Differentiation&Integration Physics

MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS -

DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION
CONCEPT OF LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS:
Meaning OF THE SYMBOL x  a
Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhem Leibnitz
When the independent variable is gradually taken
developed Calculus.
to a definite value, say a, the dependent
(i) Constant quantity: If the value of a quantity variable, i.e., the function will lead to another defi-
remains the same in a mathematicaloperation, it nite value, say l. This value is defined as the lim-
is called a constant quantity. iting value of the function as the independent vari-
able approaches the given value a.
Examples: Integers (6, 9, 15, ...), Fraction (1/3,
4/7),  , e, etc., The arrow in the above symbol stands for gradual
approach of x to a and the symbol is read as x
(ii) Variable quantity: If the quantity takes differ- tending to a. If y = f(x) approaches a value l, as x
ent values in a mathematical approaches a, we say that the limiting value of
operation, it is called a variable quantity. f(x) is l when x approaches a and this is symboli-
cally written as
Examples: (i) In the equation y = 5x + 4, x and y
are variables. lim f (x)  l
x a
(ii) In the equation F = ma where F, m and a are
This symbol is read as the limit of the function is
variables. 1 when x tends to a
Variable quantities are divided into two types
EXAMPLES
(a) Independent quantity,
a) Let us inscribe a polygon of n sides in a circle of
(b) Dependent quantity. radius a. The area A of the polygon will depend
In the equation y = 5x + 4, x is the independent on the number of sides n.
quantity and y is the dependent quantity. Hence A = f(n)
2. Function: If corresponding to any given value of
x, there exists a single definite value of y, then y is
called a function of x. This is represented as y =
f(x). This equation means that corresponding to
one value of x, there is a single definite value of
the variable y.
Example : (i) Let y = 3x, when x = 1 then y = 3 ;
when x = 2 then y = 6
1
(ii) let y  sin  when   300 then y 
2
and when   900 then y=1
......Thus corresponding to each value of x, there
is a definite value of y.

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 Physics Differentiation&Integration
As we increase the number of sides, the sides When x approches 3 from right, we observe f(x)
will be shorter and shorter in size, the area of the approaches 6 from the right.
polygon will increase and ultimately when n is
made infinitely large, the area of the polygon will x2  9
x y  f x 
become equal to the area of circle. Thus we may x 3
say that the limiting value of the area of a polygon 3.1 6.1
of n sides inscribed in a circle is the area of the 3.01 6.01
circle itself, as n tends to infinity. 3.001 6.001
3.0001 6.0001
Ex: Let us take the function
From the above two tables, it is clear that as x
x2  9 tends to 3,
y  f x 
x 3 x2  9
y  f x  approaches (or tends to) 6.
x 3
x2 - 9 x2  9
y=  lim 6
x- 3 x 3 x  3

3. Difference and Differential coefficient:

(0, 6) Let y be a function of x. This is denoted as y =
f(x). Here x and y are variables. Let the value of
(0, 3)
x change to x   x and correspondingly the
x value of y changes to y   y .
(–3, 0) O (3, 0)
The change between the initial and final values of
a variable quantity is called its difference.
Here the student generally concludes that the Difference in x   x   x   x   x ; Differ-
above expression could also have been easily
written as y = f(x) = x +3. But this is only true ence in y   y   y   y   y
when x  3. The ratio of  y /  x is called the quotient of the
two increments.
Actually we shall not be able to find the value of
this function at x = 3, because at x = 3 the func- When difference in x (i.e.,  x ) is very very very
small i.e., almost approaching to zero, then we
0
tion has a value which is an indeterminate y dy
0 write is equal to .
value. For this let us again consider the values of x dx
x approaching from the left as well as the right In mathematical language we represent the above
towards 3 y dy
st atement as : Limit  or
When x approaches 3 from left, we observe f(x) x  0  x dx
approaches 6 from the left.  y dy y
Lt  . In this equation is the ratio
x  0  x dx x
x2  9
x y  f x  of a small quantity y to another small quantity
x 3
2.9 5.9 x . But dy /dx is a single quantity and is called
2.99 5.99 the differential coefficient of y with respect to x.
2.999 5.999 dy y  f  x  x   f  x  
2.9999 5.9999  Lt  Lt  
dx  x  0 x x  0  x 
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 Differentiation&Integration Physics

The rate of change of a dependent variable with y BC

 = tan  , where  is the angle which the
respect to the independent variable is called the x AC
line AB makes with the positive direction of
differential coefficient or derivative.
x–axis. When  x  0 , B almost coincides with
d A, the straight line becomes almost tangent to
does not mean that d is divided by dx. It is a
dx the curve at A and let  be the angle made by
single operator called the differential operator. the tangent with the positive direction of x–axis.
This means as x  0 ,    .
4. Differentiation: The process of finding the dif-
ferential coefficient of a function is called differ- y dy
Lt  tan  or  tan 
x  0  x dx
entiation.
Hence the differential coefficient at any point gives
5. Geometrical Meaning of the Derivative: the slope of the curve at that point.
The differential coefficient dy /dx at any point 1. Basic Theorems on Differentiation
is the slope of the curve (representing the i) The derivative of a constant is zero.
function) at that point. It is the tangent of the angle Let y = f(x) = c. Where c is constant.
which the line drawn as tangent to the curve at dy d
Then  c   0
that point makes with the positive direction of dx dx
Example: Differentiate y = 2a where a is a con-
x–axis. dy /dx also gives the instantaneous rate
stant
of change of y with respect to x at a given point.
dy d
  2a   0
Y dx dx
Q
ii) The differential coefficient of xn is obtained by
decreasing the power of x by unity and multiply-
ing by n.
B dy
If y = xn then  n x n 1 , where n may be posi-
dx
y tive or negative.
 WE-1: Differentiate
A
P
C (i) y = x10 and (ii) y = x–2. w.r.t. x
x
dy d
  Solution : (i) 
dx dx
 x 10   10x 9 .
E O D M N X
d 2
(ii)
dx
 x   2x 2 1  2x 3
In figure the curve PQ represents the function
iii) The derivative of the product of a constant and a
y = f(x). Let the co–ordinates of the point A be
function is equal to the product of the constant
(x, y) and that of B be  x   x, y   y  . Draw
and the derivative of the function.
suitable perpendiculars as shown in the figure.
Let u be a function of x and “c” is a constant i.e.,
AC  ON  OM   x   x   x   x y = cu
BC  BN  CN   y   y   y   y dy d du
Then   cu   c
dx dx dx

