Load at Critical points of observation

6.
Yield load Py (N) 55. 8 1o 7.
2 Ultimate load Pu (N)
31 12 x 10 8.
Breaking load Pr (N)
35.01xID
Thus, the stages which a ductile material undergoes are
yield-ultimate-breaking stress. The values of breakin
ifcalculated with respect to its original area of the specimen, comes to be lesser than ultimate stress and
as nominal
is known Sr. No.
breaking stress, whereas if breaking stress is calculated taking into consideration the
cross-sectional area, its value comes to be instantaneous
greater than ultimate stress and is known as actual breaking stress
or true stress. Since
engineering design takes into consideration the loads with respect to yield stress, 1.
is generally not plotted in the stress-strain true stress
curve. Figure 1.3 shows the behavior of mild steel when
subjected to
tensile load.
2.
Brittle metals have
inadequate tensile resistance, they do not undergo worthwhile
comparatively abrupt and the fractured surface is a clean right section. In such
anyfracture is elongation;
the breaking load. metals, the maximum load is also
Figure 1.3 shows the behaviour of cast iron when 3.
subjected to tensile load.
Typical fractures of important materials under tension are shown in
figure 1.2.
a sPECIMEN 4.

The speciment is
specially prepared as per prescribed standard guidelines, which
failure within the length earmarked for are so framed as to induce
observation called the gauge 5.
length. Test pieces, the
-

are called
proportional test piece. portion inThe which the specimen is
original L=5.65 Ap
dimensions are so adjusted that these stresses do gripped is also highly stressed, but the
not affect failure
within the gauge
typical specimen used for testing under tension. lentgh. Figure shows a 6.

The transition from the

gripping end to the reduced section is made 7.
concentration caused by abrupt change by an
adequatefillet to reduce the stress
in section, this is
the details of fillet on a particularly important for britle material.
Figure 1.1 shows
specimen. Draw gra
O PROPERTIES O CONCL
Test is essentially meant to provide data Comment
the Tension test are described in which
can be used for
related to
brief later in engineering design. The important properu theoretical va
this write up.
O PROCEDURE: (1) Stress

(3) Yield
1. Measure the cross-sectional dimensions
specimen with the help of hammer & of theas given specimen and mark gauge length points the PROPER
punch, per the instructions. o
1. Proportior
2. Adjust the capacity of U.T.M. as per the
'anticipated value of load at failure of the Greatest st
3. Fix the specimen in machine between test specime
the fixed cross stress and
SDecimen is symmetrical with respect to its head and the upper cross
head. Also see tna the Elasticity. I
longitudinal axis through out the
4. Apply the load gradualy as to avoid sudden
so length. 2. Elastic lim
shocks.
5. Note the ultimate load and
breaking load. Measure the Greatest str
diameter of failure. distance between and the redu0 release ofs
gauge points

Mechanics of
Experiment.
Structures (Laboratory
 6. Observe the type of failure.

7. Plot a graph of load versus deflection and find the value of the modulus of elasticity
8. Determine the stress-strain characteristics and comment on the type of material from the nature of the

fracture.

CALCULATIONS

Sr. No. Particulars Formula Mild steel Cast iron

1. Yield stress (N/mm) 152.0

Ao

50.36
Ultimate stress (N/mm)
Ap

|y 4 . 58
Nominal breaking stress (N/mm-)
Ao

4. Actual breaking stress (N/mm-) Af

1240 53

5. Percentage reduction in area % (AArlx

Ao
10051.99'/
(LLolx 100 3.52.
6. Percentage elongation %

7. Modulus of Elasticity (N/mm) E |2.05x1o

of LOAD versus Deflection for both the materials.

