Group A (1 Marks)

1. Strain energy is the energy stored in a material when it is __________.

Answer: Strain energy is the energy stored in a material when it is deformed.
2. When a material is loaded past its __________ limit, it begins to experience permanent
deformation and the strain energy is dissipated as heat.
Answer: When a material is loaded past its elastic limit, it begins to experience permanent
deformation and the strain energy is dissipated as heat.
3. The area under a __________ curve represents the work done on a material, which is equal
to the strain energy stored in the material.
Answer: The area under a stress-strain curve represents the work done on a material, which
is equal to the strain energy stored in the material.
4. The unit of measurement for strain energy is the __________.
Answer: The unit of measurement for strain energy is the joule (J).
5. The strain energy due to axial loading is directly proportional to the ____________ of the
bar diameter.
Answer: The strain energy due to axial loading is directly proportional to the square of the
diameter of the bar.
6. The strain energy due to bending is indirectly proportional to the ____________ of the
beam. Answer: moment of inertia
7. Castigliano's theorem is valid for ____________ structures with ____________ loads.
Answer: linear; small
8. Castigliano's first theorem states that the partial derivative of the ____________ with
respect to a force equals the ____________ at the point of force application.
Answer: strain energy; displacement
9. Castigliano's second theorem states that the partial derivative of the ____________ with
respect to a moment equals the ____________ at the point of moment application.
Answer: strain energy; rotation
10. According to the principle of virtual work, for a structure to be in static equilibrium, the
virtual work done by the ____________ forces and the ____________ forces must be equal
Answer: external; internal
11. The principle of virtual work states that the virtual work done by the ____________ forces is
equal to zero.
Answer: internal
12. Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal deflection can only be applied to ____________ structures.
Answer: linear elastic
13. Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal deflection is based on the principle of ____________.
Answer: superposition
14. Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal deflection states that the deflection at point A due to a load
applied at point B is equal to the deflection at point B due to the same load applied at point
____________.
Answer: A
15. According to Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal deflection, the ____________ of a structure
does not affect the deflection ratios between two points.
Answer: material properties
16. The unit load method is applicable to ____________ beams with simple support conditions.
Answer: linear elastic
17. In the unit load method, the ____________ of the beam is assumed to be constant. Answer:
cross-section
18. The moment distribution method involves redistributing ____________ moments
throughout the structure until the distribution becomes stable.
Answer: unbalanced
19. The moment distribution method is an ____________ method of analysis.
Answer: iterative
20. The moment distribution method can be used to determine the ____________ and
____________ of a structure under various loading conditions.
Answer: deflections, moments
21. What is meant by a "fixed-end moment" in the slope-deflection method?
Answer: A fixed-end moment refers to the bending moment that develops at the end of a
member when it is fixed to a support.
22. What is the "compatibility condition" in the slope-deflection method?
Answer: The compatibility condition requires that the slopes and deflections of the members
at each joint must be continuous
23. What is the maximum number of hinges that can be present in a three-hinged arch?
Answer: A three-hinged arch can only have three hinges, as the name suggests.
24. What is the advantage of using a three-hinged arch over other types of arches?
Answer: A three-hinged arch can span larger distances and support heavier loads than other
types of arches, due to its ability to adjust to changes in load and temperature.
25. Shape of three hinged arch is always _____________________
Ans. Parabolic
26. A cable is a structural element that is primarily designed to resist ___________.
Answer: Tension
27. In the analysis of cables, the tension in the cable is assumed to be ___________ and the
weight of the cable is neglected.
Answer: Uniform
28. The angle between the tangent to the cable and the horizontal is called the ___________
angle.
Answer: Sag
29. The maximum tension in a cable occurs at the ___________ of the cable.
Answer: Support
30. A two-hinge arch is also known as a ___________.
Answer: Simple arch
31. The maximum horizontal thrust in a two-hinge arch occurs at the ___________.
Answer: Crown
32. The height of a two-hinge arch at the crown is ___________.
Answer: Maximum
33. The portal method assumes that the storey shear is ___________ distributed along the
height of the frame.
Answer: Linearly
34. The portal method can be used to determine the ___________ forces in the members of the
frame.
Answer: Axial and bending
35. The portal method is used for the approximate analysis of ___________ frames.
 Answer: Multi-storey portal
36. The portal method is based on the concept of ___________ distribution.
Answer: Storey shear
37. The portal method divides the structure into ___________ parts.
Answer: Two
38. The portal method assumes that the columns are ___________.
Answer: Rigid
39. The portal method assumes that the beams are ___________.
Answer: Flexible
40. For seismic analysis of structure _____________ code is used to calculate seismic load.
Ans. IS 1893
41. For wind analysis of structure _______________ code is used to calculate the wind load.
Ans. IS 875 (Part III)
42. The strain energy stored in a simply supported beam of span Land flexural rigidity EI due to
central concentrated load W is ________________
Ans. W2L3/96EI
43. What is the relationship between work done by external load work done by internal load?
Ans. They are equal
44. In a cantilever beam slope and deflection at free end is __________
Ans. Maximum
45. Deflection of a simply supported beam when subjected to central point load is
______________
Ans. WL3/48EI
46. Moment distribution method is applicable to the determinate and indeterminate structure.
State above statement is True or False.
Ans. False
47. Carryover moment is defined as_______________
Ans. The moment developed or induced at one end due to a moment at another end.
48. In the moment distribution method, the ___________ must be considered for sway frames.
Answer: Additional moment caused by lateral sway
49. The sway moment is caused by ___________ forces acting on the frame.
Answer: Lateral
50. There is a point of inflection at the ________ of the unsupported height of each fixed based
column for portal method.
Ans. Centre
Group B (5 Marks)

