INT

1
 CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that Zainab, Reg. No. 2018-KIU-5795, student of Agriculture and Food
Technology, Karakoram International University has successfully completed her internship of
two months and this report submitted by her is accepted in its present form by the Parks and
Horticulture Authority, Rawalpindi.

Supervisor
Mr. Amir Abbas ______________
Professor, Department of Agriculture and Food Technology
Karakoram International University, Gilgit

Co-Supervisor ______________
Mr. Waseem Tahir

___________________ ___________________
Mr. Muhammad Waqas Azam Dr. Mir Nasir Qayyum
Deputy Director (Horticulture) Chairman
Parks and Horticulture Authority, Agriculture and Food Technology
Rawalpindi Karakoram International University,
Gilgit

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Presentation, inspiration and motivation have always played key role in the
success of any venture.

I pay deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Muhammad Waqas Azam(Deputy Director

(Horticulture)PHA Rawalpindi, Pakistan) for encouraging me to the highest peak and to
provide me the opportunity to complete my internship in short period of time.

I express my sincere thanks to all my respected and honourable HOD and

professors (particularly, sir Muhammad and sir Amir Abbas) of Institute of
Karakorum International University (KIU). Their guidance, devotion and valuable
discussions are gratefully acknowledged.

I am immensely obliged to my companions for their elevating inspiration,

encouraging guidance and kind supervision in completion of my internship.

I feel to acknowledge my indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to my guide

Mr. Waseem Tahir, whose valuable guidance and kind supervision given to me
throughout the course.

Last, but not the least, my parents are also an important inspiration for me. So
with due regards, I express my gratitude to them.

Zainab

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 Contents

Sr.no. Chapters Page no

1. 1. Introduction of Floriculture and Landscaping 6
1.1. Horticulture
1.2. Floriculture and Landscaping
2. Introduction of PHA
2. Basic Definitions 8-10
2.1. Agriculture
2.2. Branches of agriculture
2.3. Horticulture
2.4. Branches of horticulture
3. Identification of plants 11-21
3.1. Trees
3.2. Shrubs
3.3. Flowers
4. Classification of Flowers based on their life cycle 22-23
4.1. Annuals
4.2. Biennials
4.3. Perennials
5. 5.1. SEXUAL METHOD 24-25
5.1.1. Propagation by seed
5.2. ASEXUAL METHODS
5.2.1. Cutting
5.2.2. Layering
5.2.3. Budding
5.2.4. Grafting
5.2.5. Division
6. MARIGOLD 26-30
7.1. Description
7.2. species and cultivars
7.3. Climate and soil:
7.4. Propagation:
7.5. Nursery raising and Land preparation:
7.6. Sowing time and season:
7.7. Transplanting of seedlings:
7.8. Manure and fertilizers:
7.9. Weeding:
7.10. Irrigation:
7.11.Pinching/ nipping and earthling up:
7. Conclusion 31

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5
Chapter#01

1.INTRODUCTION OF FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPING

1.1. Horticulture:
Horticulture is a science and technique of production, processing and merchandizing of fruits,
vegetables, flowers, spices, plantations, medicinal and aromatic plants. The science of
horticulture can be divided into several branches depending upon the crops it deals with.
Following are the branches of horticulture.
 Pomology: study of fruit crops
 Olericulture: cultivation of vegetables
 Floriculture: cultivation of flower crops
 Landscaping: beautification of land
 Mushrooms and medicinal plants

1.2. Floriculture and Landscaping:

Floriculture is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the growing and marketing of flowers
and ornamental plants, in addition to, usage in floral arrangement and design.

The floriculture industry encompasses the following:

Greenhouse and field production of floral and ornamental plants.

Retailing of container grown plants, flowers and cut floral products.

Management of floricultural crop production and retail operations.

Floral design, marketing and distribution.

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land,
including;
1. Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art
and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beauty within the landscape.
2. Natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water.
3. Abstract elementssuch as the weather and lighting conditions.