Draw graph
o cONCLUSIONS:
following items as obtained in the experiment with their corresponding standard
Comment or compare the

theoretical values:
(2) The various stress limits
(1) Stress-strain characteristic
(4) Fracture surface
(3) Yield and elongation
O PROPERTIES -
DEFINITIONS:

I. Proportional limit (Refer Fig. 1.3 point A):

between
Greatest stress that a meterial is capable of developing without deviation from linear proportionality
of stress to strain within this range is constant and is known as Modulus of
stress and strain. The ratio
Hook's law defines this
iner relationship.
Elasticity.
2. Elastic limit (Refer Fig. 1.3 point A'):
Greatest stress that a material is capable of developing without a permanent set remaining upon complete
release of stress.

Mild Steel 5
Experiment-1 : Tension Test on
 2. Draw stress-strain curve for tension test on M.S. specimen and mark important points on t.

3. Define the following terms Factor of safety

(i) Proportional limit (ii) Elastic limit (i) Yielding (iv) Proof stress (v)
7PO PoP}ionu immiti-oseteS1 SASegS huut m c f e I u 4
15 Capabie ok deve 0opimy wthot deviuti on fro
Ppopes4ionuli SH ess S4Sai
belueen
Im mutesil is
ElusAic imit: -heut u mutesiul is
CKhedeS1 S4A eSS
pesmane t Set
of deve Lopimy widhout C
Cupubie
upubie Conp1efe eclee cLSe 0 S BeeSS
eumim 1Mj ufom

Jieteimy- S4ess above Cwhich mutegiul m u b

damuged Cind below which the
Comsides ed 4 be
dumagimj ePtect may be Consides ed negibiel

4. State Hooke's law

Within Elugic mid S4he s
PhoPotonul SA9ui
E

Experiment-1 : Tenslon Test on Mild 8teel

 5. What is approximate range of % elongation and % reduction in area for mild steel specimen ?

3.52 o e lom cuti on Cmd 51. 33 7. oS

Sedu cAi om,

6. What should be minimum gauge length for testing 10 mm dia. M.S. bar ?

The mImimy m ge Lengh fo es imj

o m dit. M. 5.
be shou ld be 1}o mmn

7. What is necking ?
A Shoit Plaim concove hea ction between
he cupiteul Cane the Shaft of
Do9ie o 4ACum
clssi Cel
CoRumm.
8. Explain actual breaking stress and nominal
of bseumy breaking
stress.
The Veulue
40 is if cdeulted w witth
It
nespet|
+0 be2 OASionul eeu of he
actuu Losses. hen
Itimute Specimun, comes
baekms s5ess. iS stsegs is Kwo
sespe t to considesed
AcwL Come Rculaded
iS
wih
9. eqKing
State type of failure of e3. KmoLw m
M.S. specimen in tension
heFaithe of. ductle
test.

muutesiul
oaeims Cn be umdes Heusio
udA Aibt ed
Cone FAeu ctuse. Caup
10. Calculate modulus of
Original dia.
elasticity (E) of mild steel bar
=
10 mm, Original G.L. 50 =
having following data:
Elongation at elastic limit mm,
0.12 mm, Load at elastic limit =
38.8 kN.
L Somm 3&. o 3
SR . 2 mm
P
ug4.09|
8. 53
3 &. KN
A a6.53 o.1 2
So
2.H x }0
E

2. u x Io
Date.
2 x 1o I m m
Signature of Faculty
Mechanics of
Structures (LabaratorrManual)

M
 U n l o a d the specimen and repeat the steps 2 to 4 for another cast iron specimen with aspecct ratio 3.7

5. Differenti
8. Examine and study the type of fracture/deformation characteristics for all the specimens.

PRECAUTIONS:
Specimen should be placed load will be
carefully in the centre so that applied exactly axial load and ao
eccentricity for the load would occur for the proper transfer of load. co u
2. End surfaces of the
specimen should be perfectly smooth.
3. When the load is
nearing its failure value, it is preferable to remain at a safe distance from the
machine 6. What is|
Study the fracture/deformation characteristics of the specimen with respect to
L.C.
. Different aspect ratios
2. Different materials used.
S.C
a QUESTIONS:
1. Define compressive stress and tensile stress.
7. Different
Pcompvessi ve S1ess: when u body is Subjefed
o wO
euul and oPPositC
Pvo oduc ed IS Kmowm C
Pushe, yhe S 3eg3 fcai
Compvessive S45esg. Caip
Tensite St9e49 when
o two euul
Cabod3 is Subeded Colr
CIm
2. List any five brittle materials.