1. Using strain energy method determine the deflection of the free end of a centiliter of
length L subjected to a concentrated load P at the free end.

Ans.
2. Determine the deflection under 60 kN load in the beam shown in figure using strain energy
method.

Ans.
3. Determine the deflection under P kN load in the beam shown in figure using Castigliano’s
Method. Assume uniform flexural rigidity.

Ans.
4. Determine the vertical deflection at the free end in the overhanging beam shown in figure.
Assume constant EI. Use Castigliano’s method.

Ans.
5. Calculate the deflection at point C of the beam shown in figure using Maxwell’ Theorem.
Assume constant EI.

Ans.
𝐿 3 𝐿 2
𝑝( ) 𝑝( ) 𝐿
2 2
Deflection at C = 3𝐸𝐼
+ 2𝐸𝐼
𝑥2

6. Determine the deflection at the free end of the overhanging beam shown in figure. Use
unit load method.

Ans.
7. Determine the deflection at the free end of the cantilever beam shown in figure. Use unit
load method. Given E = 200 GPa and I = 12 x 106 mm4.

Ans.
8. Determine the rotation at the free end of the cantilever beam shown in figure. Use unit
load method. Given E = 200 GPa and I = 12 x 106 mm4.

Ans.
9. A three-hinged circular arch hinged at the springing and crown points has span of 40 m
and a central rise of 8 m. It carries a uniformly distributed load 20 kN/m over the left-half
of the span together with a concentrated load of 100 kN at the right quarter span point.
Find the reactions at the supports and shear at a section 10 m from left support.

Ans.
10. A light cable 18 m long, is supported at two ends at the same level. The supports are 16
m apart. The cable supports 120 N load dividing the distance into two equal parts. Find
the shape of the cable and tension in cable.

Ans.
11. Calculate the moment at point A of the beam shown in figure using moment distribution
method.

Ans.
12. A beam ABC, 10m long, fixed at ends A and B is continuous over joint B and is loaded as
shown in Fig. Using the slope deflection method, compute the end moments The beam
has constant EI for both the spans

Ans.
13. Calculate the slope at point B of the beam shown in figure, if Mab = -46 kNm. Assume
constant EI.

