XI - MATHS Relations & Functions - Results

Cartesian products of sets

Given two non-empty sets A and B, the set of all ordered pairs (x, y), where x ∈ A and y ∈ B is
called Cartesian product of A and B; denoted as A × B = {(x, y) : x ∈ A and y ∈ B}

NOTE
(i) Two ordered pairs are equal, if and only if the corresponding first elements are
equal and the second elements are also equal,
i.e. (a, b) = (c, d) if and only if a = c and b = d.
(ii) If n(A) = p and n (B) = q, then n (A × B) = p × q.
(iii) If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then so is A × B.
(iv) A × A × A = {(a, b, c) : a, b, c ∈ A}. Here (a, b, c) is called an ordered triplet.

Relation
A Relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the Cartesian
product set A × B. The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first
element and the second element of the ordered pairs in A × B.

The set of all first elements in a relation R, is called the domain of the relation R, and the
set of all second elements called images, is called the range of R. The set B is known as
codomain.

Range is always a subset of codomain. ie; Range ⊆ Codomain.

NOTE
(i) A relation may be represented either by the Roster form or by the set builder form,
or by an arrow diagram which is a visual representation of a relation.
(ii) If n (A) = p, n (B) = q; then the n (A × B) = pq and the total number of possible
relations from the set A to set B is 2pq.

Function
A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be function if every element of set A has one
and only one image in set B.
In other words, a function f is a relation such that no two pairs in the relation have the same
first element.

The notation f : A → B means that f is a function from A to B . A is called the domain of f and B
is called the co-domain of f. Given an element x ∈ A, there is a unique element y in B that is
related to x. The unique element y to which f relates x is denoted by f (x) and is called f of x, or the
value of f at x, or the image of x under f.
The set of all values of f (x) taken together is called the range of f or image of X under f.

Range of f = { y ∈ Y : y = f (x), for some x in X}

Real valued function:

A function which has either R or one of its subsets as its range, is called a real valued function.
Further, if its domain is also either R or a subset of R, it is called a real function.

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 3
5 5
4
4 4
2 7
7
7
1 1 1
9

The first one is a function as every element in the first set have a unique image in the
second set whereas second is not a function since 7 has two different images in second set.
A relation will be a function if first elements are not repeated.
Vertical line test: If a vertical line crosses only at a single point of the graph, then such a
relation is a function.

Types of functions

(i) Identity function:

The function f : R → R defined by y = f (x) = x for each
x ∈ R is called the identity function.
Domain of f = R
Range of f = R
The graph is a straight line passing through the origin,
making an angle of 45 with the positive direction of X
axis in the anticlockwise direction.

(ii) Constant function:

The function f : R → R defined by y = f (x) = C, x ∈ R,
where C is a constant ∈ R, is a constant function.
Domain of f = R
Range of f = {C}
The graph is a straight line parallel to X axis, above X
axis if C is positive and below the axis if C is negative.

(iii) Polynomial function:

A real valued function f : R → R defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ … … . 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎0 , 𝑎1, , 𝑎2 , … … 𝑎𝑛 ∈ 𝑹, for each x ∈ R, is called Polynomial function.

The domain will be R and range will be depend up on the specific polynomial as per the degree.
Following are graphs of few polynomial functions.

First degree(linear) Second degree(Quadratic-parabola) Third degree(Cubic)

(iv) Rational function:

𝑓(𝑥)
These are the real functions of the type 𝑔(𝑥) where f (x) and g (x) are polynomial functions of
x defined in a domain, where g(x) ≠ 0.

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 Reciprocal function
1
The function f : R → R defined by y = f (x) = , x ∈ R- {0}
𝑥
is known as the reciprocal function, a special case of
rational function.
Domain of f = R – {0}
Range of f = R – {0}

(v) The Modulus function Absolute value function:

The real function f : R → R defined by
−𝒙, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| = {
𝒙, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
∀ x ∈ R is called the modulus function.
Domain of f = R
Range of f = [𝟎, ∞)
A ‘V’ shaped graph, vertex at origin. The value of y is always positive.
(vi) Signum function:
The real function f : R → R defined by
|x| −1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
, if x ≠ 0
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = { x = { 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
0, if x = 0 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
is called the signum function.
Domain of f = R
Range of f = {-1, 𝟎, 𝟏}

(vii) Greatest integer function:

The real function f : R → R defined by
f (x) = [x], x ∈R assumes the value of the greatest integer less than
or equal to x(or not exceeding x), is called the greatest integer
function.
Eg: [1.9999] = 1
[-1.9] = -2

If the number is positive, the integer part will be the integer and if the number is
negative, the integer pat will be 1 less than the negative whole number.
Eg; [-1.9] = -1-1 =- 2

Algebra of real functions

(i) Addition of two real functions
Let f : X → R and g : X → R be any two real functions, where X ∈ R.
Then we define ( f + g) : X → R by ( f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x), for all x ∈ X.
(ii) Subtraction of a real function from another
Let f : X → R and g : X → R be any two real functions, where X ⊆ R.
Then, we define (f – g) : X → R by (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x), for all x ∈ X.
(iii) Multiplication by a Scalar
Let f : X → R be a real function and α be any scalar belonging to R. Then the product αf is
function from X to R defined by (α f ) (x) = α f (x), for all x ∈ X.
(iv) Multiplication of two real functions
Let f : X → R and g : x → R be any two real functions, where X ⊆ R. Then product of these two
functions i.e. f g : X → R is defined by ( f g ) (x) = f (x) g (x) ∀ x ∈ X.
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(v) Quotient of two real functions
𝑓
Let f and g be two real functions defined from X → R. The quotient of f by g denoted by is a
𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
function defined from X → R as (𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) , provided g (x) ≠ 0, x ∈ X.

To find the Domain of a function:

Domain means set of all values for which the given function is defined or the input values(x).
Usually, we find the value for which the given function is not defined and exclude such values
from the set of all real numbers. You need to remember the following cases to find the domain of
a function.
(i) Expressions with a denominator.
The denominator cannot be zero.
a. Equate the denominator with zero and solve for x
b. Exclude the values of x for which denominator is zero from real numbers.
(ii) Expression involves square root term.
The expression under the root must be always positive.
Equate the terms under the root ≥ 0 and solve the inequality to obtain the values of x
for which the function is defined.

If 𝑥 2 ≥ 𝑎2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 If 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 or 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎. The same inequality with

positive value and opposite inequality with negative value. Same rule
applicable for any other similar cases of inequality.

(iii) The expression on the denominator is under the root.

If the denominator is square root term, then the term must be greater than zero.
Equate the terms under the root > 0 and solve the inequality to obtain the values of x
for which the function is defined.

To find the Range of a function:

Range means set of all values of the function for which the function is defined or the
corresponding output values(y) of the input values(x). For range each type question has different
strategies. The general approach is follows.
(i) Equate the given function with y. ie; y = f (x)
(ii) Rewrite the function as x in terms of y only (without any x on right side) i.e; x = f (y)
(iii) If the expression obtained has a denominator, exclude the values of y for which the
denominator becomes zero.

Other approaches.
As per the domain, create the original function to check the possible values of y .
Eg. If f(x) = 𝑥 2 + 3,
Range: ∀𝑥, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 3 ≥ 0 + 3 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 3, thus Range is [3, ∞)

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