FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE ALAGOAS - IFAL

Campus Palmeira dos Índios - CPIn
Departamento de Ensino Superior
Coordenação do Curso de Engenharia Elétrica

English Language Applied to

Electrical Engineering

This is our handbook to be used in each class.

Palmeira dos Índios, 2022

Alagoas
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

First Thing First

I am not surprised you are here. You are AMAZING! You have been amazing since the
time you were just a sperm traveling into your mother’s uterus, fighting for survival,
searching for the egg. Nine months later, you finally came and the World and your family
just won a Worrier. But it is not easy to be one, right? And high school was probably the
most challenging and tough experience you had. You are wrong! College is definitely the
most difficult level you will have to face from now on if you really want to be the WORRIER
you were born to. I, Teacher Rodolfo Santos, am here to give you a hand.

So let 's start?

 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

CLASS ONE

Who are you?

Grammar

Personal Pronouns

I - You - He - She - It - We - You - They

Verb to be

am - is - are

Object Pronouns

Me - you - him - her - it - us - you - them

Possessive Pronouns
My - mine
Your - yours
His - his
Her - hers
Its - *
Our - ours
Your yours
Their - theirs

PRACTICE

1. Translate the following sentences from Portuguese into English.

a. Eu sou estudante do curso de Engenharia Elétrica.
________________________________________________
b. Meu pai não é professor de Inglês.
________________________________________________
c. Meus amigos são de outra cidade.
________________________________________________
d. Nós somos calouros do curso de Engenharia Elétrica.
________________________________________________
e. Os alunos do curso de Engenharia Civil são veteranos.
________________________________________________
f. Nós somos dedicados?
________________________________________________
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

2. Fill in the gaps using personal or object pronouns.

a) I have a car. _________ is white.
b) My father had a bike. When I was ten, __________ gave _________ to _____.
c) I have class every morning. I usually take a bus to come to school. ______ is far
from downtown.
d) Pedro and Joao live in another city. ___________ take the bus early in the morning.
e) My mother wakes up early to make my packed lunch. This time, she made beans,
rice and beef. There was too much food, so I shared _______ with a friend.
_______ got full.
f) I thought school rules at college were flexible. I was wrong and I discovered that
after violating most of ____________.

3. Write the correct words so that the second sentence means the same as the first. Use
'of' and a possessive pronoun.

1. This is Rachel. She's one of my colleagues.

This is Rachel. She's a colleague _____________
2. That's Mauro. He's one of our friends.
That's Mauro. He's a friend ________________
3. I'm Alex. I'm one of your students.
I'm Alex. I'm a ___________
4. Who's that lady next to Howard? Is she one of his aunts?
Who's that lady next to Howard? Is she _____________________ ?
5. How do you know Karolina? Are you one of her classmates?
How do you know Karolina? Are you _____________________ ?
Listening Activity
Listen to the conversation available at
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/elementary-a1/meeting-other-students,
Listening A1: Meeting other students – 1. Match the phrases with the correct person.

Cara Robert Selim

studies history and French

studies history and math

from Manchester

from Glasgow

studies history and German

Mother is from Scotland

from London
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

CLASS TWO

Conversation activity

Choose a classmate to do this activity. Your teacher will tell you what to do.

Writing activity

Writing A1: Emails about studying in the UK – preparation

Put the phrases in the correct group.

a) Starting an email

b) ending an email

Reading Text

From: Simona Reggia

To: City Language School

Subject: Courses in August

Dear Sir or Madam,

I have seen your website and I would like to know more about your English courses.

I am interested in taking a two-week course in August. Are there any places available, and
what are the start dates?

Also, do you have any accommodation for those dates?

Thank you for your help.

Regards,

Simona
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

From: Susan Colworth, City Language School

To: Simona Reggia

Subject: Re: Courses in August

Attachment: accommodation_info.pdf

Dear Simona,

Thank you for your interest in our courses.

Courses

● Yes, we have places on all our August courses.

● Start dates are 7, 14 and 21 August (Mondays).

Accommodation

● Yes, we have rooms for students near the school. I am attaching some more
information, photos and the prices.

Which course would you like, and which start date? If you would like accommodation,
please let me know soon, as it is very popular.

Feel free to email me with any other questions.

Regards,

Susan Colworth
Course Administrator
City Language School

Tips
1. If you don’t know the name of the person you’re writing to, write Dear Sir or Madam.
2. If the person who wrote to you gave you their first name, you can use it. Hi is less formal
than Dear.
3. To reply to someone’s email, start with Thank you for your email / your interest / the
information.
4. Say I am attaching … or Please find attached … to tell someone what you have
attached to the email.
5. Finish with Regards, and your name.