Ans.
 Slope at B is 12/EI.

14. Find out the relation between slope at B and slope at A of the beam shown in figure.
Assume constant EI.

Ans.

15. Calculate the distribution factor and fixed end moment of the beam shown in figure
 Ans.

16. A portal frame is shown in figure. Calculate the shear forces of GF, HE and KD column
member using portal method.
 Ans.
Shear force of column member
GF= KD=5 kN and HE =10 kN

17. A portal frame is shown in figure. Calculate the shear forces of all column member using
portal method.

Ans. Shear force of column member

GF= KD=10 kN and FA=EB= 30kN

18. A portal frame is shown in figure. Calculate the shear forces on beam GH member using
portal method.

Ans. Shear force of beam member

GH =10x 2/3= 6.67 kN

19. A portal frame is shown in figure. Calculate the axial forces on beam GH and FE member
using portal method.

Ans. Axial forces on member

GH = 20-10 kN

FE = 40-30 kN =10 kN

20. Write the assumption of portal method.

Ans.
Assumptions for the Approximate Solution
In order to analyze a structure using the equations of statics only, the number of
independent force
components must be equal to the number of independent equations of statics.
If there are n more independent force components in the structure than there are
independent equations of
statics, the structure is statically indeterminate to the n
th degree. Therefore to obtain an approximate solution
of the structure based on statics only, it will be necessary to make n additional
independent assumptions. A
solution based on statics will not be possible by making fewer than n assumptions, while
more than n
assumptions will not in general be consistent.
Thus, the first step in the approximate analysis of structures is to find its degree of statical
indeterminacy
(DOSI) and then to make appropriate number of assumptions.
For example, the DOSI of portal frames shown in (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are 1, 3, 2 and 1
respectively. Based on
the type of frame, the following assumptions can be made for portal structures with a
vertical axis of
symmetry that are loaded horizontally at the top
1. The horizontal support reactions are equal
2. There is a point of inflection at the center of the unsupported height of each fixed based
column
Assumption 1 is used if DOSI is an odd number (i.e., = 1 or 3) and Assumption 2 is used if
DOSI 1.
Some additional assumptions can be made in order to solve the structure approximately
for different loading
and support conditions.
3. Horizontal body forces not applied at the top of a column can be divided into two forces
(i.e.,
applied at the top and bottom of the column) based on simple supports
4. For hinged and fixed supports, the horizontal reactions for fixed supports can be
assumed to be four
times the horizontal reactions for hinged supports

Group C (15 Marks)

1. Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement at the free end D in the frame is
shown in figure. Use Castigliano’s method.

Ans.
2. Determine the vertical deflection of point C in the frame shown in figure. Given E =
200 GPa and I = 30 x 106 mm4. Use strain energy method.

Ans.
3. Determine the horizontal displacement of the roller end D of the portal frame shown
in figure. EI is 8000 kNm2 throughout. Use strain energy method.
Ans.
4. A 100 mm diameter steel rod is bent to the shape as shown in figure and is subjected
to a vertical downward load of 500 N at the free end D. Determine the vertical
downward deflection of end D. Take E = 200 GPa. Use strain energy method.

Ans.
Deflection at D is 4.92 mm
5. Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement at the free end E in the frame
shown in figure. Given EI = 20000 kNm2. Use Castigliano’s method.

Ans. Vertical deflection 101.33 mm and horizontal deflection 36 mm

6. Determine the deflection at the free end of the overhanging beam shown in figure.
Assume uniform flexural rigidity. Use unit load method.

Ans.
7. Determine the vertical and the horizontal defection at the end of the beam shown in
figure. Assume uniform flexural rigidity EI throughout. Use unit load method.
Ans.
8. Determine the vertical deflection at A and C in the frame shown in figure. Take E =200
GPa and I = 150 x 102 mm4. Use unit load method

Ans.
9. Find the vertical deflection of the joint B in the truss loaded as shown in figure. The
cross-section area of the members are shown in brackets. Take E = 200 GPa. Use unit
load method.