A landscape is the visible feature of an area of land, its landforms and how they integrate with
natural or man-made features. A landscape includes the physical elements of geo-physically
defined landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes,
ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human
elements including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and transitory elements
such as lighting and weather conditions.
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2. INTRODUCTION OF P.H.A

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CHAPTER#2

BASIC DEFINITIONS

2.1. AGRICULTURE

The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of soil for the growing and rearing of
animals to provide food and other products.

2.2.BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE

1.AGRONOMY

The branch of agriculture that deals with the field crop production and soil management.
Agronomist generally work with crops that are grown on large scale and required relatively little
management .

2. SOIL SCIENCES

The study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of Earth including soil formation,
classification and mapping, physical biological and fertility properties of soil and there properties
in relation to use and management of soil.

3. PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS

The science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.

4. HORTICULTURE

The science and art of cultivating plants to produce food and medicinal ingredients or for
comfort and ornamental purpose.

5. ENTOMOLOGY

The study of all economically important insects , because they help to increase crop production
or yield.

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6. PLANT PATHOLOGY

The science that deals with the study of causes of plant diseases , the mechanism by which
disease develops in individual plant and plant population, and the ways and means by which
plant disease can be managed or controlled.

7.FOOD TECHNOLOGY

The science of developing new technologies to expend food production.

8.AGRI ECNOMICS

Agri economics deals with the study of allocation, distribution, and utilization of farming
resources ,as well as the commodities produced by farming.

9. AGRI EXTENSION

The service or system that assists farm people ,through educational procedures , in improving
farming methods and techniques ,increase production efficiency and income ,bettering their
levels of living and lifting the social and educational standards of rural life .

2.3. HORTICULTURE
The art and science of cultivating plants to produce food and medicinal ingredients , or for
comfort and ornamental purposes.

2.4. BRANCHES OF HORTICULTURE

1.POMOLOGY

The science and practise of fruit production is termed as pomology.

2.OLERICULTURE

The science and practise of growing vegetables and herbs production is termed as olericulture.

3. LANDSCAPE AND ORNEMENTALS

The growing and marketing of ornamental plants and the associated activities of flower
arrangement and landscape design is called as landscaping and ornamentals.

4. FLORICULTURE

Floriculture deals with the development , cultivation and marketing of flowering plants.

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5. TISSUE CULTURE

The cultivation of plant cells, tissue or organ on specially formulated nutrient media to produce a
new whole plant.

6.MEDICINAL PLANTS

Medicinal plants horticulture deals with the cultivation of any plants whose roots, leaves, seed,
bark, or plant part is used for therapeutic, tonic, purgative or other health promoting purposes.

7.MUSHROOM CULTURE

Mushroom culture also known fungi culture ,is the cultivation of

Mushroom and other fungi which are useful for human.

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CHAPTER#3

IDENTIFICATION OF PLANTS

3.1. TREES
1. Botanical name: Ficuselastica
Family: Moraceae
Local name: Rubber plant
Type: Evergreen
Height: 30m
Flower colour: foliage beauty, simple and
variegated leaves (no flowers)
Propagation: By cutting and air layering

2. Botanical name: Magniferaindica

Family: Anacardiaceae
Local name: Aam
Type: Evergreen
Height: 12-15m
Flower colour: creamy white
Flowering time: Feb- March
Propagation: By seed, grafting and budding

3. Botanical name: Micheliachampaca

Family: Magnoliaceae
Local name: Champa
Type: Evergreen
Height: 20m
Flower colour: Creamish yellow
Flowering time: Feb
Propagation: By seed

4. Botanical name: Plumeriaobtusa

Family: Apocynaceae
Local name: Gul-e-Cheen/Cade
Type: Evergreen
Height: 4-6m
Flower colour: whitish
Flowering time: Around the year
Propagation: By cutting

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5. Botanical name: Acacia nilotica
Family: Mimosaceae
Local name: Kikar/Babul
Type: Deciduous
Height: 10-12m
Flower colour: Yellow
Flowering time: June-July
Propagation: By seed

6. Botanical name: Acer negundu

Family: Aceraceae
Local name: Acer/Maple
Type: Deciduous
Height: 7.5-10m
Flower colour: Purple
Flowering time: Feb-April
Propagation: By seed and cuttin