Writing A1: Emails about studying in the UK – 1 Are the sentences true or false?
1. Simona is writing to Susan for the first time.
2. She wants to study for a month.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

3. She also needs somewhere to stay.

4. Simona can start any day in August.
5. Susan has attached more information about accommodation.
Writing activity

Suppose you are interested in taking classes abroad. Search for some Schools/Universities
and write them an email.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

CLASS THREE
Grammar
Present Simple
I work I study I watch I play
You work You study You watch You play
He works He studies He watches He plays
She works She studies She watches She plays
It works It studies It watches It plays
We work We study We watch We play
You work You study You watch You play
They work They study They watch They play
Negative Interrogative
Do not = don’t Do not = don’t
Does not = doesn’t Does not = doesn’t
Practice
1. Translate the following sentences into English.
a) Meu pai trabalha numa empresa de distribuição de placas solares.
________________________________________________________________
b) Minha mãe é assistente de vendas em uma loja on-line.
________________________________________________________________
c) A demanda por energia solar aumenta a cada dia.
________________________________________________________________
d) A usina de Itaipu gera aproximadamente 1,1221 MWméd/m 3/s por mês.
________________________________________________________________
e) O consumidor paga caro pela energia elétrica.
________________________________________________________________
f) Estudantes sempre se aplicam para bolsas de estudos no exterior.
________________________________________________________________
g) O governo não cria políticas públicas para melhorar a geração de energia.
____________________________________________________________________
h) O cidadão brasileiro necessita cobrar políticas públicas de incentivo à geração de
energia solar.
____________________________________________________________________
i) Por que o Brasil não investe significativamente na produção de energias renováveis?
____________________________________________________________________
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

2. A librarian (work) ______________ at her desk when she (notice) ______________ that a
chicken (come) ______________ into the library and (wait) ______________ to be served.
When the chicken (see) ______________ that it (get) the librarian's attention, it (say)
,'Book! Book! Book! Book!' So the librarian (give) ______________ the chicken a couple of
books, and the chicken (take) the books and (run) ______________ out of the library. The
next day, the chicken (come) ______________ back and again (say) ______________ ,
'Booook! Book! Book! Book!' So the librarian (give) ______________ the chicken a few more
books, and again the chicken (grab) ______________ them and (run) ______________
away. On the third day, the chicken (come) ______________ back yet again and says,
'Booook! Book! Book! Book!' By now, the librarian (think) ______________ a lot about the
strange chicken and she (decide) ______________ to find out what (go) ______________
on. So, after she (give) the chicken some more books, she (wait) ______________ for it to
leave and then (follow) ______________ it out of the library. The librarian (follow)
______________ the chicken through the car park, down the street and into a big park. After
a few minutes, the chicken (reach) ______________ a lake in the middle of the park. Next
to the lake, there (be) ______________ a small, angry-looking frog. The chicken (show)
______________ the books to the frog and the frog, looking at the books one by one,
(shake) ______________ his head and (say) ______________ , 'Read it! Read it! Read it!'

3. Write the verbs in the correct form

1. About 375 million people _____________________ English as their first language.
2. An adult human skeleton _____________________ about 200 bones.
3. Giant tortoises _____________________ for about 150 years.
4. Most spiders _____________________ eight eyes.
5. Sound _____________________ at about 340 meters per second.
6. The human heart usually _____________________ about 80 times a minute.
7. On average, cats _____________________ about 15 hours every day.
8. The Prime Minister of Great Britain _____________________ at Number 10, Downing
Street, London.
4. Read the text. The words in bold are probably familiar to you in general English. But can
you think of a different meaning for each word in English for Electrical Engineering? Change
if necessary.

One evening, I was feeling hungry so I crossed the field next to my house and went to a
local restaurant. It is on a busy junction, so there was a lot of noise from the traffic. There
was also a band playing inside so it was impossible to talk. I waved to a friend on the
other side of the restaurant. The menu was written on a board above the bar, and I
ordered my favorite dish. The waiter came loaded with plates, and when he reached my
table they all fell to the ground and smashed! When the bill came, he charged me less
because he wanted to apologize.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

B. Read these sentences from Engineering texts. Complete each sentence with one of the
bold words from exercise A. Change the form if necessary.
1. Light is transmitted in the form of a _________________.
2. I can receive a lot more television channels now that I have installed a ____________.
3. The electrical _________________ is very weak.
4. This radio can receive a wide _________________ of frequencies.
5. The electrical components are positioned on the printed circuit _________________.
6. It is important that the wiring in a _________________ box is not loose.
7. The original transmitted signal is distorted by a lot of _________________.
8. We need a _________________ connection to make this system safe.
9. The _________________ on this circuit is too high – turn it off.
10. This electrode has a Strong negative _________________.
A. You are a student in the Electrical Engineering Faculty of Hartford University. The
title of your first lecture is what are the branches of Electrical Engineering?
The places that most demand electrical engineering professionals are
hydroelectric, wind and solar power plants.
B. Listen to Part 1 of the talk. What does the lecturer say about the branches of
electrical Engineering? Tick the best choice.
Part 1 - Go to https://www.naturalreaders.com/online/ , copy the text below and past
it so that you can read and listen to it.

