746 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.

1 Binomial Probability Table 747


r 
r
Table A.1 Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p) Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0 x=0

p p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
1 0 0.9000 0.8000 0.7500 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000 8 0 0.4305 0.1678 0.1001 0.0576 0.0168 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000
1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1 0.8131 0.5033 0.3671 0.2553 0.1064 0.0352 0.0085 0.0013 0.0001
2 0 0.8100 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0.3600 0.2500 0.1600 0.0900 0.0400 0.0100 2 0.9619 0.7969 0.6785 0.5518 0.3154 0.1445 0.0498 0.0113 0.0012 0.0000
3 0.9950 0.9437 0.8862 0.8059 0.5941 0.3633 0.1737 0.0580 0.0104 0.0004
1 0.9900 0.9600 0.9375 0.9100 0.8400 0.7500 0.6400 0.5100 0.3600 0.1900
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 4 0.9996 0.9896 0.9727 0.9420 0.8263 0.6367 0.4059 0.1941 0.0563 0.0050
5 1.0000 0.9988 0.9958 0.9887 0.9502 0.8555 0.6846 0.4482 0.2031 0.0381
3 0 0.7290 0.5120 0.4219 0.3430 0.2160 0.1250 0.0640 0.0270 0.0080 0.0010 6 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9915 0.9648 0.8936 0.7447 0.4967 0.1869
1 0.9720 0.8960 0.8438 0.7840 0.6480 0.5000 0.3520 0.2160 0.1040 0.0280 7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9832 0.9424 0.8322 0.5695
2 0.9990 0.9920 0.9844 0.9730 0.9360 0.8750 0.7840 0.6570 0.4880 0.2710 8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
3 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
9 0 0.3874 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0101 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000
4 0 0.6561 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1296 0.0625 0.0256 0.0081 0.0016 0.0001 1 0.7748 0.4362 0.3003 0.1960 0.0705 0.0195 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000
1 0.9477 0.8192 0.7383 0.6517 0.4752 0.3125 0.1792 0.0837 0.0272 0.0037 2 0.9470 0.7382 0.6007 0.4628 0.2318 0.0898 0.0250 0.0043 0.0003 0.0000
2 0.9963 0.9728 0.9492 0.9163 0.8208 0.6875 0.5248 0.3483 0.1808 0.0523 3 0.9917 0.9144 0.8343 0.7297 0.4826 0.2539 0.0994 0.0253 0.0031 0.0001
3 0.9999 0.9984 0.9961 0.9919 0.9744 0.9375 0.8704 0.7599 0.5904 0.3439 4 0.9991 0.9804 0.9511 0.9012 0.7334 0.5000 0.2666 0.0988 0.0196 0.0009
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 5 0.9999 0.9969 0.9900 0.9747 0.9006 0.7461 0.5174 0.2703 0.0856 0.0083
5 0 0.5905 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.0778 0.0313 0.0102 0.0024 0.0003 0.0000 6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9987 0.9957 0.9750 0.9102 0.7682 0.5372 0.2618 0.0530
1 0.9185 0.7373 0.6328 0.5282 0.3370 0.1875 0.0870 0.0308 0.0067 0.0005 7 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9962 0.9805 0.9295 0.8040 0.5638 0.2252
2 0.9914 0.9421 0.8965 0.8369 0.6826 0.5000 0.3174 0.1631 0.0579 0.0086 8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9899 0.9596 0.8658 0.6126
3 0.9995 0.9933 0.9844 0.9692 0.9130 0.8125 0.6630 0.4718 0.2627 0.0815 9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 1.0000 0.9997 0.9990 0.9976 0.9898 0.9688 0.9222 0.8319 0.6723 0.4095 10 0 0.3487 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0060 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1 0.7361 0.3758 0.2440 0.1493 0.0464 0.0107 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000
6 0 0.5314 0.2621 0.1780 0.1176 0.0467 0.0156 0.0041 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 2 0.9298 0.6778 0.5256 0.3828 0.1673 0.0547 0.0123 0.0016 0.0001
1 0.8857 0.6554 0.5339 0.4202 0.2333 0.1094 0.0410 0.0109 0.0016 0.0001 3 0.9872 0.8791 0.7759 0.6496 0.3823 0.1719 0.0548 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000
2 0.9842 0.9011 0.8306 0.7443 0.5443 0.3438 0.1792 0.0705 0.0170 0.0013 4 0.9984 0.9672 0.9219 0.8497 0.6331 0.3770 0.1662 0.0473 0.0064 0.0001
3 0.9987 0.9830 0.9624 0.9295 0.8208 0.6563 0.4557 0.2557 0.0989 0.0159 5 0.9999 0.9936 0.9803 0.9527 0.8338 0.6230 0.3669 0.1503 0.0328 0.0016
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9954 0.9891 0.9590 0.8906 0.7667 0.5798 0.3446 0.1143 6 1.0000 0.9991 0.9965 0.9894 0.9452 0.8281 0.6177 0.3504 0.1209 0.0128
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9993 0.9959 0.9844 0.9533 0.8824 0.7379 0.4686 7 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9877 0.9453 0.8327 0.6172 0.3222 0.0702
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9893 0.9536 0.8507 0.6242 0.2639
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9990 0.9940 0.9718 0.8926 0.6513
7 0 0.4783 0.2097 0.1335 0.0824 0.0280 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1 0.8503 0.5767 0.4449 0.3294 0.1586 0.0625 0.0188 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000
2 0.9743 0.8520 0.7564 0.6471 0.4199 0.2266 0.0963 0.0288 0.0047 0.0002 11 0 0.3138 0.0859 0.0422 0.0198 0.0036 0.0005 0.0000
3 0.9973 0.9667 0.9294 0.8740 0.7102 0.5000 0.2898 0.1260 0.0333 0.0027 1 0.6974 0.3221 0.1971 0.1130 0.0302 0.0059 0.0007 0.0000
4 0.9998 0.9953 0.9871 0.9712 0.9037 0.7734 0.5801 0.3529 0.1480 0.0257 2 0.9104 0.6174 0.4552 0.3127 0.1189 0.0327 0.0059 0.0006 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9996 0.9987 0.9962 0.9812 0.9375 0.8414 0.6706 0.4233 0.1497 3 0.9815 0.8389 0.7133 0.5696 0.2963 0.1133 0.0293 0.0043 0.0002
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9984 0.9922 0.9720 0.9176 0.7903 0.5217 4 0.9972 0.9496 0.8854 0.7897 0.5328 0.2744 0.0994 0.0216 0.0020 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 5 0.9997 0.9883 0.9657 0.9218 0.7535 0.5000 0.2465 0.0782 0.0117 0.0003
6 1.0000 0.9980 0.9924 0.9784 0.9006 0.7256 0.4672 0.2103 0.0504 0.0028
7 0.9998 0.9988 0.9957 0.9707 0.8867 0.7037 0.4304 0.1611 0.0185
8 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9941 0.9673 0.8811 0.6873 0.3826 0.0896
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9941 0.9698 0.8870 0.6779 0.3026
10 1.0000 0.9995 0.9964 0.9802 0.9141 0.6862
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
748 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.1 Binomial Probability Table 749