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WE-2: Differentiate y = 8x8 w.r.t. x. Quotient Rule: The differential coefficient of
dy d d quotient of two functions = 2nd function × derivate
Solution : 
dx dx
 8x 8   8  x 8 
dx of the 1st function – 1st function × derivative of
 8  8  x 8 1  64x 7 2nd function/(second function)2
iv) The derivative of the algebraic sum of two func- Let y = u/v where u and v are two functions of x.
tions is equal to the algebraic sum of the deriva-
Then,
tives of the two functions.
Let y = u  v  w  .......where u, v, w.....are all dy d v  du / dx   u  dv / dx 
functions of x.  u / v 
dx dx v2
dy d
Then   u  v  w  ... WE-5: Differentiate y = (x2 + 1)/(x – 1) w.r.t. x.
dx dx
Solution: Here u = x2 + 1, v = x – 1.
d d d
  u    v    w   .... dy d
dx dx dx  x 2  1 /  x  1 

WE-3: Differentiate y = 3x4 + 2x2 – 10x w.r.t. x. dx dx  
d d
Solution :
dy

d
 3x 4  2x 2  10x   x  1  x 2  1   x 2  1  x  1
 dx dx
dx dx 2
 x  1
d d d

dx
 3x 4  
dx
 2x 2  
dx
10x 
 x  1  2x   x 2  1  1 x 2  2x  1
= 
 4.3.x 4 1  2.2.x 2 1  10.x 11  x  1
2
 x  1
2

 12x 3  4x  10 Chain rule or function in a function rule:

RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION Let y = f (u) where y is a function of u and u is a
Product Rule: The differential coefficient of the function of x
products of two functions = 1st function × differ-
dy dy du
ential coefficient of the 2nd function + 2nd function Then  .
st
× differential coefficient of the 1 function. dx du dx
2 10
Let y = u v where u and v are functions of x. WE-6: Differentiate y = (4x –5x +10)
w.r.t. x.
dy d dv du
Then   uv   u  v Solution: Let 4x2 – 5x + 10 = u. Then y = u10
dx dx dx dx
dy d
d dw dv du 
du du
 u 10   10u 9 - - - - - - - -(1)
(uvw)  uv  uw  vw
dx dx dx dx
du d
2
WE-4: Differentiate y = x(x – 2x)w.r.t. x. 
dx dx
 4x 2  5x  10 
Solution: Here u = x, v = x2 – 2x
  8x  5  --------- (2)
dy d
  x  x 2  2x  
dx dx   dy dy du
Now,  .  10u 9   8x  5 
d d . dx du dx
 x  x 2  2x    x 2  2x   x 
dx dx 9
 10  4x 2  5x  10    8x  5 
 x  2x  2    x 2  2x   1  3x 2  4x

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WE-7: Differentiate g  x   e1cos x  with dy

WE-9: Find , Given x = acos3  and y = b sin3 
respect to x. dx
dx d
dg d 1 cos x  Solution:  a.3 cos 2   cos   
Solution: g  x   
dx dx
e   d d

Using chain rule, 3a cos 2    sin    3a sin  cos 2 .. 1
dy d du
dg d  b.3sin 2 .  sin  
 e1cos x  1  cosx  d d dx
dx dx
d
1 cos x   d d  
dx
 4x 2  5x  10  n
e  1   cos x  
 dx dx 
 3b sin 2 .cos   3b sin 2  cos ....  2 
1 cos x  1 cos  x 
e  sin x    sin x  .e
dy dy / d 3b sin 2  cos   b
   tan 
dx dx / d 3a sin  cos 2  a
dg
g  x     sin x  .e1 cos x 
dx Differential coefficients of some Trigonomet-
ric, Exponential and Logarithmic functions:
d2 y d
If y  cos  x  , what is
2
WE-8: ? 1.  sin x   cos x
dx 2 dx
Solution:Differentiate the first time using the d
Chain Rule.
2.  cos x    sin x
dx

dy d d
   sin x 2   x 2  3.  tan x   sec 2 x
dx dx dx
d
  sin x 2  2x  2x sin x 2 4.  cot x    co sec 2 x
dx
Differentiate the second time using the Product d
Rule and the Chain Rule. 5.  sec x   sec x tan x
dx
d2 y d d d
2
 sin x 2   2x    2x    sin x 2  6.  co sec x    co sec x cot x
dx dx dx dx
d
 2sin x 2  2x cos x 2   2x  7.
dx
 ex   ex

d2 y d 1
y  2
 2sin  x 2   4x 2 cos  x 2  8.  log x  
dx dx x
Differentiation of parametric forms: Note :
Let x and y be functions of a parameter  then d  dy  d 2 y ds
i)   ii) v 
dy dy / d dx  dx  dx 2 dt

dx dx / d dv dv
iii) a  iv) a  v
dt dx

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 Physics Differentiation&Integration
WE-10: If the motion of a particle is represented by dy
s  t 3  t 2  t  2 m , find the position, velocity,, Thus, decreases at a maximum and hence
dx
and acceleration of the particle at 2s. dy
the rate of change of is negative at a maxi-
Solution: s  t 3  t 2  t  2 dx
mum i.e.
3 2 d  dy 
s  2    2    2    2   2  12m    0 at a maximum. The quantity
dx  dx 
d  dy 
ds   is the rate of change of the slope. It is
v t   3t 2  2t  1 dx  dx 
dt
d2y
written as . Thus, the condition of a maxi-
2
v  2   3  2   2  2   1  15 m / s dx 2
mum is
dy 
d 2s dv 0
a t  2   3  2t   2  6t  2 dx
dt dt 
d2y  – maximum
2
 0
a  2   12  2  14 m / s2 dx 
Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from
Differentiation of a function w.r.t new variable: negative to positive. The slope increases at
If y = x2 then find dy/dt = ? d  dy 
d 2 d dx d dx dx such a point and hence    0 . The con-
(x )  (x 2 )   (x 2 )   2x dx  dx 
dt dt dx dx dt dt
Maxima And Minima dy 
0
Suppose a quantity y depends on another quan- dx