Good morning, everyone. In this lecture, we are going to look at exactly what is
included in the field of Electrical Engineering. This is an important topic because it
will show you a wide variety of career paths that are possible for students of this
subject. This lecturer might help you choose your future job. Ok. There are many
different branches within Electrical Engineering. Practicing electrical engineers work
in a variety of areas, doing many different things. Today, we are going to look at
some of the most important branches. Some Electrical engineers work in only one
of these branches, but many deal with a combination of them. As we will see, many
branches are closely linked to each other. This is particularly true in the case of
electronics. As well as the different branches, I will also mention a few of the
applications and devices related to electrical engineering.

1. There are only a few important branches of Electrical Engineering. _____

Cross out the mistake and correct it.
2. The branches are completely separate from each other. ______
Cross out the mistake and correct it.
3. Electronics is not part of Electrical Engineering. ______
Cross out the mistake and correct it.
4. Electrical Engineering has many branches covering a wide area. ______
Cross out the mistake and correct it.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

CLASS FOUR
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Regular verbs: -ed, -ied, -d
Irregular verbs: Get - got Do - did
Negative Form: did not = didn’t
Interrogative form: did
Exercises
Write the past simple form of the verbs below.

be drive know run

break eat laugh say

bring find learn stand

build get leave sell

buy give lend send

come go lose sing

cost grow meet sleep

cut have pay speak

do hear put spend

dream hit read take

drink choose ring think

Complete the sentences with the simple past form of the verb in brackets.

1. The young man _____________ (take) out his wallet and _____________ (pay) the bill.
2. When Lucy _____________ (go) to the interview, she _____________ (wear) her best suit.
3. We _____________ (leave) the motorway and _____________ (drive) for an hour on quiet country roads.
4. I _____________ (think) I _____________ (know) my irregular verbs, but now I'm not so sure!
5. As soon as I ___________ (meet) Doris, I ___________ (know) she ___________ (be) someone special.
6. Tolstoy _____________ (write) some great novels, but he never _____________ (win) a Nobel Prize.
7. The nurse _____________ (put) the little boy to bed and _____________ (speak) to him softly.
8. When they _____________ (hear) the fire alarm, everybody _____________ (run) out of the building.
9. Last year, the company _____________ (build) a new factory, which _____________ (cost) millions of
dollars.
10. When Jose _____________ (break) his arm, the doctor _____________ (give) him two weeks off work.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

Reading for comprehension

Read the passages below and answer the questions:
1. Write all the verbs you find in the past simple

2. Which verbs are regular?

3. Which verbs are irregular?

4. Match the columns:

Column A Column B
(1) Benjamin Franklin ( ) wanted a way o make electricity both practical and
(2) Michael Faraday inexpensive.
(3) Alessandro Volta ( ) discovered the rotating magnetic field and created the
(4) Thomas Edison alternating current electrical system.
(5) Tesla ( ) tied a key to a kite string during a thunderstorm.
( ) soaked paper in salt water, placed zinc and copper on
the opposite sides of the paper.
( ) realized that an electric current could be produced by
passing a magnet through a copper wire.
5. Match (T) for true and (F) for false:
a) _____ the experiment made by Benjamin Franklin proved that static electricity and lightning were the
same thing.
b) _____ people didn’t want to have their houses lighted at first.
c) _____ the electricity we use today is made with magnets and coil of copper wire in giant power
plants.
d) _____ electricity cost a lot of money for their customers at the beginning.
e) _____ Tesla’s discovery provided the nation with power that could travel long distances.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

6. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

coil - electricity - incandescent - copper - filament - direct current - power - generator - battery

a) The _________________ should prevent the computer system from going down in the event of a
power cut.
b) The two major electricity _________________ declined to comment.
c) You should disconnect the ______________ before attempting to repair electrical equipment.
d) _________________ electric current that moves only in one direction, like the electricity that comes
from a battery
e) Toothbrushes should be replaced when the _________________ become worn.
f) The electrical pulses are directed through a _____________ coil, shaped in a figure eight, which is
placed against the human's scalp.
g) The continuous ___________________ light was from unfiltered lamps in a growth chamber which
gave an irradiance of about 95 imol m2 s"1 at seed level.
h) Many people are living in encampments around the city with no _______________ or running water.
i) The electrical pulses are directed through a copper ____________, shaped in a figure eight, which is
placed against the human's scalp.
Translate the text into English.
Itaipu é uma Usina Binacional, pois foi construída a partir da Ata do Iguaçu, documento assinado
em 22 de junho de 1966, por ministros do Brasil e do Paraguai, no qual os dois países se
comprometeram a estudar o aproveitamento dos recursos hidráulicos presente entre os dois
países, que até então era motivo de disputa entre eles. Em 1974, chegaram as primeiras
máquinas ao local, e, no fim do mesmo ano, a infraestrutura para o acampamento dos operários
ficou pronta. Até 1978, foram construídas 9 mil moradias para os funcionários, sendo construído,
inclusive, um hospital.Para a construção da barragem, o leito do rio precisou ser secado. Para
isso, foi necessária a construção de um desvio para o Rio Paraná, com 150 metros de largura, 2
km de extensão e 90 metros de profundidade. Terminado o desvio, em 20 de outubro de 1978, o
Rio Paraná foi desviado do seu curso. Os números da obra são espantosos. Para a construção da
barragem, foram despejados 12,3 milhões de metros cúbicos de concreto. Em um único dia, 14 de
novembro de 1978, foram lançados 7.207 metros cúbicos de concreto, com a utilização de 7
cabos aéreos. Isso equivale a 10 andares a cada hora. Em 1980, mais de vinte mil caminhões e
quase sete mil vagões foram utilizados no transporte de materiais para a Itaipu. No ápice da
construção da barragem, aproximadamente 40 mil pessoas trabalhavam no canteiro de obras ou
nos escritórios do Brasil ou do Paraguai. Devido a alta rotatividade, a contratação mensal chegou
a ser de 5 mil pessoas. Em outubro de 1982, a barragem é terminada, e o desvio é fechado, para
que se forme o reservatório. É iniciada uma operação com o objetivo de salvar os animais que
vivem na área que está sendo inundada. Mais de 36 mil animais foram salvos na operação que
recebeu o nome de Mymba Kuera, que significa “pega-bicho” em tupi-guarani. Mas o impacto da
intervenção do homem na natureza não atinge somente a flora e a fauna. Os moradores das
áreas a serem inundadas receberam indenização e deixaram suas propriedades. Com a
inundação, as Sete Quedas (ou Salto Guairá), até então a maior cachoeira do mundo em volume
de água, desapareceu. O município de Guairá recebe royalties da Itaipu pelo alagamento das
Sete Quedas, antes um atrativo aos turistas.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

CLASS 5 AND 6 - THE HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

VOCABULARY - Using an English-English Dictionary

A. Click on the following link: https://quizlet.com/270993765/flashcards, study the words and their
definitions, then, answer the questions according to your teacher’s instructions.
B. Click on the following link: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/. Wait for your teacher’s
instructions.
C. Study the extract from an Electrical Engineering dictionary below and answer the questions.

1. How many meanings does element have?

2. What is the name of the elementary negative charge?
3. Where is the main stress on electrons? What about electronics?
4. What is the difference between electric and electrical?
B. Look up the red words in the box. Use the following online dictionary to help you:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/. Then, fill in the gaps making the necessary changes in their form.

1. We ________________________  lanes and accelerated towards the junction

2. You’ll ______________________ the chef if you don’t at least taste the meal.
3. Metals are good __________________________ of electricity and heat.
4. _______________________ of protesters began arriving at the stadium.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

5. You may need to _____________________ this point.

6. He gave a _________________________ to his driver to carry on.
C. Match each word with its synonym.
1. Switch ____ guide
2. Wave ____ extend
3. Insult ____ shift
4. Signal ____ swing
5. Conductor ____ annoy
6. Amplify ____ wave

D. Look at the pictures below and match them with the worlds from exercise C.

E. Study these topics sentences from the text and answer the questions below.
1 Electrical phenomena occupied European thinkers as early as the 17th century, but the first
notable developments in this field were made in the first half of the 19th century.
2 However, many people believe that Electrical Engineering can only be said to have emerged as
a discipline in the second half of the 19th century.
3 As a result of the discoveries in electricity, there was a dramatic increase in work in the area.
4 The rivalry between AC and DC systems helped advance electrical engineering.
5 The discovery of the Edison effect and electron theory laid the foundations of radio engineering.
6 In 1930, the term electronics was introduced to include radio and the industrial applications of
electron tubes.
7 The Second World War saw tremendous advances in the field of electronics.
Questions:
1 . When did the first discoveries in electricity take place?
2. When did Electrical Engineering start as a subject in its own right?
3 . What were the key discoveries and inventions in the field of Electrical Engineering?
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