r 
r
Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p) Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0 x=0

p p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
12 0 0.2824 0.0687 0.0317 0.0138 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000 15 0 0.2059 0.0352 0.0134 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000
1 0.6590 0.2749 0.1584 0.0850 0.0196 0.0032 0.0003 0.0000 1 0.5490 0.1671 0.0802 0.0353 0.0052 0.0005 0.0000
2 0.8891 0.5583 0.3907 0.2528 0.0834 0.0193 0.0028 0.0002 0.0000 2 0.8159 0.3980 0.2361 0.1268 0.0271 0.0037 0.0003 0.0000
3 0.9744 0.7946 0.6488 0.4925 0.2253 0.0730 0.0153 0.0017 0.0001 3 0.9444 0.6482 0.4613 0.2969 0.0905 0.0176 0.0019 0.0001
4 0.9957 0.9274 0.8424 0.7237 0.4382 0.1938 0.0573 0.0095 0.0006 0.0000 4 0.9873 0.8358 0.6865 0.5155 0.2173 0.0592 0.0093 0.0007 0.0000
5 0.9995 0.9806 0.9456 0.8822 0.6652 0.3872 0.1582 0.0386 0.0039 0.0001 5 0.9978 0.9389 0.8516 0.7216 0.4032 0.1509 0.0338 0.0037 0.0001
6 0.9999 0.9961 0.9857 0.9614 0.8418 0.6128 0.3348 0.1178 0.0194 0.0005 6 0.9997 0.9819 0.9434 0.8689 0.6098 0.3036 0.0950 0.0152 0.0008
7 1.0000 0.9994 0.9972 0.9905 0.9427 0.8062 0.5618 0.2763 0.0726 0.0043 7 1.0000 0.9958 0.9827 0.9500 0.7869 0.5000 0.2131 0.0500 0.0042 0.0000
8 0.9999 0.9996 0.9983 0.9847 0.9270 0.7747 0.5075 0.2054 0.0256 8 0.9992 0.9958 0.9848 0.9050 0.6964 0.3902 0.1311 0.0181 0.0003
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9972 0.9807 0.9166 0.7472 0.4417 0.1109 9 0.9999 0.9992 0.9963 0.9662 0.8491 0.5968 0.2784 0.0611 0.0022
10 1.0000 0.9997 0.9968 0.9804 0.9150 0.7251 0.3410 10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9907 0.9408 0.7827 0.4845 0.1642 0.0127
11 1.0000 0.9998 0.9978 0.9862 0.9313 0.7176 11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9981 0.9824 0.9095 0.7031 0.3518 0.0556
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 12 1.0000 0.9997 0.9963 0.9729 0.8732 0.6020 0.1841
13 0 0.2542 0.0550 0.0238 0.0097 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 13 1.0000 0.9995 0.9948 0.9647 0.8329 0.4510
1 0.6213 0.2336 0.1267 0.0637 0.0126 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 14 1.0000 0.9995 0.9953 0.9648 0.7941
2 0.8661 0.5017 0.3326 0.2025 0.0579 0.0112 0.0013 0.0001 15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
3 0.9658 0.7473 0.5843 0.4206 0.1686 0.0461 0.0078 0.0007 0.0000 16 0 0.1853 0.0281 0.0100 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000
4 0.9935 0.9009 0.7940 0.6543 0.3530 0.1334 0.0321 0.0040 0.0002 1 0.5147 0.1407 0.0635 0.0261 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000
5 0.9991 0.9700 0.9198 0.8346 0.5744 0.2905 0.0977 0.0182 0.0012 0.0000 2 0.7892 0.3518 0.1971 0.0994 0.0183 0.0021 0.0001
6 0.9999 0.9930 0.9757 0.9376 0.7712 0.5000 0.2288 0.0624 0.0070 0.0001 3 0.9316 0.5981 0.4050 0.2459 0.0651 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9988 0.9944 0.9818 0.9023 0.7095 0.4256 0.1654 0.0300 0.0009 4 0.9830 0.7982 0.6302 0.4499 0.1666 0.0384 0.0049 0.0003
8 0.9998 0.9990 0.9960 0.9679 0.8666 0.6470 0.3457 0.0991 0.0065 5 0.9967 0.9183 0.8103 0.6598 0.3288 0.1051 0.0191 0.0016 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9922 0.9539 0.8314 0.5794 0.2527 0.0342 6 0.9995 0.9733 0.9204 0.8247 0.5272 0.2272 0.0583 0.0071 0.0002
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9888 0.9421 0.7975 0.4983 0.1339 7 0.9999 0.9930 0.9729 0.9256 0.7161 0.4018 0.1423 0.0257 0.0015 0.0000
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9874 0.9363 0.7664 0.3787 8 1.0000 0.9985 0.9925 0.9743 0.8577 0.5982 0.2839 0.0744 0.0070 0.0001
12 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9903 0.9450 0.7458 9 0.9998 0.9984 0.9929 0.9417 0.7728 0.4728 0.1753 0.0267 0.0005
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 10 1.0000 0.9997 0.9984 0.9809 0.8949 0.6712 0.3402 0.0817 0.0033
14 0 0.2288 0.0440 0.0178 0.0068 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 11 1.0000 0.9997 0.9951 0.9616 0.8334 0.5501 0.2018 0.0170
1 0.5846 0.1979 0.1010 0.0475 0.0081 0.0009 0.0001 12 1.0000 0.9991 0.9894 0.9349 0.7541 0.4019 0.0684
2 0.8416 0.4481 0.2811 0.1608 0.0398 0.0065 0.0006 0.0000 13 0.9999 0.9979 0.9817 0.9006 0.6482 0.2108
3 0.9559 0.6982 0.5213 0.3552 0.1243 0.0287 0.0039 0.0002 14 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967 0.9739 0.8593 0.4853
4 0.9908 0.8702 0.7415 0.5842 0.2793 0.0898 0.0175 0.0017 0.0000 15 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967 0.9719 0.8147
5 0.9985 0.9561 0.8883 0.7805 0.4859 0.2120 0.0583 0.0083 0.0004 16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
6 0.9998 0.9884 0.9617 0.9067 0.6925 0.3953 0.1501 0.0315 0.0024 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9976 0.9897 0.9685 0.8499 0.6047 0.3075 0.0933 0.0116 0.0002
8 0.9996 0.9978 0.9917 0.9417 0.7880 0.5141 0.2195 0.0439 0.0015
9 1.0000 0.9997 0.9983 0.9825 0.9102 0.7207 0.4158 0.1298 0.0092
10 1.0000 0.9998 0.9961 0.9713 0.8757 0.6448 0.3018 0.0441
11 1.0000 0.9994 0.9935 0.9602 0.8392 0.5519 0.1584
12 0.9999 0.9991 0.9919 0.9525 0.8021 0.4154
13 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9932 0.9560 0.7712
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
750 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.1 Binomial Probability Table 751


r 
r
Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p) Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0 x=0