tity x in a manner shown in figure. It becomes dition of a minimum is d 2 y – minimum
2
 0 
maximum at x1 and minimum at x2. dx 
Y
WE-11: Find the maxima and minima for the
function y = x3 – 3x + 2
Solution: At maxima or minima dy/dx=0.
dy
 3x 2  3 =0; 3(x 2  1)  0
x1 x2 X dx
x=+1 or x=-1
At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel
to the X – axis and hence its slope is tan   0 . d2y  d2y 
 6x ;  2   6x1  6  0
But the slope of the curve y(x) equals the rate of dx 2  dx  x 1
dy So, x=1 is point of minima.
change .
dx The minimum value of the function,
y = (1)3 – 3(1) + 2=0
dy
Thus, at a maximum or a minimum,  0.
dx  d2y 
 2  6x  1   6  0
Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at  dx  x  1
the maximum it is zero and just after the maxi- So, x=-1 is point of maxima.
mum it is negative. The maximum value of the function,
y = (-1)3 – 3(-1) + 2=4.

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 Differentiation&Integration Physics

d
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
7.
dx
 x3  =
1. Which of these quantities are variables?
x2
A) the length of a train A) 3x3 B) 3x2 C) 3x4 D)
3
B) the distance travelled by the train
dy
C) number of hours in a day 8. If y  x 5 then =
dx
D) the charge on an electron
A) 5 x 4 B) 4x 3 C) 2x 4 D) 5 x 3
1
2. If y = 2x + 3 then the value of y for x  is
2 1 dy
9. If y  10 then =
A) –4 B) 0 C) +4 D) 8 x dx
3. For the graph given in which regions is the  55  10  10  24
slope positive? A) 16 B) 14 C) D)
x x x 11 x6

d
10. x=
dx
y
1 1 1
A) B) C) D) 2 x
x 2 x 2 x

x d  1 
O A B C D 11. =
dx  x 
A) OA and CD B) AB and CD
C) OA and BC D) none of these 1 1 1
A) 3 B) 3 C) D) 2 x 3
4. The area of a square of length L is A. i.e., 2 x x 2 x3
area A = L2. If we change L to L + DL, then
dy
area will change A to A + DA such that 12. If x 2 y  1 then =
dx
ΔA
Lt = ___________ 2 x3 3x x2
Δ L  0 ΔL
A) 3 B) C) D)
A) 2 B) 2L C) 2(L + A) D) 0 x 2 4 4
5. The curve for y = 2x2 is drawn its slope is dy
13. If y   x 2  1  x 3  3  then =
dy dx
given by tan   = 4x. then the slope at
dx
A) 5 x 4  3x 2  6 x B) 4 x 3  2 x  3
x= 6 is
C) 5x 3  2 x  7 D) 2x  9 x  1
A) 4 B) 6 C) 24 D) 72

d dy
6.   = 14. If y  3x  2  2x  1 , then =
dx dx
A) 2x + 3 B) 12x + 1

A)  B) C) 1 D) zero C)9x + 7 D) 4x +2
2

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 Physics Differentiation&Integration

dy dy
15. If y   2 x 3  3   2 x 3  1 , then = 21. If x  at 4 , y  bt 3 , then find
dx dx

 18  26 3a 3b 2a 3b
A) 4
 6x 2 B)  9x A) B) C) D)
x x2 4bt 4at 3bt 4a

 48 1 22. If x = a  θ + sin θ  and y = a 1 - cosθ 

C) 3  7 x D) 6  8 x
x x dy
then =
dx
d  3x + 4 
16. =  
dx  4x + 5  A) tan B) cot
2 2
1 1

A)  4 x  5 2 B)  4 x  5 2 C) sec D) None of these
2

1 23. If f  x   x cos x , find f u  x 

C)  4 x  5 2 D) None of these
A) -x cos x –sin x B) -x sin x – 2cos x
17. The derivative of sin x + log x (x> 0) is C) -x cos x –2sin x D) -x cos x – sin x
____________.
24. If a particle is having displacement as a
1 2 function of time as s  3t 2  4 t  5 then the
A) sin x  B) cos x 
x 4 velocity of the particle at t=2s is ____ m/s
1 1 A) 16 B) 14 C) 18 D) 24
C) cos x  D) cos x 
x x MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

18. The derivative of y  x 2  1 is 25. The displacement of a particles is given by:

y  a  bt  ct 2  dt 4 . and acceleration
x x are respectively.
A) 2 B)
x 1 x 2 1 A) The initial velocity ( t=0) is b

x x B) acceleration at t=0 is 2c
C) D) C) The initial velocity ( t=0) is 4b
1 x 1 x3
D) acceleration at t=0 is 6c
dy
19. If y  cos 2 x , then = COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
dx
A) cosx B) sinx dy
If y = xn then  n x n 1 , where n may be
dx
C) –sin2x D) sin2x
positive or negative.
dy dy
20. If y  cos x 3 , then find 26. If y  3x 2  2 x , then =
dx dx
A)  3x 2 sin x 3 B)  2 x 2 sin x 3 A) 6x + 2 B) 5x + 4
C)  2 x 2 sin x 3 D) 3x 2 sin x 3 C) 6x + 4 D) 7x + 8
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 Differentiation&Integration Physics

d 2
27.
dx
 x +2x+3 = 6.
d
   0
dx
A) 2x + 3 B) 2(x + A)
d 3  n 1 d n 
C) 3x + 4 D) 2x+1 7.
dx
 x   3x 2  nx  dx x 
 
4 3 5 dy
28. If y  4x  2x   9 , find dy
x dx 8.  5x 4
dx
3 2 5
A)16x  6x  b 2  4ac dy 10
x2 9. y  x 10 
dx x11
3 2 5 d 1
B) 16x  6x  1/2
x 
x2 dx 2 x
3 2 5 d 1/2 1
C) 16x  6x 
x2 11. dx  x  
2 x3
3 2 5 dy 2
D) 16x  6x  12. x 2 y  1 
x2 dx x 3
NUMERICAL/INTEGER ANSWER
13. y   x 5  3x 2  x 3  3 
TYPE QUESTIONS
29. If a particle is having velocity as a function dy
 5x 4  3x 2  6x
of time as v  5 t  3t  10 then the
2
dx
acceleration of the particle at t=1s is
____ _ m/s2. 14. y   6x 2  3x  4x  2 

