf] ljsf; s;/L eof] eGg] ljifodf klg uDeL/ ¿kn] JofVof ul/of] . x'g t
of] n]v w]/} b[li6sf]0fn] k"0f{ 5}g o;df w]/} s'/f yKg afFsL g} 5 . kl5 o; ;DaGwL cem Jofks
cg';Gwfg u/]/ cem lj:t[t ljj/0f k|:t't ul/g]5 . of] n]vn] kflnnfO{ dfq a'4jrg 7fGg'x'g]
dxfg'efjx¿ ;a}nfO{ Psrf]l6 k'glj{rf/ ug{ kSs}klg afWo rflxF t'Nofpg] g} 5 . oxfF;Dd ls
k|fl1s ljåfg egf}+bf af}4 Oltxf;sf/x¿ klg Pp6} dfq >f]t cyf{t kfln >f]tdf dfq e/ k/]/
af}4 Oltxf; k9\g] eP/ af}4 Oltxf;sf/x¿ klg lgs} 7"nf] e|ddf b]lvG5 . To;}n] lgikIf af}4
Oltxf; k|:t't ug{sf nflu kfln dfq xf]Og ;+:s[t >f]tnfO{ klg k|d'v cfwf/ dflgg' k5{ eGg]
hf]8 of] n]vn] lbPsf] 5 . af}4x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ lgs} uf}/jzfnL dfGg'k5{ lsgeg] kfln / ;+:s[t
lqlk6s, cg'lk6s, zf:q, tGq OToflb u/]/ af}4 ;flxTox¿sf] ckf/ eG8f/ xfdL;+u 5 . kfln
xfd|f] y]/jfbL ;flxTo / d"n ;flxTo hasL ;+:s[t af}4 ;flxTo kl5 dfq cfPsf] eGg] vfnsf]
e|flGtdo s'/f ug'{sf] ;§f b'j} kfln / ;+:s[t af}4 ;flxTo xfd|} x'g\, xfd|} w/f]x/ x'g\ eg]/
7fGg'k¥of] / cWoog tyf tL ;flxTodf atfOPcg';f/ cEof; ug'{k¥of] . oxL+ cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] . ca xfdLn] y]/jfb, dxfofg / jh|ofgnfO{ Psn] csf]{nfO{ x]nf gu/L PsLs[t u/]/
qmda4¿kn] >'tdoL, lrGtgdoL / efjgfdoL k|1fåf/f cEof; ub}{ nfg' k5{ .

ejt' ;Aa dËnd\

;Gbe{ tyf l6Kk0fLx¿

!=Kunzang Pelden, Byang chub sems dpa’i spyod pa la ’jug pa’i tshig ’grel ’jam dbyangs bla
ma’i zhal lung bdud rtsi’i thig pa bzhugs so. English Translation: The Padmakara Translation
Group, The Nectar of Manjushri’s speech: A Detailed Commentary on Shantideva’s Way of the
Bodhisattva (New Delhi: Sechen Publications, 2008), p. 15.

10
@= r"NnjUukfln M %= v'2sjTy'SvGws+, ;+= @*& . http://www.tipitaka.org/pdf/deva/ accessed on
March, 25, 2015.
#= tyfutsf bz anx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M != :yfgf:yfg 1fg an, @= sd{ljkfs1fg an, #= gfgfljd'lQm1fg
an, $= gfgfwft'1fg an, %= OlGb|o k/fk/ 1fg an, ^= ;j{qufdL k|ltkfb 1fg an, &= ;j{Wofgljdf]If;dflw
;dfklQ ;+Sn]z Jojbfg Jo'Tyfg 1fg an, *= k"j{lgjf;fg':d[lt 1fg an, (= Ro"To'kklQ 1fg an, !)=
cf>jIfo 1fg an .
$= John Powers, Wisdom of Buddha: Saṃdhinirmocana Mahāyāna Sūtra (Berkeley: Dharma
Publishing, 1995), pp. 149-141. ;f] k':ts ltAatL s+Uo'/ ;+u|xdf ePsf] phags pa dgongs pa nges par
’grel pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo sf] c+u|]hL cg'jfb xf] . o;sf] ;+:s[t d"n clxn] pknAw 5}g
.
%= Tarthang Tulku, Crystal Mirror Vol VIII: Light of Liberation - A History of Buddhism in
India (Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1992), pp. 115.
^= wfGos6s kj{t xfn cfGw|k|b]zsf] u'G6'/ eGg] 7fpFdf kb{5 . x]g'{xf];\M Franscesco Sferra (ed.), The
Sekodesatika by Naropa (Rome: Instituto Italiano Per L’oriente, 2006), p. 66.
&= dxfkl/lgAaf0f;'Q M tyfutklR5djfrf, @!^ . http://www.tipitaka.org/pdf/deva/ accessed on
Thursday, October 15, 2015.
*= wDdkbM a'4jUu, Znf]s g+ % . jª\5'u bf]h]{ g]uL -cg'=_ wDdkbM kfln Pj+ ef]6kf7 -;f/gfyM s]lGb|o pRr
ltAatL lzIff ;+:yf, @))#_, k[= @*^ .
(= k|tfkrGb| 3f]if -;+=_ zt;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf ;"q, efu $ -snsQfM Pl;ofl6s ;f];fOl6, !(!!_ k[= !$^)
.
!)= Tarthang Tulku, Way of Enlightenment (Berkeley: Dharma Publishing), pp. 27-28.
!!= Gyurme Dorje and Mathew Kapstien (tr.), The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its
Fundamentals and History (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1991), pp. 430-431. of] k':ts bdud
'joms chos 'byung (b'OHof]d\ 5|\of]Ho'ª\) gfds k|l;4 ltAatL lGoª\df af}4 u'? b'OHof]d\ l/Gkf]5]n] /rgf
ug'{ePsf] a'4 wd{sf] Oltxf;;DaGwL k':tssf] c+u|]hL cg'jfb xf] . o; u|Gydf dxfofgL ;+3fogfsf nflu
b'OHof]d l/Gkf]5]Ho"n] :jftlGqs dfWoflds cfrfo{ efjljj]såf/f lj/lrt ts{Hjfnf, tyfutflrGTou'Xolgb]{z
;"q h:tf ;"q tyf zf:qLo u|Gyx¿sf] ;xf/f lng'ePsf] 5 .
!@= dxfofgsf] k'g/f]bo / lj:t[t k|rf/ k|;f/sf nflu e§f/s tf/fgfy lj/lrt Uofu/\ 5|of]P Ho'ª| k9\g'xf]nf .
Lama Chimpa and Alka Chattopadhyay (tr.), Taranatha’s History of Buddhism in India (Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass, 1990), pp. 96-101.

11