The History of Electrical Engineering up to 1950

Electrical phenomena occupied European thinkers as early as the 17th century, but the first notable
developments in this field were made in the first half of the 19th century. Ohm quantified the
relationship between electric current and potential difference for a conductor, and constructed an
early electrostatic machine in the 1830s. Also around this time, Faraday discovered
electromagnetic induction and developed the homopolar generator. The first practical application of
electromagnetism was the telegraph, invented by Henry, and exploited commercially by Morse in
1837.
However, many people believe that Electrical Engineering can only be said to have emerged as a
discipline in the second half of the 19th century. This happened when it was associated with the
tools of modern research techniques. The Scottish physicist Maxwell summarized the basic laws of
electricity in mathematical form in 1864. He predicted that radiation of electromagnetic energy
would occur. The radiation later became known as radio waves.
As a result of the discoveries in electricity, there was a dramatic increase in work in the area. Bell
invented the telephone in 1876, and Edison invented the incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison
provided the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network with direct current (DC)., while Tesla
offered a rival from of power distribution known as alternating current (AC). AC eventually replaced
DC for generation and power distribution, which allowed for the expansion of the electric power
industry throughout the world, improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution.
The rivalry between AC and DC systems helped advance electrical engineering. Tesla’s work on
induction motors influenced the field for years to come, while Edison’s work on telegraphy and the
stock ticker helped his company expand. It eventually became General Electric. All these
applications meant an increased demand for people trained to work with electricity.
The discovery of the Edison effect and electron theory laid the foundations of radio engineering.
The Edison effect is the name given to the phenomenon of a hot metal cathode emitting electrons
and is the principle behind vacuum tubes. Many scientists and inventors were involved in the radio
technology that followed as a result of experiments in the Edison effect and electron theory. Hertz
transmitted and detected radio waves using electrical equipment in 1888. Tesla, in 1895, was able
to detect signals from transmissions at a distance of over 80km. In 1896, Popov made wireless
transmissions over a distance of 60m, and Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission
across 2.4km. By the end of 1906, Fessenden had sent the first radio broadcast.
In 1930, the term electronics was introduced to include radio and the industrial applications of
electron tubes. However, prior to the Second World War, the subject was still commonly known as
radio engineering and was mainly restricted to aspects of communications, commercial radio and
early television. At this time, the study of radio engineering at universities could only be undertaken
as part of a physics degree.
The Second World War saw tremendous advances in the field of electronics. Key advances were
made in radar, as well as in the magnetron developed by Randall and Boot in Birmingham in 1940.
Radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were all developed in Britain at this time. An
early electronic computing device, Colossus, was built by Flowers to decipher German coded
messages. Advanced hidden radio transmitters and receivers for use by secret agents were also
developed at this time. All these developments ensured that electrical engineering had come of
age, and was at the forefront of modern scientific advancement.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

Word Bank
Making a note-taking
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

LESSON 7 AND 8 - ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

A. Watch the video available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnnpLaKsqGU. Now
answer the following questions:
1. What is an electric circuit?
2. What circuit elements do you know?
3. Draw an example of a simple circuit, showing the different elements.
B. Study the pictures below

1. What does each picture show? Talk about each picture using a word from box a.
a.

Battery - calculation - circuit - conductor - current - equation - measurement -

 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

multiplication - potential - proportional - resistance - terminals

2. Which of the pictures show examples of electric circuits? Which shows elements of circuits?
C. Look at the words in box a.
1. Underline the stressed syllable in each word.
2. Which word has the same stress pattern as engineering?
D. Complete each sentence with a word from box a. Change the form if necessary.
1. Copper is a very good _______________________ of electricity.
2. The straight line on the graph shows the _________________________ relationship between the
quantities.
3. _______________________________ flows around the circuit.
4. 3 + x = 5 is an example of an algebraic ______________________________.
5. The sign for __________________________ is ‘x’, as in 3x4=12.
6. Electrical engineers make a lot of ____________________________ as part of their work.
7. Instruments that make _______________________________ include the ohmmeter and the voltmeter.
8. Electric ____________________________ is the energy required to move a unit electric charge to a
particular place in a static electric field.
E. Study the words in box b. Find the prefix and try to work out the meaning in each
case.