p p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
17 0 0.1668 0.0225 0.0075 0.0023 0.0002 0.0000 19 0 0.1351 0.0144 0.0042 0.0011 0.0001
1 0.4818 0.1182 0.0501 0.0193 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000 1 0.4203 0.0829 0.0310 0.0104 0.0008 0.0000
2 0.7618 0.3096 0.1637 0.0774 0.0123 0.0012 0.0001 2 0.7054 0.2369 0.1113 0.0462 0.0055 0.0004 0.0000
3 0.9174 0.5489 0.3530 0.2019 0.0464 0.0064 0.0005 0.0000 3 0.8850 0.4551 0.2631 0.1332 0.0230 0.0022 0.0001
4 0.9779 0.7582 0.5739 0.3887 0.1260 0.0245 0.0025 0.0001 4 0.9648 0.6733 0.4654 0.2822 0.0696 0.0096 0.0006 0.0000
5 0.9953 0.8943 0.7653 0.5968 0.2639 0.0717 0.0106 0.0007 0.0000 5 0.9914 0.8369 0.6678 0.4739 0.1629 0.0318 0.0031 0.0001
6 0.9992 0.9623 0.8929 0.7752 0.4478 0.1662 0.0348 0.0032 0.0001 6 0.9983 0.9324 0.8251 0.6655 0.3081 0.0835 0.0116 0.0006
7 0.9999 0.9891 0.9598 0.8954 0.6405 0.3145 0.0919 0.0127 0.0005 7 0.9997 0.9767 0.9225 0.8180 0.4878 0.1796 0.0352 0.0028 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9974 0.9876 0.9597 0.8011 0.5000 0.1989 0.0403 0.0026 0.0000 8 1.0000 0.9933 0.9713 0.9161 0.6675 0.3238 0.0885 0.0105 0.0003
9 0.9995 0.9969 0.9873 0.9081 0.6855 0.3595 0.1046 0.0109 0.0001 9 0.9984 0.9911 0.9674 0.8139 0.5000 0.1861 0.0326 0.0016
10 0.9999 0.9994 0.9968 0.9652 0.8338 0.5522 0.2248 0.0377 0.0008 10 0.9997 0.9977 0.9895 0.9115 0.6762 0.3325 0.0839 0.0067 0.0000
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9894 0.9283 0.7361 0.4032 0.1057 0.0047 11 1.0000 0.9995 0.9972 0.9648 0.8204 0.5122 0.1820 0.0233 0.0003
12 1.0000 0.9999 0.9975 0.9755 0.8740 0.6113 0.2418 0.0221 12 0.9999 0.9994 0.9884 0.9165 0.6919 0.3345 0.0676 0.0017
13 1.0000 0.9995 0.9936 0.9536 0.7981 0.4511 0.0826 13 1.0000 0.9999 0.9969 0.9682 0.8371 0.5261 0.1631 0.0086
14 0.9999 0.9988 0.9877 0.9226 0.6904 0.2382 14 1.0000 0.9994 0.9904 0.9304 0.7178 0.3267 0.0352
15 1.0000 0.9999 0.9979 0.9807 0.8818 0.5182 15 0.9999 0.9978 0.9770 0.8668 0.5449 0.1150
16 1.0000 0.9998 0.9977 0.9775 0.8332 16 1.0000 0.9996 0.9945 0.9538 0.7631 0.2946
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 17 1.0000 0.9992 0.9896 0.9171 0.5797
18 0 0.1501 0.0180 0.0056 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 18 0.9999 0.9989 0.9856 0.8649