Ans.
10. Determine the vertical deflection of point D in the truss shown in figure. The cross-
section area of the members AD and DE are 1500 mm2 while those of the others are
1000 mm2. Take E =200 GPa. Use unit load method.

Ans.
11. Analysis the two-span continuous beam shown in figure by slope deflection method
and draw bending moment, shear force diagrams. Assume same EI.

Ans.
12. Analysis the continuous beam shown in figure and draw bending moment diagram
using slope deflection method.

Ans.
13. Analysis the continuous beam shown in figure by slope deflection method and draw
bending moment digram

Ans.
14. Analysis the symmetric portal frame shown in figure by moment distribution method.

Ans.
15. Analysis the rigid jointed frame shown in figure by moment distribution method and
draw bending moment diagram.
Ans.
16. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram of the frame shown in figure
using portal method of analysis.
Ans.

An example indeterminate frame that may be solved using the portal

method is shown in Figure 7.4. The column areas are given for use with
the cantilever method which will be discussed in the next section. For
now we will only analyse this structure using the portal method.

Figure 7.4: Indeterminate Frame Approximate Analysis Example

The first step in the portal method analysis is to add hinges at the
centre span or height of all the beams and columns (except for the lower
storey if the column bases are pinned), and then determine the column
shears at each storey using the portal method assumptions. This
process is illustrated in Figure 7.5. The new hinges are shown in the
figure at points a through j.

Figure 7.5: Portal Method Example - Determining Column Shears

To determine the column shears for each storey, two different
section cuts are made. For the top storey (shown in the middle
of Figure 7.5), a section cut is made through the hinges at points f, g,
and h (although for the portal method, this cut could be anywhere along
the height of the storey when finding the column shear). To find the
shear force in the left column (F2�2), the force in the middle column is
assumed to be equal to twice the force in the left column (2F22�2 since
it is an interior column) and the force in the right column is assumed to
be equal to the force in the left column (F2�2). Then, using horizontal
equilibrium applied to the whole free body diagram of the top storey:

→∑Fx100−F2−2F2−F24F2F2=0=0=100=25kN←→∑��=0100−�2−2
�2−�2=04�2=100�2=25kN←
Therefore, the shear in the exterior columns in the second storey
is 25kN25kN and the shear in the interior column is 50kN50kN. For
the lower storey (shown in the bottom of Figure 7.5), a section cut is
made through the hinges at points a, b, and c. Similarly:

→∑Fx100+50−F1−2F1−F14F1F1=0=0=150=37.5kN←→∑��=0100
+50−�1−2�1−�1=04�1=150�1=37.5kN←
Therefore, the shear in the exterior columns in the first storey
is 37.5kN37.5kN and the shear in the interior column is 75kN75kN.