EXERCISE - I KEY dy
 12x  1
1) B 2) C 3) C 4) B 5) C dx
6) D 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) C
15. y   2  2x 3  6x 3  3 
11) C 12) A 13) A 14) B 15) A
16) A 17) C 18) A 19) C 20) A dy 18
21) B 22) A 23) C 24) A  4  6x 2
dx x
25) A,B 26) A 27) B 28) A 29) 7
d  3x  4 
16.  
HINTS & SOLUTIONS dx  4x  5 
1. The distance travelled by the train du dv
v u 1
d u dx dx 
1  
2
2. y = 2  3  4 dx  v  v2  4x  5 
2
3. OA and BC d 1
17.  sin x  log x   cos x 
4. 2L dx x
5. 4 × 6 = 24

40 IIT CO Spark Programme Narayana CO School

 Physics Differentiation&Integration

d x
18. dx  
x2 1 
x2 1
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
2 dy
19. y  cos x  2sin x cos x   sin 2x d
dx 1.  2
dx
3 dy
20. y  cos x  sin x  3x 2 sin 2 x 3 A) log 2 B) 1 C) 2x D) 0
dx
d
21.
dy 3b
 2. x
dx
dx 4at
1) 0 2) 1 3) x D) 2x
22. x  a    sin   y  a 1  cos  
d
dy
 tan
 3.
dx
 2x 2 
dx 2
A) 1+2x B) 4x C) 4x+1 D) 2x
23. f  x   x cos x
d 3
f   x   x cos x  2sin x
4.
dx
 x +2x 2  4x+1 =

24. s  3t 2  4t  5 A) 3x2 + 4x – 4 B) 3x2 -4x + 4

C) 3x2 + 4x + 1 D) 3x2 + 2x – 4
ds
c  6t  4  6  2  4  16
dt d
25. Initial velocity (t =0) is b
5.  sin 2x 
dx
d2y A) 2 cos2x B) cos2x
 t  0  2c
dt 2 C) 2 sin2x D) sin 2x

 dy n 1  d
26.   nx y  xn  6.  tan 2x 
 dx  dx
dy A) 2sec 2 2x B) 2sec 2 x
 6x  2
dx
C) 2 tan 2x D) sec 2 x
d 2
27.  x  2x  3  2x  2  2  x  1 d
dx 7.
dx
 e x sin x 
dy 5
28.  16x 3  8x 2  2 A) e x cos x  e x sin x
dx x
29. v  5t 2  3t  10 B) e x sin x  e x cos x

dv C) e x  sin x  1
a  10t  3  10 1  3  7
dt
= 7 m/s2 D) e x cos x

Narayana CO School IIT CO Spark Programme 41

 Differentiation&Integration Physics
MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS EXERCISE -II KEY
8. Which of the following is correct? 1) D 2) B 3) B 4) A 5) A
6) A 7) A 8) A,B,C,D 9) D
d
A)  sin x   cos x 10) A 11) C 12) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
dx
13) 7 14) 0
d HINTS & SOLUTIONS
B)  cos x    sin x
dx d d
1. 2  0 2. x  1
d dx dx
C)  tan x   sec 2 x
dx d
d
3.
dx
 2x 2   4x
D)
dx
 e 2x   2e 2 x
d 3
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
4.
dx
 x  2x 2  4x  1  3x 2  4x  4

A particle moves along x – axis is such a way d

that its co – ordinate (x) varies from with time
5.  sin 2x   2cos 2x
dx
according to the expression x  2  5t  6t 2 . d
6.  tan 2x   2sec2  2x 
9. The initial velocity of the particle is dx
A) -6 B) 4 C) 2 D) -5 d x
7.
dx
 e sin x    e x cos x  e x sin x 
10. The velocity (in m/s) of the particle at t=2s
is d d
8.  sin x   cos x   cosx    sin x
A) 19 B) 14 C) 12 D) 15 dx dx
11. The acceleration (in m/s2) of the particle at d d 2
t=1s is dx
 tan x   sec 2 x 
dx
 e x   2e 2 x

A) 19 B) 24 C) 12 D) 15 dx
9. x  2  5t  6t 2  v = dt  –5 m/s
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
12. Column-I Column-II dx
10. v   5  12  t  5  12  2  19
Function Derivative dt
a) 5 1) 0 d2x
11. a   12
4 dt 2
b) 4x/5 2) 12. a-1,b-2,c-3,d-4
5
c) 5x2/2 3) 5x dy
13. y  10x 8 ;  80x 81  80x 1
d) 2x3/3 4) 2x2 dx
5) 0.8 dy
14.  6x 2  6x  0
NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS dx
13. The differentiation of y = 10x8 w.r.t. x is then x = 1
80xn. The value of n is ___. d2 y
Similarly, 2  12x  6
14. The point of maxima of a function: dx
y = 2x3 - 3x2 + 6 is ___. x = 0.5

42 IIT CO Spark Programme Narayana CO School

 Physics Differentiation&Integration

d
5. sin x =
dx
1. The volume of a sphere is given by
4 cos x sin x
V= π R 3 where R is the radius of the A) B)
3 4 x sin x 4 x sin x
sphere. The rate of change of volume with
1
respect to R and the change in volume of C) D) None
the sphere as the radius is increased from 4 x sin x
20.0 cm to 20.1 cm respectively are (As- 6. A particle is moving in a straight line and
sume that the rate does not appreciably
the distance described by the particle in time
change between R=20.0 cm to R = 20.1 cm )
t is given by s = a sin (bt + c) where a, b, c
A) 4 R 2 ,160  cm3 are constants. If v is the velocity and f is the
acceleration of the particle at an instant t,
B) 4  R 2 ,1600 cm3
then f2 =
C) 4  R 2 ,16  cm 3 A) sb B) b2s
D) None C) –b2s D) None
2. A particle is moving in a straight line with df
the relation between the time and distance 7. In the above problem s. =
dt
in such a way that s = t3 – 9 t2 + 24t – 18.
Then the value of its velocity when its accel- A) v2f B) f2v C) vf D) None
ds dv 8. Water is dripping out at the steady rate of 2
eration is zero is (Hint: v = and a = )
dt dt cc/sec through a tiny hole at the vertex of a
A) 3 units B) –3 units conical funnel, whose axis is vertical. When
C) 6 units D) –6 units the slant height of the water is 4 cm then the
3. A stone projected vertically upward with ini- rate of decrease of the slant height of water
tial velocity 112 ft/sec moves as per equa- is [Given that the vertical angle of the fun-
tion s = 112 t – 16 t2; Where s is the distance nel is 120°].
from the starting point. Then the values of
the velocity and acceleration at t = 3 sec re-
r
spectively are
A) 16 ft/sec, –32 ft/sec2
h
B) –16 ft/sec, 32 ft/sec2
l
C) –16 ft/sec,–32 ft/sec2
10