1 0.4503 0.0991 0.0395 0.0142 0.0013 0.0001 19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2 0.7338 0.2713 0.1353 0.0600 0.0082 0.0007 0.0000 20 0 0.1216 0.0115 0.0032 0.0008 0.0000
3 0.9018 0.5010 0.3057 0.1646 0.0328 0.0038 0.0002 1 0.3917 0.0692 0.0243 0.0076 0.0005 0.0000
4 0.9718 0.7164 0.5187 0.3327 0.0942 0.0154 0.0013 0.0000 2 0.6769 0.2061 0.0913 0.0355 0.0036 0.0002
5 0.9936 0.8671 0.7175 0.5344 0.2088 0.0481 0.0058 0.0003 3 0.8670 0.4114 0.2252 0.1071 0.0160 0.0013 0.0000
6 0.9988 0.9487 0.8610 0.7217 0.3743 0.1189 0.0203 0.0014 0.0000 4 0.9568 0.6296 0.4148 0.2375 0.0510 0.0059 0.0003
7 0.9998 0.9837 0.9431 0.8593 0.5634 0.2403 0.0576 0.0061 0.0002 5 0.9887 0.8042 0.6172 0.4164 0.1256 0.0207 0.0016 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9957 0.9807 0.9404 0.7368 0.4073 0.1347 0.0210 0.0009 6 0.9976 0.9133 0.7858 0.6080 0.2500 0.0577 0.0065 0.0003
9 0.9991 0.9946 0.9790 0.8653 0.5927 0.2632 0.0596 0.0043 0.0000 7 0.9996 0.9679 0.8982 0.7723 0.4159 0.1316 0.0210 0.0013 0.0000
10 0.9998 0.9988 0.9939 0.9424 0.7597 0.4366 0.1407 0.0163 0.0002 8 0.9999 0.9900 0.9591 0.8867 0.5956 0.2517 0.0565 0.0051 0.0001
11 1.0000 0.9998 0.9986 0.9797 0.8811 0.6257 0.2783 0.0513 0.0012 9 1.0000 0.9974 0.9861 0.9520 0.7553 0.4119 0.1275 0.0171 0.0006
12 1.0000 0.9997 0.9942 0.9519 0.7912 0.4656 0.1329 0.0064 10 0.9994 0.9961 0.9829 0.8725 0.5881 0.2447 0.0480 0.0026 0.0000
13 1.0000 0.9987 0.9846 0.9058 0.6673 0.2836 0.0282 11 0.9999 0.9991 0.9949 0.9435 0.7483 0.4044 0.1133 0.0100 0.0001
14 0.9998 0.9962 0.9672 0.8354 0.4990 0.0982 12 1.0000 0.9998 0.9987 0.9790 0.8684 0.5841 0.2277 0.0321 0.0004
15 1.0000 0.9993 0.9918 0.9400 0.7287 0.2662 13 1.0000 0.9997 0.9935 0.9423 0.7500 0.3920 0.0867 0.0024
16 0.9999 0.9987 0.9858 0.9009 0.5497 14 1.0000 0.9984 0.9793 0.8744 0.5836 0.1958 0.0113
17 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9820 0.8499 15 0.9997 0.9941 0.9490 0.7625 0.3704 0.0432
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 16 1.0000 0.9987 0.9840 0.8929 0.5886 0.1330
17 0.9998 0.9964 0.9645 0.7939 0.3231
18 1.0000 0.9995 0.9924 0.9308 0.6083
19 1.0000 0.9992 0.9885 0.8784
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
752 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.2 Poisson Probability Table 753


r 
r
Table A.2 Poisson Probability Sums p(x; μ) Table A.2 (continued) Poisson Probability Sums p(x; μ)
x=0 x=0