Photovoltaic - non-linear - multimeter - reproduction - degeneration - photodiode -

non-repairable - multielement - regeneration - demagnetize - phototransistor -
non-resonant - multi loop - recur - deconstruct

F. Complete each sentence with a word from box b. Change the form if necessary.
1. The graph doesn’t show a proportional relationship so it is ___________________________.
2. The experiment used a __________________________ to measure voltage, current, and resistance.
3. The quality of the __________________________ of music on an mp3 player can depend on the
earphones you use.
4. If you drop a magnet, you may _________________________ it.
5. Solar panels use ____________________________ cells to generate electrical energy.
6. An old microwave oven is an example of a __________________________ system - if it doesn’t work,
throw it away and buy a new one.
Read Part 1 of a lecture.
1. Tick the topic(s) you find.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

Ohm’s law and simple electric circuit ____

Ohm’s law and complicated electric circuits ____
Exceptions to Ohm’s law ______
2. What reason does the lecturer give for talking about this topic?
____________________________________________________

C. Read Part 2

1. What does the lecture say about the history behind Ohm’s law?
2. What is Ohm’s law?
3. What analogy does the lecturer use to illustrate the law?
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

D. Read Part 3 E. Read Part 4

1. Match (T) for true and (F) for false:

a. Ohm’s law is always true.
b. In the hydraulic analogy, current is the rate of flow of water through the pipe.
c. A resistor helps current flow more easily through a circuit.
d. Power is the amount of work done in a given time.
e. A circuit with high voltage has more power than a circuit with low voltage.

Lesson 9 and 10 Computer

Study words or phrases below:

A.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

Books - browse/search - catalog - close - cross-reference - database - electronic resource - exit/log

off - hyperlink - index - library - log in/ log on - menu - open - look up - page - search engine - table of
contents - web page - world wide web (www)

1. List below the words and phrases related to:

a. computers

b. internet

c. Libraries

B. Complete the instructions for using the Learning Resource Center with words from A.

HADFORD University - Learning Resource Center

Instructions for use
If you want to access web pages on the ____________________, you must first ______________ to the
university Intranet with your username and password. You can use any ________________ but the
default is Google. _______________ for web pages by typing one or more Keywords in the search box and
clicking on Search, or pressing enter. When the results appear, click on _____________ (highlighted in
blue) to go to the web page. Click Back to return to the results list. You can also use the university
_____________ of learning resources. Click on Resources on the main __________.
FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

C. Look at the wordcloud related to the Computer Jargon Buster and match each word to its definition
below.

1. _____________ Software designed to detect and destroy computer viruses

2. _____________Intelligence demonstrated by machines, primarily devices that perceives their
environment and takes actions
3. _____________ A manufacturer of CPUs, processors, flash memories and other computer hardware
4. _____________ A set of rules to be followed in calculations, especially by a computer
5. _____________ A set of rules that allow the creation of applications, which access the data of an
operating system, applications or service
6. _____________ A piece of software developed to be installed on mobile devices
7. _____________Software that automatically displays or downloads advertising material when a user
is online
8. _____________ A set of computer rules in firmware, that controls the input and output operations
9. _____________ A unit of data that contains eight binary bits. Or a series of eights zeros and ones.
10. _____________ A network of private computers infected with malicious software, controlled as a
group
11. _____________The access of a computer system with encrypted data that bypasses the systems
security system
12. _____________ The amount of data that is transferred or passed from one destination to another
13. _____________These are temporary files downloaded for web content. Your computer reloads
these files when you revisit a webpage
14. ______________ The cloud is where data is stored, controlled from remote servers via an internet
connection. Find out more about Cloud service.
15. ______________ A data file that is no longer usable, usually from infection of a virus
16. ______________ A term created to describe all the security put in place to protect computers from
cyberattacks.
17. ______________ A group of hackers who aim to damage or destroy a computer network or system
18. ______________ A digital currency in which encryption skills are used to regularly generate units of
currency, to verify the transfer of funds
19. ______________ The intention of harming and stopping a computer network, by flooding it with
data sent from many individual computers
20. ______________ A part of the World Wide Web that is only reachable via special software and
applications. The dark web allows users to operate whilst remaining untraceable
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

Reading
HADFORD University
Faculty: Electrical Engineering
Smaller, faster, cheaper!
The Computer’s family tree