600
D) None
4. At the point (1,2) on the curve y = 2x3, the
gradient of the curve is increasing K times 1 2
as fast as x. Then K = A) cm / sec B) cm / sec
 3
A) 6 B) 12 4 1
C) cm / sec D) cm / sec
C) 18 D) 24 3 3

Narayana CO School IIT CO Spark Programme 43

 Differentiation&Integration Physics
9. A light is hung 4.5 m directly above a straight Acc. = 0  6 t – 18 = 0  t = 3 units.
horizontal wall on which a man of 1.8 m tall Velocity = 3 × 9 – 18 × 3 + 24 = –3 units.
is walking. How fast is the man’s shadow
3. Given s = 112t – 16 t2
lengthening when he is walking away from
the light at the rate of 12 kmph ? ds d2 s
 v  112 – 32 t, a    32 .
dt dt 2
Light B
(a) At t = 3, v = 112 – 96 = 16ft/sec,
a = –32ft/sec2

4.5 m
C 4. Given curve is y = 2x3
Man Gradient of the curve at any point on it = slope
1.8 m

A dy
D y M x of the tangent at that point = m =  6x 2
dx

A) 8 kmph B) 4 kmph dm dx  dm  dx
 12x    12 .
 dt dt  dt  1,2  dt
C) 12 kmph D) 16 kmph
the gradient is increasing 12 times as fast as
EXERCISE -III KEY
x.  K = 12 .
1) A 2) B 3) A 4) B 5) A
6) C 7) C 8) D 9) A 5. Let y = v , Let v = sin  u  , Let u = x
HINTS & SOLUTIONS 1 1
dy 1 
 = 2 sin  u  2 sin
1. V
4
 R3 or,
dv 2 v  x  - -(1)
3
dv d
dV 4 d 4   sin u   cos u = cos  x  - - - -(2)
 
dR 3 dR
 R 3   .3R 2  4  R 2 .
3
du du
du d
At R = 20 cm, the rate of change of volume with 
dx dx
 x   2 1 x - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(3)
the radius is
dy dy dv du
dV 2 as  . .
 4  R 2  4   20cm  = 1600  cm 2 dx dv du dx
dR
1
The change in volume as the radius changes from dy
 
20.0 cm to 20.1cm is dx 2 sin  x .
dV 1
V 
dR
R cos  x . 2 x
 1600  cm 2
  0.1cm   160  cm 3 cos x
=
2. Given s = t3 – 9t2 + 24t – 18 4 x s in x
6. Given s = a sin (bt + c)................(1)
ds
Velocity =  3t 2  18 t  24, ds
dt  v  ab cos  bt  c  ......(2)
dt
d2s and
acc.   6 t  18 at any instant t.
dt 2 dv d 2 s
f   2   ab 2 sin  bt  c  ............(3)
dt dt

44 IIT CO Spark Programme Narayana CO School

 Physics Differentiation&Integration

From (1), (3) f = – b2 s MATHEMATICS FOR

PHYSICS INTEGRATION
df ds
7. f  b2 s   b 2 .  b2 v
dt dt
df Introduction
 s.  s   b 2 v   v   b 2 s   vf
dt Suppose you peel a potato and spread out the
8.  For the water in the conical funnel : Volume of peeled layer it occupies some area. (volume 
water = V, slant height = l, height = h , radius = r. area). If this area is cut into strips each strip has
The rate of decrease of volume some length (area  length). The strip itself can
of water is given and we are asked to find rate of be divided into bits. (length – point). Every time
decrease of slant height of water.
you differentiate there is a decrease of one
For that we have to first find the relation between
V and l. We know that dimension (in length).
Suppose you stick bits of paper to form strips.
1 2 (point  length). Attach strips to form sheets
V = r h . - - - - - - - - (1)
3 (length  area) and stick sheets one over the
We have to write r and h in terms of l other to form a box (area  volume) you are
 semi vertical angle = 60°, From the figure integrating and each time you integrate there is
h 1 an increase of one dimension (in length).
= cos 60° = and
l 2 Thus we see that differentiation and integration
r 3 l 3 are inverse process.
 sin 60   h= and r = l
l 2 2 2 Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
from (1) The primary problem of Differential Calculus is :
1 2  3l 2 l 3 Given a function, to find its differential coefficient.
 V r h     l 3 But the primary problem of Integral Calculus is
3 3 4 2 38
its inverse, i.e., ‘Given the differential coefficient
dV 3 dl
   3l 2 - - - - - - - - (2) of a function, to find the function itself’.
dt 38 dt Definition. Let f(x) be a given function of x. If we
dV can find a function g (x) such that
At l  4cm,  2cc / sec .
dt
d
From (2) we have [g (x)] = f(x) then g(x) is called the integral
dx
3 dl dl 1
2  16    cm/sec of f(x). We write  f(x) dx = g (x).
8 dt dt 3
9. Let B be the light and A the point directly under-
neath it on the road. Let CM be The sign  is called the integral sign. The symbol
the position of the man such that AM = x m dx indicates that the integration is to be performed
and DM = y m be the length of the with respect to the variable x.
man’s shadow.
The function to be integrated is called the
y 1.8 2 d
 y  x  4.5  y  3 x Integrand. For example, (sin x) = cos x
dx
dy 2  dx 
   
dt 3  dt 
  cos x dx = sinx,
d
dx dy 2 tan x = sec2 x
At  12 kmph,   12  8 kmph. dx
dt dt 3 2
  sec x dx = tan x