μ μ
r 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 r 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
0 0.9048 0.8187 0.7408 0.6703 0.6065 0.5488 0.4966 0.4493 0.4066 0 0.0041 0.0025 0.0015 0.0009 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001
1 0.9953 0.9825 0.9631 0.9384 0.9098 0.8781 0.8442 0.8088 0.7725 1 0.0266 0.0174 0.0113 0.0073 0.0047 0.0030 0.0019 0.0012 0.0008
2 0.9998 0.9989 0.9964 0.9921 0.9856 0.9769 0.9659 0.9526 0.9371 2 0.0884 0.0620 0.0430 0.0296 0.0203 0.0138 0.0093 0.0062 0.0042
3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9982 0.9966 0.9942 0.9909 0.9865 3 0.2017 0.1512 0.1118 0.0818 0.0591 0.0424 0.0301 0.0212 0.0149
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9992 0.9986 0.9977 4 0.3575 0.2851 0.2237 0.1730 0.1321 0.0996 0.0744 0.0550 0.0403
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9997 5 0.5289 0.4457 0.3690 0.3007 0.2414 0.1912 0.1496 0.1157 0.0885
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 6 0.6860 0.6063 0.5265 0.4497 0.3782 0.3134 0.2562 0.2068 0.1649
7 0.8095 0.7440 0.6728 0.5987 0.5246 0.4530 0.3856 0.3239 0.2687
8 0.8944 0.8472 0.7916 0.7291 0.6620 0.5925 0.5231 0.4557 0.3918
9 0.9462 0.9161 0.8774 0.8305 0.7764 0.7166 0.6530 0.5874 0.5218
μ 10 0.9747 0.9574 0.9332 0.9015 0.8622 0.8159 0.7634 0.7060 0.6453
r 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 11 0.9890 0.9799 0.9661 0.9467 0.9208 0.8881 0.8487 0.8030 0.7520
0 0.3679 0.2231 0.1353 0.0821 0.0498 0.0302 0.0183 0.0111 0.0067 12 0.9955 0.9912 0.9840 0.9730 0.9573 0.9362 0.9091 0.8758 0.8364
1 0.7358 0.5578 0.4060 0.2873 0.1991 0.1359 0.0916 0.0611 0.0404 13 0.9983 0.9964 0.9929 0.9872 0.9784 0.9658 0.9486 0.9261 0.8981
2 0.9197 0.8088 0.6767 0.5438 0.4232 0.3208 0.2381 0.1736 0.1247 14 0.9994 0.9986 0.9970 0.9943 0.9897 0.9827 0.9726 0.9585 0.9400
3 0.9810 0.9344 0.8571 0.7576 0.6472 0.5366 0.4335 0.3423 0.2650 15 0.9998 0.9995 0.9988 0.9976 0.9954 0.9918 0.9862 0.9780 0.9665
4 0.9963 0.9814 0.9473 0.8912 0.8153 0.7254 0.6288 0.5321 0.4405
16 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9990 0.9980 0.9963 0.9934 0.9889 0.9823
5 0.9994 0.9955 0.9834 0.9580 0.9161 0.8576 0.7851 0.7029 0.6160
17 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9992 0.9984 0.9970 0.9947 0.9911
6 0.9999 0.9991 0.9955 0.9858 0.9665 0.9347 0.8893 0.8311 0.7622 18 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993 0.9987 0.9976 0.9957
7 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9958 0.9881 0.9733 0.9489 0.9134 0.8666 19 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9995 0.9989 0.9980
8 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9962 0.9901 0.9786 0.9597 0.9319 20 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9991
9 1.0000 0.9997 0.9989 0.9967 0.9919 0.9829 0.9682
21 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996
10 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9972 0.9933 0.9863
22 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9991 0.9976 0.9945 23 1.0000 0.9999
12 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9980 24 1.0000
13 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993
14 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
15 1.0000 0.9999
16 1.0000
754 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.3 Normal Probability Table 755


r
Table A.2 (continued) Poisson Probability Sums p(x; μ)
x=0 Area

μ
r 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 Table A.3 Areas under the Normal Curve 0 z