In all fields, the impact of computers has been enormous. Everyday working life has changed for many
professionals due to the development of the computer. Obviously, this is also true for electrical
engineers. The design, analysis and operation of electrical and electronic systems have been
completely dominated by computers. However, the connection is even closer than this - electrical
engineers played a key role in the development of the computer in the first place.
Historically, the development of the computer started relatively recently, in the middle of the
20th century. These early models known as first generation computers, were hand built and consisted
of circuits containing vacuum tubes. They often used punched paper tape for input and storage. The
Colossus computers developed during the Second World War in Britain are famous examples of these
first-generation computers.
The Second-generation computers were more advanced. In their design, they used transistors
which were soldered to a printed circuit board instead of vacuum tubes. Transistors were rather than
unreliable at first, but they soon improved and brought great advantages. Firstly, they were more
reliable than vacuum tubes. Secondly, they were smaller. Finally, they were cheaper to produce and the
computers were cheaper to run. The IBM 1401 was a very popular commercially produced second
generation computer and sold over one hundred thousand units. Using transistors improved the
central processing unit (CPU) and also the peripheral devices, such as disk drives - both fixed and
removable - for storing tens of millions of letters and digits. It became possible to connect a computer
to remote terminal units, such as teletype machines, via telephone connection. This was the very
beginning of a computer network and would eventually lead to the Internet that we know today. The
invention of integrated circuits - or microchip - signalled an important development. Computers that
contain these devices are known as third generation computers. An integrated circuit is a type of an
electronic circuit. However, the components are not soldered to a circuit board and their
interconnections are formed on one single surface, typically a semiconductor such as silicon. This
means that integrated circuits are much smaller than normal circuits. For example, the smallest
microchip produced is currently just nine nanometers across.
Integrated circuits have brought many advantages. Firstly, the integration of large numbers of
tiny transistors into a small chip was a great improvement on the manual assembly of ordinary circuits,
and it became possible to mass produce integrated circuits. In addition, integrated circuits cost much
less than discrete circuits because chips with all their components are printed as a single unit and not
constructed one element at a time. Obviously, they require much less material in their construction, but
the most important thing is that their performance is very high. The components are very small and
close together, which means that they can operate quickly and consume little power, because the
signals travel short distances.
This new technology had important consequences. Small, low-cost computers were now
possible and could be bought by individuals and small businesses. A very early model was the Apple 1
made by Apple Computer. However, integrated circuits are not only used in computers but are also
used in almost all electronic equipment available today and have revolutionized the world of
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

electronics. For example, the mobile phone is a digital appliance that is a fundamental part of modern
society, and it was only possible by the low-cost production of integrated circuits.

Comprehension Exercises
1. When was the first computer invented?

2. What inventions and discoveries were important to the development of computers?

3. The article talks about three ‘generations’ of computers. What do you think they are?

4. Match T for True, F for False and NT for Not Mentioned:

a. ____ computers have had a big influence on the field of electrical engineering.
b. ____ the first computers used punched paper tape for input.
c. ____ transistors were an immediate improvement on vacuum tubes.
d. ____ disk drives were in use before the invention of the microchip.
e. ____ Canada played an important role in the development of computers.
f. ____ in a microchip, the components are soldered to a printed circuit board.
g. ____ it only became possible to manufacture computers commercially after the invention
of the microchip.
h. ____ applications of integrated circuits are limited to computers.
Grammar:
Degree of adjectives
Link: https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/course/intermediate/unit-13/tab/grammar
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the correct form of adjectives in parentheses.
1- If you want to be much _________________________ , you should exercise every day. ( healthy)
2- In order to become _____________ than others, some people start criminal activities. (wealthy)
3- My new car is ______________________ than my old one. (pretty)
4- Everyone struggles to have an even _____________ life in the future. (happy)
5- My brother is ______________________ than me. (lucky)
6- She is a little _____________________ than her older sister. (ugly)

2. Make sentences with the comparative form of these adjectives.

Beautiful Tolerant Troublesome stupid

Handsome Patient Good looking Simple

Intelligent Comfortable Hard working Cleaver

Interesting Convenient Surprising Irritating

Argumentative Egotistical Lovely Disturbing

Selfish Confident Talented Delicious

Jealous Cunning Talentless Appetizing

easygoing Romantic Sleepless expensive

3. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of adjectives in parentheses.