nE Amic (u) ComcS ed e 8. What sh«

2 l (5 COOd Th
3 Phid e Pe

3. List any five ductile

materials.
1 9ol u) Aesbuim
2) Sit 1Ve 9. What is
S Pictimu m
3 CoPpes G Smu Aium Co
4. What is slenderness ratio and radius of gyration ?
S1end Cesm eAs udio- it 'S he
o eust 9 cu 4io of effe etivve
ediy of Setion
A o 3 - us necuS)e of e
t t i my. 9igid whieh the mu wag in
bod is
uris o oie deim distusnd ed clbord h
we Date:.

(12)he eduis oF
um1
Adion Mechanlcs of Structures
SMel

Experimnes
(Laboratory Manu
5. Differentiate between strut and column.
CAocil
5 t 9nd- A S4uctuad m emhes Subjeted to
Co mpvessi ve foPee 1S ( l l ed S4
muy e veNi cul, Hosi20ntu 1neLined.
coXMm M!- whem Stat 15 vesic i's culled
momel column C s aies
Column
C o m p Y e s s ve
hev
6. What is long column and short column ?
L.C. when OF Column Com pus eed 4o
id s C90ss Sectiom dimensiom j4 s
Cull ecd ong colum
ComPused
S.C when Of Coumn is ess us
s
t itS 5 setiom dimem sion ,
COumm
Cull ecd
7. Differentiate between crushing load and crippling load.column
eaughiny QoctA $he oad ut hich, horE,
fai bs ChushinJ is culled cughmj o cae
Chipplin oud-he Loud-ut Cwhich omy
Columm Susts 1s Cll ed ChiPpin

specimen tested for pure compression ??

8. What should be h/d ratio for C.I. test
SPecime n
eatio fop c.. dest
The hld
Compe s s i o
houte be 1.25
Pes Pue

3. 5

and brick under compressionn?

9. What is the mode of failure for C., concrete
Cavae Pauctse
C..
comcheke eaPPin diajonul Paiuhe
Chcainj Feui1use
Baic : diaJoncl

Date: Signature of Faculty : -

Experlment-2(A) : Compresslon Test on CI and M8s (13

o SPECIMEN
The size of the test specimen shall be 50 x 50 x 200 mm or 20 x 20 x 80 mm, if it is to be subjected to load
parallel to the grain and its size shall be 50 x 50 x 150 mm or 20 x 20 x 100 mm, if it is subjected to load
perpendicular to the grain. Figure 2.6 (A) and 2.6 (B) shows the arrangement of the specimens when subjectedd
to load. The specimen shall be free from defects and shall not have slope of grain more than 1 in 20 parallel to
its longitudinal edges. The end plane of the specimen shall be perfectly at right angle to the length of the specimen.

o PROCEDURE:

1 Check the specimen for any defect and ensure that the ends are plane and fibers are parallel to its
longitudinal edges.
2. Measure tfte cross-section of the specimen and length of the specimen with vernier callipers.

3 Place the specimen in the lower cross-head such that the load is applied parallel to the grain.
4 Apply the load upto failure of the specimen and observe the type of failure.

. For second case, place another specimen such that the load is applied perpendicular to the grain.

6. Repeat step 4.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Specimen should be placed carefully in the centre so that the applied load will be exactly an axial load
and no eccentriciy for the load would occur for the proper transfer of load.

2 When the load approaches its failure value, it is preferable to move at a safe distance from the machine.

a LIMITATIONS

1. It is difficult to ensure that the load applied on the specimen is truly concentric and axial.

2. There is always a tendency for bending stress to be set up which may result into slipping off the specimen
as the load increases.

3. Friction between the heads of the testing machine and the end surfaces of the specimen due to lateral
expansion of the specimen may alter result considerably in comparison to those obtained in absence of
such lateral restrain.