Now that we know the column shears, the rest of the analysis uses
only equilibrium to find the rest of the forces in the frame. To do so, the
entire frame is cut into separate pieces at every hinge location. This is
useful because each piece of the structure between the hinges can be
analyse with the knowledge that the moment at the hinge is always zero.
This process is illustrated in Figure 7.6.
 Figure 7.6: Portal Method Example - Analysis for Internal
Member Forces at Hinge Locations
To analyse the frame, it is helpful to start at the top of the structure
and work our way down. The previous free body diagram of the top
storey from Figure 7.5 with the known column shears is shown at the
top of Figure 7.6. This free body diagram is further split into three
pieces as shown directly below, cutting the storey apart at the hinge
locations in the beams (at points i and j). The numbers that are shown
in grey circles provide a suggested order for the analysis that will be
described here. This is not the only order that is possible, there are
many ways to solve this structure. The goal of this analysis is to find all
of the unknown vertical and horizontal loads at the hinge locations. The
force for step 0 is a given: don't forget to include the external lateral
load of 100kN100kN. Step 1 loads are from the portal method analysis,
giving the column shears for each column at points f, g, and h (the
results of which are shown at the top of the figure). Now that all of the
previously known forces are included on the free body diagrams, we can
use equilibrium to find the remaining unknowns. In step 2, we can use
horizontal equilibrium for the left free body diagram to find the
horizontal load at point i to be equal to 75kN←75kN←. Don't forget
that on the other side of the cut at point i (the right side) the horizontal
force at point i must point in the opposite direction (75kN←75kN←).
At the same time in step 2, horizontal equilibrium of the middle free
body diagram for the top storey can be used to find the horizontal load
at point j (which is also in opposite directions on either side of the cut
at j). In step 3, moment equilibrium around point i may be used to find
the vertical load at point f. In step 4, vertical equilibrium is used to find
the final unknown for the left free body diagram, the vertical load at
point i. Don't forget to transfer that load to the other side of the cut at
point i. Like the horizontal load, the vertical load on the other side of
the cut at point i must point in the opposite direction. Moving onto the
middle free body diagram for the top storey, in step 5, moment
equilibrium about point j is used to solve for the vertical load at point g
(which happens to be 0). Then in step 6, vertical equilibrium is used on
the middle free body diagram to find the vertical load at point j, which
is also transferred in the opposite direction to the other side of the cut.
Last, in step 7, vertical equilibrium on the right free body diagram for
the top storey is used to find the final remaining unknown, the vertical
load at point h. Again, this step-by-step method is not the only order
that can be used to solve for the unknowns. The important thing is to
look at how you can use some equilibrium equation to solve for one of
the remaining unknowns.

For the lower storey, the frame is again cut into three different
pieces with cuts being made at the hinge locations (to avoid having any
unknown moments in the free body diagrams), as shown in lower
diagram of Figure 7.6. This time, step 0 may include the external lateral
load of 50kN50kN in addition to the forces at points f, g, and h that
were previously found using the top storey free body diagrams shown
above. At points f, g, and h on the lower storey free body diagrams, the
loads from the top storey must be applied in the opposite directions to
those from the top storey free body diagrams (because they are on
either side of a cut in the structure). Then in step 1, the known column
shears from the portal method analysis are applied to points a, b, and c
(based on the results from the previous analysis which are shown about
the lower storey free body diagrams. Once all of the known forces are
included, the rest of the unknown forces may be found using
equilibrium as was done for the top storey. Again, one suggested
solution order is shown in the figure using numbers in grey circles.

Once all of the forces at the hinge locations are known, the shear
and moment diagrams may be drawn for the frame. The resulting
diagrams are shown in Figure 7.7. The shear in all of the beams and
columns are always constant for these types of analyses, and are simply
equal to the horizontal force in the middle hinge for the columns or
equal to the vertical force in the middle hinge for the beams. The
maximum moment in the beams and columns is then found using the
shear multiplied by half of the column height for columns or multiplied
by half of the beam length for beams. This is because there is no
moment at the hinge. So if we start at the hinge and move towards any
beam column intersection, then the moment at the intersection will be
equal to the shear multiplied by the distance between the hinge and the
intersection. For example, for the moment in column AD at point D, we
start with a shear in the column of 37.5kN37.5kN at point a as shown
in Figure 7.6, and then the distance between point a and point D
is 2m2m. This gives a total moment in column AD at point D
of 2(37.5)=75kNm2(37.5)=75kNm. For the moment in beam HI at
point H, we start with a shear in the beam of 20.0kN20.0kN at point j
as shown in Figure 7.6, and then the distance between point j and point
H is 2.5m2.5m. This gives a total moment in column AD at point D
of 2.5(20.0)=50kNm2.5(20.0)=50kNm.
Figure 7.7: Portal Method Example - Resulting Frame Shear and
Moment Diagrams

17. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram of the frame shown in figure
using portal method of analysis.
18. Write the procedure of portal method.
19. Write the steps of Seismic Load as per IS 1893.
20. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram of the frame shown in figure
using portal method of analysis.