7. Botanical name: Aleuritesmoluccana

Family: Euphorbiaceae
Local name: JangliAkhrot
Type: Deciduous
Height: 15-20m
Flower colour: creamish
Flowering time: March-May
Propagation: By seed

8. Botanical name: Cinnammomumcamphora

Family: Lauraceae
Local name: Camphor/Kafoor
Type: Evergreen
Height: 10-15m
Flower colour: yellow
Flowering time: April-June
Propagation: By seed and cutting

9. Botanical name: Cupressussempervirens

Family: Cupressaceae
Local name: Saroo/Cypress
Type: Evergreen
Height: 18m

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 Flower colour: foliage and shape beauty (no flowers)
Propagation: By seed and cutting

10. Botanical name: Erythrinasuberosa

Family: Fabaceae
Local name: Gul-e-Nishtar
Type: Deciduous
Height: 10-18m
Flower colour: red
Flowering time: March-April
Propagation: By seed and cutting

11. Botanical name: Callistemon citrinus

Family: Myrtaceae
Local name: Bottle Brush
Type: Semi deciduous
Height: 2-6m
Flower colour: red, pink
Flowering time: March-May
Propagation: By seed and layer cutting

12. Botanical name: Plumeriaacutifolia

Family: Apocynaceae
Local name: Gul-e-Cheen/Cade
Type: Evergreen
Height: 4-6m
Flower colour: whitish
Flowering time: Around the year
Propagation: By cutting

3.2. SHRUBS

1. Botanical name: Excoecariabicolor

Family: Euphorbiaceaee
Local name: Picara
Type: Evergreen
Height: 1-1.5m
Flower colour: red
Propagation: By cutting

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2. Botanical name: Carissa grandiflora
Family: Apocynaceae
Local name: Kronda/Natal
Type: Evergreen
Height: 2.5-3.5
Flower colour: white
Flowering time: May-August
Propagation: By seed and cutting

3. Botanical name: Cassia corymbosa

Family: Fabaceae
Local name: Cassia/ Cenna
Type: Deciduous
Height: 2-3m
Flower colour: yellow
Flowering time: April-May
Propagation: By seed and air layering

4. Botanical name: Cestrum diurnum

Family: Solanaceae
Local name: Din ka Raja/Day Jasmine
Type: Evergreen
Height: 1.5-3m
Flower colour: white
Flowering time: April-May and Sept-Oct
Propagation: By cutting

5. Botanical name: Cestrum nocturnum

Family: Solanaceae
Local name: Raatki Rani/NightJasmine
Type: Evergreen
Height: 1.5-3m
Flower colour: Creamy white
Flowering time: June-August
Propagation: By cutting

6. Botanical name: Eranthemum alba

Family: Acantheceae
Local name: Sage bush
Type: Evergreen
Height: 1-2m
Flower colour: white
Flowering time: April-June
Propagation: By cutting

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7. Botanical name: Euphorbia coitnifolia
Family: Euphorbiaceaee
Local name: Lal jhari
Type: Deciduous
Height: 1-5m
Flower colour: Bracts beauty, red pink and cream
Flowering time: Nov-April

8. Botanical name: Jasmine sambac

Family: Oleaceae
Local name: Motia
Type: Evergreen
Height: 2-4m
Flower colour: white fragrant
Flowering time: April-Sept
Propagation: By cutting and layering

9. Botanical name: Ligustrumincidum

Family: Oleaceae
Local name: Ligustrum
Type: 3m and above
Flower colour: cream
Flowering time: April-May
Propagation: By cutting and seed

10. Botanical name: Murraya exotica

Family: Rotaceae
Local name: Murva
Type: 3m and above
Flower colour: creamish white fragrant
Flowering time: many times a year
Propagation: By cutting and seed

11. Botanical name: Tabernaemontanacoronaria

Family: Apocynaceae
Local name: Chandni
Type: 2.5-3.5m
Flower colour: white fragrant
Flowering time: April-Sept
Propagation: By cutting