0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
1 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
−3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
2 0.0028 0.0012 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
−3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
3 0.0103 0.0049 0.0023 0.0011 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
−3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
4 0.0293 0.0151 0.0076 0.0037 0.0018 0.0009 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001
−3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
5 0.0671 0.0375 0.0203 0.0107 0.0055 0.0028 0.0014 0.0007 0.0003
−3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
6 0.1301 0.0786 0.0458 0.0259 0.0142 0.0076 0.0040 0.0021 0.0010 −2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
7 0.2202 0.1432 0.0895 0.0540 0.0316 0.0180 0.0100 0.0054 0.0029 −2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
8 0.3328 0.2320 0.1550 0.0998 0.0621 0.0374 0.0220 0.0126 0.0071 −2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
9 0.4579 0.3405 0.2424 0.1658 0.1094 0.0699 0.0433 0.0261 0.0154 −2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
10 0.5830 0.4599 0.3472 0.2517 0.1757 0.1185 0.0774 0.0491 0.0304 −2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
11 0.6968 0.5793 0.4616 0.3532 0.2600 0.1848 0.1270 0.0847 0.0549 −2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
12 0.7916 0.6887 0.5760 0.4631 0.3585 0.2676 0.1931 0.1350 0.0917 −2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
13 0.8645 0.7813 0.6815 0.5730 0.4644 0.3632 0.2745 0.2009 0.1426 −2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
14 0.9165 0.8540 0.7720 0.6751 0.5704 0.4657 0.3675 0.2808 0.2081 −2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
15 0.9513 0.9074 0.8444 0.7636 0.6694 0.5681 0.4667 0.3715 0.2867 −2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
16 0.9730 0.9441 0.8987 0.8355 0.7559 0.6641 0.5660 0.4677 0.3751 −1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
17 0.9857 0.9678 0.9370 0.8905 0.8272 0.7489 0.6593 0.5640 0.4686 −1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
18 0.9928 0.9823 0.9626 0.9302 0.8826 0.8195 0.7423 0.6550 0.5622 −1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
19 0.9965 0.9907 0.9787 0.9573 0.9235 0.8752 0.8122 0.7363 0.6509 −1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
20 0.9984 0.9953 0.9884 0.9750 0.9521 0.9170 0.8682 0.8055 0.7307 −1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
21 0.9993 0.9977 0.9939 0.9859 0.9712 0.9469 0.9108 0.8615 0.7991 −1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
22 0.9997 0.9990 0.9970 0.9924 0.9833 0.9673 0.9418 0.9047 0.8551 −1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
23 0.9999 0.9995 0.9985 0.9960 0.9907 0.9805 0.9633 0.9367 0.8989 −1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
24 1.0000 0.9998 0.9993 0.9980 0.9950 0.9888 0.9777 0.9594 0.9317 −1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
25 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9974 0.9938 0.9869 0.9748 0.9554 −1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
26 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9987 0.9967 0.9925 0.9848 0.9718 −0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
27 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994 0.9983 0.9959 0.9912 0.9827 −0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
28 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9991 0.9978 0.9950 0.9897 −0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
29 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9989 0.9973 0.9941 −0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
30 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994 0.9986 0.9967 −0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
−0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
31 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993 0.9982
−0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
32 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9990
−0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
33 0.9999 0.9998 0.9995
−0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
34 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
−0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
35 1.0000 0.9999
36 0.9999
37 1.0000
756 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.4 Student t-Distribution Probability Table 757

Table A.3 (continued) Areas under the Normal Curve

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 α
0 tα
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 Table A.4 Critical Values of the t-Distribution
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 α
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
v 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
1 0.325 0.727 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
10 0.260 0.542 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
11 0.260 0.540 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
12 0.259 0.539 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
13 0.259 0.538 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
14 0.258 0.537 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
15 0.258 0.536 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
16 0.258 0.535 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
17 0.257 0.534 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
18 0.257 0.534 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
19 0.257 0.533 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
20 0.257 0.533 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
21 0.257 0.532 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
22 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
23 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
24 0.256 0.531 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
25 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
26 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
27 0.256 0.531 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
28 0.256 0.530 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
29 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
30 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
40 0.255 0.529 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021
60 0.254 0.527 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000
120 0.254 0.526 0.845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980
∞ 0.253 0.524 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960
758 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.5 Chi-Squared Distribution Probability Table 759