Narayana CO School IIT CO Spark Programme 45

 Differentiation&Integration Physics

Note:
1. The symbol  is an elongated S which is the
first letter of sum, as the process of integration F
originated from summation of infinite series.
F(x)
2. The symbol  and dx, separately have no
meaning. These two symbols may be regarded
as something like a pair of brackets in which the x
0 x0 xi-1 xi xN
function is to be integrated. a b
Geometrical meaning of integration. If Figure shows the variation of F(x) with x. If the
force were constant, work would be simply the
differentiation is finding the slope of a curve at a
area F(b-a) as shown in Fig. But in the general
point then integration is finding the area under the
case, force is varying.
curve.
To calculate the area under this curve, let us
Integral calculus
employ the following trick. Divide the interval on
You are familiar with the notion of area. The x-axis from a to b into a large number (N) of
formulae for areas of simple geometrical figures small intervals: x0(=a) to x1, x1 to x2 ; x2 to x3,
are also known to you. For example, the area of ............................ xN–1 to xN (=b). The area under
a rectangle is length times breadth and that of a the curve is thus divided into N strips. Each strip
triangle is half of the product of base and height. is approximately a rectangle, since the variation
But how to deal with the problem of determination of F(x) over a strip is negligible. The area of the
of area of an irregular figure? The mathematical ith strip shown is then approximately.
notion of integral is necessary in connection with DA1 = F(xi) (xi – xi–1) = F(xi)Dx
such problems. where Dx is the width of the strip which we have
Let us take a concrete example. Suppose a taken to be the same for all the strips. You may
variable force f(x) acts on a particle in its motion wonder whether we should put F(xi-1) or the mean
along x-axis from x = a to x = b. The problem is of F(xi) and F(xi-1) in the above expression. If
to determine the work done (W) by the force on we take N to be very very large  N    , it
does not really matter, since then the strip will be
the particle during the motion.
so thin that the difference between F(xi) and F(xi-
1
) is vanishingly small. The total area under the
curve then is:
F N N
A   A i   F  x i  x
F(x) i 1 i 1

The limit of this sum as N   is known as the

integral of F(x) over x from a to b. It is given a
x special symbol as shown below.
0 a b
b
A   F(x)dx .
a

46 IIT CO Spark Programme Narayana CO School

 Physics Differentiation&Integration
Constant of Integration
n x n 1
Let
d
[g(x)] = f(x)
 x dx  n 1
dx
 sin x dx   cosx
d d d
Then [g(x) + c]  [g(x)] + (c) = This introduction to differential and integral
dx dx dx
f(x) + 0 = f(x) calculus is not rigorous and is intended to convey
to you the basic notions of calculus.
 f (x) dx = g(x) + c Few Formulae of Integration
The arbitrary constant ‘c’ is called the constant d x
of integration g(x) + c is called the indefinite 1.  dx   1.dx  x because dx
1

integral because of its indefiniteness [c may have

n x n 1
any value]. 2. (i)  x dx   C , Here n   1
n 1
A most significant mathematical fact is that
integration is, in a sense, an inverse of 1 1
(ii) If n = –1,  x dx   dx  log e x
differentiation. x
x
Suppose we have a function g(x) whose 3. e dx  e x
d
derivative is f(x), i.e. f(x)  g x  x ax
dx 4.  a dx  log e a
The function g(x) is known as the indefinite integral
of f(x) and is denoted as 5.  sin x dx   cos x
g(x)   f(x)dx 6.  cos x dx  sin x
An integral with lower and upper limits is known 2

as a definite integral. It is a number. Indefinite

7.  sec x dx  tan x
2
integral has no limits; it is a function. 8.  co sec x dx   cot x
A fundamental theorem of mathematics states that
b
9.  sec x tan x  sec x
b
 f (x)dx  g(x)
a
a  g(b)  g(a) 10.  co sec x cot x dx  co sec x
As an example, suppose f(x) = x2 and we wish 11.  tan x dx  log  sec x 
to determine the value of the definite integral from 12.
x = 1 to x = 2. The function g(x) whose differential
 cot x dx  log  sin x 
is x2 is x3 / 3. Therefore 13.  sec x dx  log  sec x  tan x 
2
b
2  x3  23 13 8 1 7 14.  co sec x dx  log  co sec x  cot x 
a x dx   3   3  3  3  3  3
1 cos ax
Clearly, to evaluate definite integrals, we need to
15.  sin ax dx   a
know the corresponding indefinite integrals. Some sin ax
common indefinite integrals are 16.  cos ax dx  a

Narayana CO School IIT CO Spark Programme 47

 Differentiation&Integration Physics

Note: The constant of integration C is present in all 13. Integrate the given function.
indefinite integrals even if it is not mentioned.] 1
WE-2: f x  x 
x
1. If u(x) is a function of x and c is a constant then
 cu  x  dx  c  u  x  dx i.e., the integral of the  1 
Solution:   x   dx
product of a constant and a function of x is the  x
product of the constant and the integral of the
1
function.   xdx   dx  2 x 3/2  2 x  C
x 3
2. If u(x), v(x), w(x)....are integral functions then
x
1/ 2
dx   x 1/ 2 dx

  u  v  w  .... dx 1 1
1  1
2 2
  udx   vdx   wdx  ..... x x
   C 2 32
1 1  x 2 x C
1  1 3
i.e., the integral of the sum (or difference) of a 2 2
number of functions is equal to the sum (or dif-
 1  y .2ydy
2
ference) of this integrals. WE-3: Evaluate

Note : Solution: Let u  1  y 2 , du  2ydy

ds
i) v
dt
 ds  vdt   ds   vdt I 1  y .2ydy   u
2 1/2
du

dv u 1/ 2 1 2
ii) a  dv  adt   dv   adt   u 3/2
dt 1/ 2  1 3
12. Integrate the given function.
Replace u by 1  y 2
1
WE-1: f  x   x 6  10x 3  5 2 3/2
x I
3
1  y2   C

Solution: I   f  x  dx cos x
WE-4: Evaluate  5  sin x 2
dx
 
1
  x 6 dx   10x 3dx   dx   5 dx
x Solution:Let u  5  sin x, du  cos xdx

x 61 x 31 cos x 1 1

  10  ln x  5x  C I 2
dx   2
du  C
6 1 3 1  5  sin x  u u

Replace u by 5 + sinx
x 7 5x 4
   ln x  5x  C
7 2 1
I C
5  sin x

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 Physics Differentiation&Integration
3