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3.3.FLOWERS
1. ALYSSUM

Botanical name: Lobularia maritime

Common name: Sweet Alyssum
Family: Brassicaceae
Colour: deep rose, lavender, violet, deep pink, white
Plant height: 8-10cm
Sowing time: early spring-summer
Germination: 3-5 days at 20-25C
Varieties: Easter bonnet series, Tinytim

2. ANTIRRHINUM

Botanical name: A.majus

Common name: Snapdragon
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Colour: bright pink, yellow, white, crimson,
purple.pink.bronze,
orange, red, bicoloured
Plant height: 90 cm
Sowing time: Aug-Nov
Germination: 1-2 weeks at 18-21C
Varieties: Admiral F1 series, palatte, Candy showers, Floral showers

3. CABBAGE ORNAMENTALS

Botanical name: Brassica oleraceae

Common name: Cabbage ornamental
Family:
Colour: white, pink, red, Osaka (white, pink, red),
victoria , pigeon
(victoria, purple, white, red)

Plant height: 35 cm
Sowing time: spring
Germination: 4-5 days at 20C
Varieties: Osaka F1 series, pigeon F1 series, Song bird F1 series

4. CALENDULA
Botanical name: C.officinalis
Common name: English marigold/Pot marigold
Family: Calendulaceae

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Colour: clear orange, orange, yellow, gold, zen gold, zen orange, buff
Plant height: 10-12cm
Sowing time: early spring
Germination: 1-2 weeks at 15-20C
Varieties: Calypso II series, Zen series, Touch of red, Fiesta gitana series

5.CELOSIA

Botanical name: C.argenteaplumosa

Family: Amaranthaceae
Colour: Cherry red, orange, red, rose, selmon pink,
yellow, cream, scarlet
Plant height: 10-15cm
Sowing time: Oct-Nov
Germination: 7-10 days at 20-25C
Varieties: Kimino series, Castle series

6. COCKSCOMB

Botanical name: C.argenteacristata

Family: Amaranthaceae
Colour: Magenta mahogany red, neon rose, red,
yellow, orange, purple
Plant height: 23-81cm
Sowing time: Feb-March
Germination: 8-10 days at 20-25C
Varieties: Amigo series, Armor series, coral garden

7. COSMOS

Botanical name: C.sulphureus

Family: Asteraceae
Colour: orange, yellow, red, lemon, limara lemon
Plant height: 1-2 ft
Sowing time: March-April
Germination: 1 week at 24 C
Varieties: Ladybird series, cosmic, limara

8. DAHLIA

Botanical name: D.dandy

Family:
Colour: orange shades, red shades, white shades,
yellow shades, violet shades
Plant height: 15-20cm
Sowing time: late May-early June

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Germination: 7-10 days at 24C
Varieties: Figaro series, Garden pride, Bloody mary

9. DIANTHUS

Botanical name: Dianthus barbatus

Common name: Sweet William
Family: Dianthaceae
Colour: red, pink, lavender, white, yellow (bicoloured)
Plant height: 15-46cm
Sowing time: Sept- Oct
Germination: 7-10 days at 21C

Varieties: Summer time, Persian Carpet

10. GAZANIA

Botanical name: Gazania rigens

Family: Asteraceae
Colour: shades of orange, yellow, bronze, pink, white and
clear orange
Plant height: 20-25cm
Sowing time: Oct-Nov
Germination: 10-20 days at 21C
Varieties: New day F1 series, Sunshine mixture, Talent series,
Big kiss F1 series, Kiss F1 series

11. GERANIUM

Botanical name: Pelargonium X hortorum

Family: Geraniaceae
Colour: Apple blossom, coral, deep orchid, pink, quick
silver, rose, red, selmon, scarlet, scarlet eye, star, violet, violet
picotee, white mixture
Plant height: 75cm
Sowing time: Feb
Germination: 2-4 days at 25C
Varieties: Maverick, Black velvet, Bulls eye F1 series

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12. KALE ORNAMENTAL

Botanical name: Brassica oleraceae

Family: oleraceae
Colour: white, red, rose, pink, queen, prince
Plant height: 30-51cm
Sowing time: Oct-Nov
Germination: 5-6 days at 20-25C
Varieties: Nagoya F1 series, Komome F1 series, Coral F1
series

13. MARIGOLD

Botanical name: tegetes spp.