Table A.4 (continued) Critical Values of the t-Distribution

α
v 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.0075 0.005 0.0025 0.0005
α
1 15.894 21.205 31.821 42.433 63.656 127.321 636.578 χα2
0
2 4.849 5.643 6.965 8.073 9.925 14.089 31.600 Table A.5 Critical Values of the Chi-Squared Distribution
3 3.482 3.896 4.541 5.047 5.841 7.453 12.924 α
4 2.999 3.298 3.747 4.088 4.604 5.598 8.610 v 0.995 0.99 0.98 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.50
5 2.757 3.003 3.365 3.634 4.032 4.773 6.869
1 0.04 393 0.03 157 0.03 628 0.03 982 0.00393 0.0158 0.0642 0.102 0.148 0.455
6 2.612 2.829 3.143 3.372 3.707 4.317 5.959 2 0.0100 0.0201 0.0404 0.0506 0.103 0.211 0.446 0.575 0.713 1.386
7 2.517 2.715 2.998 3.203 3.499 4.029 5.408 3 0.0717 0.115 0.185 0.216 0.352 0.584 1.005 1.213 1.424 2.366
8 2.449 2.634 2.896 3.085 3.355 3.833 5.041 4 0.207 0.297 0.429 0.484 0.711 1.064 1.649 1.923 2.195 3.357
9 2.398 2.574 2.821 2.998 3.250 3.690 4.781 5 0.412 0.554 0.752 0.831 1.145 1.610 2.343 2.675 3.000 4.351
10 2.359 2.527 2.764 2.932 3.169 3.581 4.587
6 0.676 0.872 1.134 1.237 1.635 2.204 3.070 3.455 3.828 5.348
11 2.328 2.491 2.718 2.879 3.106 3.497 4.437 7 0.989 1.239 1.564 1.690 2.167 2.833 3.822 4.255 4.671 6.346
12 2.303 2.461 2.681 2.836 3.055 3.428 4.318 8 1.344 1.647 2.032 2.180 2.733 3.490 4.594 5.071 5.527 7.344
13 2.282 2.436 2.650 2.801 3.012 3.372 4.221 9 1.735 2.088 2.532 2.700 3.325 4.168 5.380 5.899 6.393 8.343
14 2.264 2.415 2.624 2.771 2.977 3.326 4.140 10 2.156 2.558 3.059 3.247 3.940 4.865 6.179 6.737 7.267 9.342
15 2.249 2.397 2.602 2.746 2.947 3.286 4.073
11 2.603 3.053 3.609 3.816 4.575 5.578 6.989 7.584 8.148 10.341
16 2.235 2.382 2.583 2.724 2.921 3.252 4.015 12 3.074 3.571 4.178 4.404 5.226 6.304 7.807 8.438 9.034 11.340
17 2.224 2.368 2.567 2.706 2.898 3.222 3.965 13 3.565 4.107 4.765 5.009 5.892 7.041 8.634 9.299 9.926 12.340
18 2.214 2.356 2.552 2.689 2.878 3.197 3.922 14 4.075 4.660 5.368 5.629 6.571 7.790 9.467 10.165 10.821 13.339
19 2.205 2.346 2.539 2.674 2.861 3.174 3.883 15 4.601 5.229 5.985 6.262 7.261 8.547 10.307 11.037 11.721 14.339
20 2.197 2.336 2.528 2.661 2.845 3.153 3.850
16 5.142 5.812 6.614 6.908 7.962 9.312 11.152 11.912 12.624 15.338
21 2.189 2.328 2.518 2.649 2.831 3.135 3.819 17 5.697 6.408 7.255 7.564 8.672 10.085 12.002 12.792 13.531 16.338
22 2.183 2.320 2.508 2.639 2.819 3.119 3.792 18 6.265 7.015 7.906 8.231 9.390 10.865 12.857 13.675 14.440 17.338
23 2.177 2.313 2.500 2.629 2.807 3.104 3.768 19 6.844 7.633 8.567 8.907 10.117 11.651 13.716 14.562 15.352 18.338
24 2.172 2.307 2.492 2.620 2.797 3.091 3.745 20 7.434 8.260 9.237 9.591 10.851 12.443 14.578 15.452 16.266 19.337
25 2.167 2.301 2.485 2.612 2.787 3.078 3.725
21 8.034 8.897 9.915 10.283 11.591 13.240 15.445 16.344 17.182 20.337
26 2.162 2.296 2.479 2.605 2.779 3.067 3.707 22 8.643 9.542 10.600 10.982 12.338 14.041 16.314 17.240 18.101 21.337
27 2.158 2.291 2.473 2.598 2.771 3.057 3.689 23 9.260 10.196 11.293 11.689 13.091 14.848 17.187 18.137 19.021 22.337
28 2.154 2.286 2.467 2.592 2.763 3.047 3.674 24 9.886 10.856 11.992 12.401 13.848 15.659 18.062 19.037 19.943 23.337
29 2.150 2.282 2.462 2.586 2.756 3.038 3.660 25 10.520 11.524 12.697 13.120 14.611 16.473 18.940 19.939 20.867 24.337
30 2.147 2.278 2.457 2.581 2.750 3.030 3.646
26 11.160 12.198 13.409 13.844 15.379 17.292 19.820 20.843 21.792 25.336
40 2.123 2.250 2.423 2.542 2.704 2.971 3.551 27 11.808 12.878 14.125 14.573 16.151 18.114 20.703 21.749 22.719 26.336
60 2.099 2.223 2.390 2.504 2.660 2.915 3.460 28 12.461 13.565 14.847 15.308 16.928 18.939 21.588 22.657 23.647 27.336
120 2.076 2.196 2.358 2.468 2.617 2.860 3.373 29 13.121 14.256 15.574 16.047 17.708 19.768 22.475 23.567 24.577 28.336
∞ 2.054 2.170 2.326 2.432 2.576 2.807 3.290 30 13.787 14.953 16.306 16.791 18.493 20.599 23.364 24.478 25.508 29.336
40 20.707 22.164 23.838 24.433 26.509 29.051 32.345 33.66 34.872 39.335
50 27.991 29.707 31.664 32.357 34.764 37.689 41.449 42.942 44.313 49.335
60 35.534 37.485 39.699 40.482 43.188 46.459 50.641 52.294 53.809 59.335
760 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.6 F-Distribution Probability Table 761