  4x  2x  1 dx
2
WE-5: Evaluate
0 SINGLE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1
3 3 3 2 3 1.  x dx
4x 2x 0
Solution:   4x  2x  1 dx 
2 3
 x0
0 3 0
2 3 4 6 1
A) B) C) D)
2 2 2 2
1
3 2
4 3 2  3 2

3
0
2
030 2.  x dx 
0

 36  9  3  48 2 1
A) B) C) 0 D) 3
WE-6: Find the area bounded by the curve 3 3
y = sinx and x-axis, when the limit is 3. When you are given the expression for the
slope (or gradient) of a curve and you inte-

(i) x = 0 and x  (ii) x   and x   grate it, we get
2
A) the area under the curve
Solution:
B) the length of the curve
C) the equation of the curve
D) none of these
4. What will the integral of the area of an
spherical object over radius gives you ?
A) volume of the object
B) total area of the object
C) edge of the object
D) none of these
 /2 / 2
5. If electric current is defined as the rate of
(i)  ydx   sin xdx
0 0 flow of charge then which of these statements
is correct ?
/ 2   
I    cos x 0    cos  cos 0 
 2  1
A) i   qdt B) i   q dt
I    0  1  1
2
dq  dq 
  C) i  D) i   
dt  dt 
(ii)  ydx   sin xdx
 
3

6. x dx where x is a length will have
I    cos x    cos   cos     _________ dimensions in time.

I    1   1   0 A) 0 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6

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 Differentiation&Integration Physics

dv 
7. If   E , then we can say that 2
dr
13.  cos xdx 


A) E   Vdr B) V   Edr 2

C) E    Vdr D) V    Edr 1) 2 2) 3 3) 5 4) 9
Q
8. A certain quantity on differentiation with q
respect to time gives zero and on integration 14. 0 c dq  (Here c is a constant)
gives 5t. The quantity is

A) 5 s B) (t + 5)s
Q 2 Q3 Q2 Q
1) 2) 3) 4)
2c 2c 2c c
C) (t2 + 5) s D) (t3 + t2 + 5t) s
 /2 
cos x dx  GMm
9.  0
15.  x2
dx  (G, M and m are constants)
R


A) 0 B) 1 C) -1 D) GMm GMm
2 1) 2)
R R
r

  2 x  x  dx 
3
10. GMm GMm
0 3) 4)
2R 2R
2 r4 2 r4 l
A) r  B) r  2
4 4 M 2
16.  x dx  (M, l are constants)
l l
r3 2 2
C) r  D) r 2
4
Ml 2 Ml 2 Ml 2  Ml 2
11.  6sin x dx  1)
12
2)
8
3)
2
4)
3
A) 6cos x  c B) 6cos x  c
t

C) 6sin x  c D) 6sin x  c 17.  Asin wt dt  _________ (where A and w

0
3
  ax  bx  c  dx
2
12. are constants)
0

A A
9
A) 9a  b  3c
9
B) ab  a  3c 1) 1  cos wt  2) 1  cos wt 
3 2 w w

9 9 w w
C) 9a  b  3c
2
D) 9a  b  3c
2
3) 1  cos wt  4) 1  sin wt 
A A

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 Physics Differentiation&Integration
R 24. Let the instantaneous velocity of rocket, just
GMm
18. Solve integration with respect x I   2 dx after launching , be given by the
x
 expression v  2t  3t 2 (where v is in
GMm GMm GMm GMm ms 1 and t in seconds). Find out the distance
A)  B)  C) D)  travelled by the rocket from t  2 s to t  3s
R R 2R 2R
2 A) 35m B) 56m C) 24m D) 42m
3
19.  x dx
1
MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
25. Which of the following is correct?
18 16 15 19
A) B) C) D)
5 7 4 18 A)  cos x dx   sin x  c
v
n x n 1
20.  mvdv = ____ ( m = constant) B)  x dx  c
u
n 1
1
m  v2  u 2  m v2  u2  C)  x dx   log e x  c
A) B)
2 2

m  v2  u 2 
D)  dx  x  c
C) D) All COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
2
If we integrate the force that acts on a body
 with respect to displacement of that body,
4
then we get the total work done by that force.
21.  cos 2xdx
0 26. A force which pushes the object in the
x – direction is given by Fx   3x 2  x  2  N .
1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D) The work done by this force as it pushes the
5 6 8 2
object from x = 0 to x = 2 m is
22. Evaluate:  1  y 2 . 2 ydy A) 10 J B) 20 J C) 14 J D) 8 J
27. A position dependent force
2 2 3/ 2 2 3 3/ 2
A) 1  y   c B) 1  y   c F  4x  3x  2x  4 newton acts on a
3 2

4 6 small body of mass 2kg and displaces it from

24 3/ 2 2 3/ 2 x = 0 to x = 2m. Calculate the work done.
C)
8
1  y 4   c D) 1  y 2   c
3 A) 20 J B) 24 J C) 16 J D) 12 J
28. A particle moves under the effect of a force
2 zdz
23. Evaluate:  F = cx2 from x = a to x =b. The work done in
3
z2 1 the process is________ (c is a constant)
c 2
A)
3 2

2/ 3
z  1  c B)
3 3

3/ 2
z  1  c A)
2
 b  a2  B) c  b 2  a 2 
2 4
c 3 3 3 3 3
3 4 3/ 2
C)  z  1  c
8 4 3/5
D)  z  1  c C)
3
b  a  D)
c
b  a 
5 5
Narayana CO School IIT CO Spark Programme 51
 Differentiation&Integration Physics
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS r r
 2 x4  4
29. Column-I Column-II 10.   2x  x   x  4   r2  r
dx  3

2  0 4
Function Integral
a) 10 1) 7x3/6 11.  6 sin xdx  6 cos x  c
2 2
b) 8x/5 2) x 3

  ax  bx  c 
2
5 12.
2 0
c) 7x /2 3) 10x
3
3
2x 4  ax 3 bx 2  9b
d) 2x /3 4)    cx   9a   3c
12  3 2 0 2
5) 0.8 x2
 /2
NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE: / 2