4. The relatively larger eross-sectional areas of the specimen is required to obtain a proper degree of stability
of the specimen.

O OBSERVATIONS
OBSERVATIONS Si2e of SPe ci mu 45x 5 x 10 0mm
Load Case

Load Applied Load Applied

Parallel to Grain Perpendicular to Grain
Cross-sectional area (mm-)
20 25
Load at failure (N) 3 3
yxo 200Xo
Ultimate strength (N/mm-)
12.59
Experiment-2(B) : Compression Test on Timber
17)
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
For observation No. 1

Load = 0.5 kg

= 5N

SL = mm

A mm

Stress (o):o N/mm2

Strain (e) :e F .
Modulus of Elasticity (E):

E- N/mm2

a CONCILUSION:

The modulus of elasticity of given metallic wire is- N/mm

QUESTIONS

1. State Hooke's law.

wlhin elug4iC time, 543e45 is Pso Po4ineA

Stuim.

2. Why it is necessary to suspend dead weight at the end of the reference wire?

e fix Cweight he eFesente

Suspemd mcke wIPe SAet4.
wih wlve

3. Arrange the following materials in terms of modulus of elasticity in increasing order

Steel, Timber, Copper, C.I., Aluminium.

SAOel 2.1 x1o

Cugt Jom 1.3x1o

7imbes . 1 S
10
Aum mium 0. x

Date Signature of Faculty:.

Experiment-3: Modulus of Elasticity of Wires (25
 Date - 202
Experiment-4

IZOD IMPACT TeST ON METALS

AIM: To determine impact value of mild steel specimen by Izod impact test.

DPurpose : Many structural parts or machine parts are subjected to impact load. Therefore it is necessary to
know the resistance of the materials to such impact loads. The purpose of this test is to find the
resistance to impact or "shock absorbing capacity' of materials.

O OBJECTIVES:

(1) To understand the principles of impact tests.

(2) To determine the shock absorbing capacity of the material using Izod impact test.

(3) Compare the impact resisting qualities of different materials.

REFERENCES: IS:1598 1960/IS : 757 1973.

APPARATUS Impact Testing Machine, Standard Specimens.

OINSTRUCTIONS:

1. Read the general note on impact tests thoroughly.

2. Study the impact testing machine. Name the important parts of the impact testing machine, marked with
following numbers in the figure.

Sr. No. Name of Part

1.
Hummes
. vise
3.
Dii*l 9ecdin_mete3 |
3. Draw the sketch showing the dimensions of specimen.

4. Raise the pendulum hammer to the required height. Release it, allowing a free swing and observethe
energy available in the hammer.

Note the initial energy in the observation table.

5. Raise the pendulum again to the same height as before and clamp it.

(Warning: See that the hammer is clamped properly and nobody should touch the release-mechanism oof
the hammer when the specimen is being fixed.)

6. Fix the specimen in the anvil properly.

e
7. See that nobody is standing in the swinging range of the hammer. Release the hammer by operating
release mechanism. The specimen breaks or bends and the hammer swings to the other side.

anual
26 Mechanics of Structures (Laboratory Mau
 CONCLUSION:

D QUESTIONS:

1. How M.I. of
beam affects deflection ?
inestia cnd
The highes the momeml of
mod ulu OF eluS4icid OF a Pesti'crlt bea
ghe Ro wes Cand dheselope
t,e deectio
StiPfes dhe eum wi be in bendin.
2. How modulus of
elasticity (E) affects deflection
ghe moduls of elusticity CE) is disectig P%oPoind
4o e S4iFPnes of s1udhse, Cmd invess!s
Peo Pos4imel o dhe deplection m + ension, Vhe
defiectiom 1S descaibe b he FoPmly
d CPL /EA), S o he modu us of Elus4iCi
3. Compare deflections
in e c ed.
M.S. and timber under same load, same load position and same c/s of beam.

Comnare deflections of M.S. under same load, same load position, same span but different cross sections.

Date.
Signature of Faculty:.
Mechanics of
Structures (Laboratory
64) Manua