Family: Asteraceaea
Colour: orange, gold, yellow, prim rose, bee, flame,
spray, harmony, cream
Plant height: 4-6 inches
Sowing time: Feb-March and Oct-Nov
Germination: 5-8 days at 20-24C
Varieties: African marigold, French marigold, Proudmary,
Marvel, Antigua F1 series, Inca F1 series

14. NASTURTIUM

Botanical name: Tropeaolummajus

Family: Tropaeolaceae
Colour: red, orange, white, pink, yellow
Plant height: 40 cm
Sowing time: Oct-Nov
Germination: 7-12 days at 18C
Varieties: Double jewel, Empress of India, Alaska

15. PANSY

Botanical name: Viola x wittrokiana

Family: Violaceae
Colour: bicolours, white, yellow and red blotch, sherry,
fire, blue berry and cream Rosalyn, rose, marina, blue, white, mid
blue, purple and deep blue blotch, blue jeans, clear yellow, clear
white, prim rose mix
Plant height: 15-30cm
Sowing time: Feb-March and Oct-Nov
Germination: 7-12 days at 18-24C

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Varieties: Majestic giant II F1 series, Dynamite F1 series, Inspire F1 series, Crown F1
series, ultima beacon F1 series, Cat series, Gem F1 series, Swiss giant series

16. PETUNIA

Botanical name: P. hybrid

Family: Solanaceae
Colour: pink, red, white, purple, red white, rose,
burgundy, blue, selmon, pastel pink, pink vein, mid blue, bluish pink,
cherry, neon, peach morn, blue morn, cream, red star, sugar
Plant height: 30-45cm
Sowing time: Feb-early April and Oct-Nov
Germination: 7-12 days at 21-24C
Varieties: Eagle F1 series, Falcon F1 series, Sophistica, Aladdin, Tritunia series, Daddy
F1 series, Hulahoop F1 series, Merlin F1 series, Explore F1 series, Opera supreme

17. PHLOX

Botanical name: P. drummondi

Family: Polemoniaceae
Colour: purple, violet, velvet red, white, light blue,
selmon, scarlet, dark rose mix, peach, lilac, rose
Plant height: 91cm
Sowing time: March-April
Germination: 10 days at 15-20 C
Varieties: Ethnie series, Promise series, 21st century F1 series,
Beauty series, Twinkling
Beauty

18. PORTULACA

Botanical name: P. grandiflora

Family: Protulacaceae
Colour: Chiffon, cream, fuchsia, gold, mango, orange,
peach, pepper mint, pink, princess pink, scarlet, white, yellow
Plant height: 30cm
Sowing time: Feb-March
Germination: 7-10 days at 21-24C
Varieties: Sundial F1 series, Extra double, Bloom long

19. VINCA

Botanical name: Catharanthusroseus

Family: Apocynaceae
Colour: pure white, bridht eye, blue, silver, white, light
pink, deep pink, purple, lavender, red, cran berry, carmine, grape,

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apricot, lilac
Plant height: 35cm
Sowing time: Oct-Nov
Germination: 7days at 25C
Varieties: Victory series, Titan F1 series, Pasifica series, Mediterranean series

20. ZINNIA

Botanical name: Zinnia elegans

Family: Asteraceae
Colour: yellow, red, pink, coral, rose, ivory, scarlet, cherry,
hot cherry, fire, golden, deep salmon, white
Plant height: 30-90cm
Sowing time: March-April
Germination: 5-6 days at 20-22C
Varieties: Dreamland F1 series, Profusion double series

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CHAPTER#4

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS BASED ON THEIR LIFE CYCLE

4.1. ANNUAL FLOWERS

An annual plant is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of
seed, within one growing season, and then dies.
With respect to traditional seasons, annual plants are generally categorized into summer annuals
and winter annuals.
Summer annuals germinate during spring or early summer and mature by autumn of the same
year.
Following are some summer annuals in Pakistan:
1. Marigold
2. Zinnia
3. Garden cosmos
4. Daffodils
5. Blanket flowers
6. Purple cone flower
7. Verbena
8. Gazania
9. Sulphur cosmos