13.  cos xdx   sin x 


 / 2
=2
1 
5 2
30.  6y dy  ____
1
a
q Q2
EXERCISE - I KEY 14.  c dq 
0 2c
1) D 2) B 3) C 4) A 5) C
6) A 7) D 8) A 9) A 10) B 
GMm GMm
11) B 12) C 13) A 14) C 15) B 15. 
R x 2
dx 
R
16) A 17) A 18) B 19) C 20) B
21) D 22) D 23) A 24) C 

2
25) B,D 26) C 27) A 28) C m 2 M /2
ml 2
 x dx   x 3  
29) a-3; b-2,5; c-1; d-4 30) 0 16. l   / 2
 12

2
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
t
1 1 A
 A sin  t  dt   1  cos t 
2
x  1 17.
1. 0 xdx   x   2 0
0
R
1
x3 1 GMm GMm
2.
2
0 x dx  3  3 18. I   2
dx 
 x R
3. The equation of the curve 2 2
4. Volume of the object  x 4  15
3
19.  x dx    
dq 1  4 1 4
5. I
dt v v
6. 0 dimension in time  v2  1
   mv  u 
2 2
20.  mvdv  m
7. v    E.dr u  2 u 2

8. 5 sec  /4  /4
 sin 2x  1
 /2
 /2
cos xdx   sin x 0 dx = 1
21.  cos 2xdx  
 2 0  
2
9. 0
0

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 Physics Differentiation&Integration

2 3/ 2
22.  1  y 2 .2ydy 
3
1  y2   c
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
3 2 2/3 2zdz
23.
2
 z  1  c   1. 
1
x dx
3 z2 1 1

ds A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 3
24. c 
dt
  2x  x  dx
2
2.
ds  vdt
2 x3 3 x2
s   vdt A) x  c B) x  c
3 3
3 3
 3 x2 x4
s   2t  3t   t 2  3   = 24m
2 4
C) x  c 3
D) x  c
2  3 2 3 3

3 1 
25.  cos xdx   sin x  cC 3.   x  4 x
2
5 x   dx
x 2/3 
 dx  x  c 4 x 3 10 3 2 1

2
A) 3ln x   x  3x 3  c
3 3
26.    Fdx    3x  x  2  dx
0
4 x 3 10 3 2 1
B) 2ln x   x  3x 3  c
2 3 3
 3x 3 x 2 
   2x   145
 3 2 0 4 x 3 10 3 2 1
C) 4ln x   x  3x 3  c
3 3
2

27.     4x  3x  2x  4 
3
4 x 3 10 3 2 1
0 D) 2ln x   x  3x 3  c
3 3
2
 x 4 3x 3 2x 2  4.  Sin2 xdx
 4    4x 
 4 3 2 0
Sin 2 x Cos 2 x
A)  c B)  c
  20J 2 2
b Tan 2 x Sec 2 x
b
 cx 3 
2 c 3 3 C)  c D)  c
28.    cx dx      b  a  2 2
a  3 a 3
2

29. a-3,b-2, 5, c-1, d-4

5.  Cos x.dx
x Sin2 x x Cos 2 x
1 6 1 A)  c B)  c
5  6y  2 4 2 4
30.  6y dy    =0
6  1
1 x Tan 2 x x Co sec 2 x
C)  D) 
2 4 2 4

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 Differentiation&Integration Physics
2 10. A force which pushes the object in the x
6.  Sin xdx
direction is given by: Fx   3 x  2  N . Find
x sin 2 x x cos 2 x
A)  c B)  c the work done by this force as it pushes the
2 4 2 4 object from x=0 to x=4m.
x sin 2 x x cos 2 x A) 48J B) 24J
C)  c D) 
2 4 2 4 C) 32J D) 84J
MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 11. A particle moves under the effect of force
7. Which of the following is correct? F  cx from x=0 to x=x1. Then work done in
this process is
x
A) e dx  log e x  c
 1 2
A) Cx12 B) Cx1
2
B)  x dx  2 x  c
C) 2Cx12 D) 3Cx12
C)  cot x dx  log  sin x   c NUMERICAL/INTEGER ANSWER
TYPE QUESTIONS
axx
D)  e dx  c 12. Work done is obtained by integrating power
log e x
with time, i.e., W   Pdt . Power applied to
8. Which of the following is correct?
a particle varies with time as

A) cosec x cot x dx  cosec x  c P   3t 2  2t  1 watt, where t is in second.


The work done on the particle between t=2s
2 and t=4s is ___J.
B) sec x dx  tan x  c

EXERCISE -II KEY
2
C)  cosec x dx   cot x  c 1) A 2) A 3) A 4) B 5) A
6) C 7) A,B,D 8) B,C,D
D) sec x tan x dx  sec x  c
 9) D 10) C 11) B 12) 46

COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

If we integrate the force that acts on a body 1 1
 x2 
with respect to displacement of that body, 1.  x dx   
1  2  1
then we get the total work done by that force.
9. A position dependent force F  7  2 x  3 x 2 2x 2 x 3
  2x  x  dx 
2
newton acts on a small body of mass 2kgs & 2.  1
2 3
displaces it from x=o to x=5m calculate the
work done 2x3
 x  c
A) 140J B) 48J 3
C) 86J D) 135J
n x n 1
 x dx  n 1
c

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 Physics Differentiation&Integration

3 2 1   sec x tan xdx  sec x  c

3.   x  4x 5 x   dx
x 2/3 
9. F  7  2x  3x 2
3 4x 3 10 3/ 2
   x  3x1/3  c 5 5
nx 3 3    Fdx    7  2x  3x 2  dx
0 0
 cos 2x
4.  sin2xdx  2  c 5
 2x 2 3x  
=  7x    = 1357
5.  cos
2
xdx   1  sin 2 x  dx  2 3 0

x sin 2x 4
  c
2 4 10.    Fdx    3x  2  dx
0

6.  sin
2
xdx   1  cos x  dx
2

4
 3x 2 
x sin 2x   2x  = 32J
  c  2 0
2 4
x x1 x1
7.  e dx  log e xc 1 2
11.    Fdx   cxdx  cx1
0 0 2
 xdx  2 x  c
4
x ax 12.     3t  2t  1 2
2

 e dx  log e x
c

2 4
8.  sec xdx  tan x  c  3 2t 2 
 3   t  = 46J
2  3 2  42
 cos ec xdx   cot x  c
***

Narayana CO School IIT CO Spark Programme 55