1- Osama was __________________________ guy for the U.S.A. (dangerous)
2- My nephew is ___________________________ than my uncle. (stingy)
3- Sydeny is __________________________ city in Australia. (beautiful)
4- Who is _______________________ man of the world in this century? (rich)
5- What is ___________________ way to become filthy rich in your life? (convenient)
6- My English is not ______________ than yours. (good)
7- Not listening to good advice is one of _________habits of my younger brother. (bad)
8- Our English class is ____________________________ than your math class. (interesting)
9- Learn ESL is one of ______________________ websites in the world. (good)
10- USA is one of ______________ countries in the world. (modern)

4. Choose the best options from what you learned about the degrees of adjective so far.
1. Tom is feeling very ______.
● angry
● angrier
● angriest
2. Nokia is a _______ company.
● good
● better
● best
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

3. Ahmad is _______ than his brother.

● fast
● faster
● fastest
4. Amongst the three brothers, Jawed is the ________
● tall
● taller
● tallest
5. She will live ______ than him.
● long
● longest
● longer
● larger
6. What about this? Isn’t it _______?
● beautiful
● beauteous
● beauty
7. The test was ________ than I thought it would be.
● difficult
● more difficult
● most difficult
8. He is the ________ boy in his class.
● old
● older
● oldest
9. This locality is ________ than ours.
● expensive
● more expensive
● most expensive
10. You are so ________, I am sure you can pick this up.
● strong
● weak
● fat
● thin
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

Lesson 11 and 12 Computer

Reading activity

Read the article available at

https://stackoverflow.blog/2021/08/23/youre-living-in-the-metaverse-you-just-dont-know-it-yet/,
while making a list of any new vocabulary or phrases they find.

Now you have finished reading, click on the following link

https://yourenglishpal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Your-English-Pal-ESL-Lesson-Plan-Metav
erse-Student-v1.pdf, then, answer the session 1 and 2.

Now you have finished doing session 1 and 2, do section 3, 4 and 5. Answers must be taken to the next
class.
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

MASTER TEACHER RODOLFO RODRIGUES PEREIRA DOS SANTOS

Student’s name: _________________________________________________________________________ Date: _____-_____-_____
English Applied to Electrical Engineering
TEST 2
Leia o texto para responder às questões abaixo:
A PID controller is an instrument used in industrial control applications to regulate temperature, flow,
pressure, speed and other process variables. PID (proportional integral derivative) controllers use a
control loop feedback mechanism to control process variables and are the most accurate and stable
controller. PID control is a well-established way of driving a system towards a target position or level. It's
practically ubiquitous as a means of controlling temperature and finds application in myriad chemical and
scientific processes as well as automation. PID control uses closed-loop control feedback to keep the
actual output from a process as close to the target or setpoint output as possible.
What is a PID Temperature Controller?
A PID temperature controller, as its name implies, is an instrument used to control temperature, mainly
without extensive operator involvement. A PID controller in a temperature control system will accept a
temperature sensor such as a thermocouple or RD as input and compare the actual temperature to the
desired control temperature or setpoint. It will then provide an output to a control element.
What is a Digital PID Controller?
A digital PID controller reads the sensor signal, normally from a thermocouple or RTD and connects the
measurement to engineering units, such as degree Fahrenheit or Celsius, that are then displayed in a
digital format.
History of PID Controller
The first evolution of the PID controller was developed in 1911 by Elmer Sperry. However, it wasn't until
1933 that the Taylor Instrumental Company (TIC) introduced the first pneumatic controller with a fully
tunable proportional controller. A few years later, control engineers eliminated the steady state error
found in proportional controllers by resetting the point to some artificial value as long as the error wasn’t
zero. This resetting “integrated” the error and became known as the proportional-Integral controller.
Then, in 1940, TIC developed the first PID pneumatic controller with a derivative action, which reduced
overshooting issues. However, it wasn’t until 1942, when Ziegler and Nichols tuning rules were introduced
that engineers were able to find and set the appropriate parameters of PID controllers. By the mid-1950’s,
automatic PID controllers were widely adopted for industrial use.

1. Qual a ideia principal do texto? (2,0 pontos)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ALAGOAS – IFAL

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Qual a utilização de um PID? (2,0 pontos)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. O PID controller não é utilizado em: (2,0 pontos)

a) termostato
b) fornos elétricos
c) automação
d) placas solares.

4. Marque (V) para as alternativas verdadeiras e (F) para as alternativas falsas: (2,0 pontos)
a) __________ a evolução do PID controller data final do século XIX.
b) __________ o primeiro controlador pneumático foi introduzido por Elmer Sperry.
c) __________ foi somente na primeira metade do século XX, que controladores PID automáticos foram
introduzidos.
d) __________ controladores PID digitais lêem o sinal do sensor, normalmente de um par termoelétrico e
conecta uma medida a uma unidade de engenharia em graus, que são, então, exibidas em formato digital.

5. Traduza a passagem abaixo: (2,0 pontos)

A PID temperature controller, as its name implies, is an instrument used to control temperature, mainly
without extensive operator involvement. A PID controller in a temperature control system will accept a
temperature sensor such as a thermocouple or RD as input and compare the actual temperature to the
desired control temperature or setpoint. It will then provide an output to a control element.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________