Table A.5 (continued) Critical Values of the Chi-Squared Distribution

α α
Table A.6 Critical Values of the F-Distribution 0 fα
v 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.001
1 1.074 1.323 1.642 2.706 3.841 5.024 5.412 6.635 7.879 10.827 f0.05 (v1 , v2 )
2 2.408 2.773 3.219 4.605 5.991 7.378 7.824 9.210 10.597 13.815 v1
3 3.665 4.108 4.642 6.251 7.815 9.348 9.837 11.345 12.838 16.266 v2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 4.878 5.385 5.989 7.779 9.488 11.143 11.668 13.277 14.860 18.466 1 161.45 199.50 215.71 224.58 230.16 233.99 236.77 238.88 240.54
5 6.064 6.626 7.289 9.236 11.070 12.832 13.388 15.086 16.750 20.515 2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38
6 7.231 7.841 8.558 10.645 12.592 14.449 15.033 16.812 18.548 22.457 3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81
7 8.383 9.037 9.803 12.017 14.067 16.013 16.622 18.475 20.278 24.321 4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00
8 9.524 10.219 11.030 13.362 15.507 17.535 18.168 20.090 21.955 26.124 5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77
9 10.656 11.389 12.242 14.684 16.919 19.023 19.679 21.666 23.589 27.877 6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10
10 11.781 12.549 13.442 15.987 18.307 20.483 21.161 23.209 25.188 29.588 7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68
11 12.899 13.701 14.631 17.275 19.675 21.920 22.618 24.725 26.757 31.264 8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39
12 14.011 14.845 15.812 18.549 21.026 23.337 24.054 26.217 28.300 32.909 9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18
13 15.119 15.984 16.985 19.812 22.362 24.736 25.471 27.688 29.819 34.527 10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02
14 16.222 17.117 18.151 21.064 23.685 26.119 26.873 29.141 31.319 36.124 11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90
15 17.322 18.245 19.311 22.307 24.996 27.488 28.259 30.578 32.801 37.698 12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80
16 18.418 19.369 20.465 23.542 26.296 28.845 29.633 32.000 34.267 39.252 13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71
17 19.511 20.489 21.615 24.769 27.587 30.191 30.995 33.409 35.718 40.791 14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65
18 20.601 21.605 22.760 25.989 28.869 31.526 32.346 34.805 37.156 42.312 15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59
19 21.689 22.718 23.900 27.204 30.144 32.852 33.687 36.191 38.582 43.819 16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54
20 22.775 23.828 25.038 28.412 31.410 34.170 35.020 37.566 39.997 45.314 17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49
21 23.858 24.935 26.171 29.615 32.671 35.479 36.343 38.932 41.401 46.796 18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46
22 24.939 26.039 27.301 30.813 33.924 36.781 37.659 40.289 42.796 48.268 19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42
23 26.018 27.141 28.429 32.007 35.172 38.076 38.968 41.638 44.181 49.728 20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39
24 27.096 28.241 29.553 33.196 36.415 39.364 40.270 42.980 45.558 51.179 21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37
25 28.172 29.339 30.675 34.382 37.652 40.646 41.566 44.314 46.928 52.619 22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34
26 29.246 30.435 31.795 35.563 38.885 41.923 42.856 45.642 48.290 54.051 23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32
27 30.319 31.528 32.912 36.741 40.113 43.195 44.140 46.963 49.645 55.475 24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30
28 31.391 32.620 34.027 37.916 41.337 44.461 45.419 48.278 50.994 56.892 25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28
29 32.461 33.711 35.139 39.087 42.557 45.722 46.693 49.588 52.335 58.301 26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27
30 33.530 34.800 36.250 40.256 43.773 46.979 47.962 50.892 53.672 59.702 27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25
40 44.165 45.616 47.269 51.805 55.758 59.342 60.436 63.691 66.766 73.403 28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24
50 54.723 56.334 58.164 63.167 67.505 71.420 72.613 76.154 79.490 86.660 29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22
60 65.226 66.981 68.972 74.397 79.082 83.298 84.58 88.379 91.952 99.608 30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96
∞ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88
Reproduced from Table 18 of Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. I, by permission of E.S.
Pearson and the Biometrika Trustees.
762 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs Table A.6 F-Distribution Probability Table 763

Table A.6 (continued) Critical Values of the F-Distribution Table A.6 (continued) Critical Values of the F-Distribution
f0.05 (v1 , v2 ) f0.01 (v1 , v2 )
v1 v1
v2 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞ v2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 241.88 243.91 245.95 248.01 249.05 250.10 251.14 252.20 253.25 254.31 1 4052.18 4999.50 5403.35 5624.58 5763.65 5858.99 5928.36 5981.07 6022.47
2 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50 2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39
3 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53 3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35
4 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63 4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66
5 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36 5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16
6 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67 6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98
7 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23 7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72
8 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93 8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91
9 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71 9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35
10 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54 10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94
11 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40 11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63
12 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30 12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39
13 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21 13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19
14 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13 14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03
15 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07 15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89
16 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01 16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78
17 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96 17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68
18 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60
19 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88 19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52
20 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84 20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46
21 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81 21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40
22 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.78 22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35
23 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76 23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30
24 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73 24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26
25 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22
26 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69 26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18
27 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67 27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15
28 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65 28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12
29 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64 29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09
30 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62 30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07
40 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51 40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89
60 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.39 60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72
120 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25 120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56
∞ 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00 ∞ 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41
764 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.6 (continued) Critical Values of the F-Distribution

f0.01 (v1 , v2 )
v1
v2 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
1 6055.85 6106.32 6157.28 6208.73 6234.63 6260.65 6286.78 6313.03 6339.39 6365.86
2 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13
4 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46
5 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02
6 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88
7 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65
8 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86
9 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31
10 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91
11 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60
12 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36
13 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17
14 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00
15 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87
16 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75
17 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65
18 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57
19 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49
20 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42
21 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36
22 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31
23 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26
24 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21
25 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17
26 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13
27 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10
28 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06
29 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03
30 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01
40 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80
60 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60
120 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38
∞ 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00