Winter annuals germinate during the autumn and mature during the spring or summer of the
following calendar year.
Following are some winter annuals in Pakistan:
1. Petunia
2. Pansy
3. Dahlia
4. Gazania
5. Freesia
6. Ranunculus
7. Anemone
8. Hyacinth

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4.2. PERENNIAL FLOWERS

A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term is often
used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials.
Following are some perennials found in Pakistan:
1. Black-eyed susan
2. Peony
3. Daylily
4. Mums
5. Lavender
6. Corn flower
7. Blanket flowers
8. Aster
9. Dahlia
10. Summer lilac
11. Lily of the valley
12. Garden phlox
13. Night blooming jasmine

4.3. BIENNIAL FLOWERS

A flowering plant that takes two years, generally in temperate climate, to complete its biological
life cycle. In first year, the plant undergoes primary growth in which its leaves, stem and roots
develop. After the first year, the enters the period of dormancy for the colder months. During the
next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, and the plants then
flowers and produce seeds before it dies.
Following are some biennial flowers found in Pakistan:
1. Cabbage ornamentals
2. Common mullein
3. Parsley
4. Fennel
5. Lunaria
6. Silver beet
7. Black-eyed susan
8. Sweet William

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 CHAPTER#5

PROPAGATION METHODS OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

Propagation:
The multiplication of a plant through sexual or asexual methods is termed as propagation of
plants.

5.1. SEXUAL PROPAGATION

The multiplication or growing of a plant through seed is referred as sexual propagation.

5.2. ASEXUAL PROPAGATION

The multiplication of a plant from vegetative part of a plant, such as shoots, roots, leaves,
suckers, etc. Asexual propagation is the only practical means of reproduction when plants do not
produce viable seeds or seeds are difficult to germinate. This is the easiest method of plant
propagation.
The methods involved are described below.
5.2.1. CUTTING:
Cutting propagation is the growing of a plant from a stem or root, that has been cut from another
plant. Stem cutting is the most common and easiest method of propagating woody ornamental
plants.
Three main types of cutting propagation include;
 Stem cutting

A piece of plant stem or branch including at least one node used in propagation is called as stem
cutting.
There are two main types of stem cuttings, that are;
Softwood cuttings are young, soft, succulent cuttings with leaves (sometimes pruned).
Hardwood cuttings are made of matured, dormant hardwood after the leaves have been shed.

 Root cutting

A piece of root used in propagation of plants.

 Tip cutting

The method of propagating plants through tips of a plant.

5.2.2. LAYERING:
Layering is the technique of plant propagation where the new plant remains at least partially
attached to the mother plant while forming new roots and can occur naturally through modified
stem structures.

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Below are the types of layering.

 Air layering

Air layering is the method of propagating new trees and shrubs from stem still attached to the
parent plant. The stem is wrapped with damped moss to encourage roots to form.

 Simple layering

Simple layering means bending of a branch to the ground and getting it to the root where it
touches. This method is used mainly for the shrubs with flexible branches, such as Forsythia,
Spirea and Ramber rose.

 Tip layering

This is quite similar to simple layering.

Dig a hole 3-4 inches deep. Insert the tip of current season shoot and cover it with soil. The tip
grows downward first, then bend sharply and grows upward.

 Mound layering

It is useful with heavy stemmed, closely branched shrubs and rootstocks of tree fruits. Cut the
plant back to 1 inch above the soil surface in dormant season. Dormant buds will produce new
shoots in the spring. Mound soil over the new shoots as they grow.

5.2.3. BUDDING:

Budding is a grafting technique in which a single bud from the desired scion is used rather than
an entire scion containing many buds. Most budding is done just before or during the growing
season. However some species may be budded during the winter while they are dormant.

5.2.4. GRAFTING:

The act of placing a portion of one plant (bud or scion) into or on a stem, root or branch of
another plant (stock) in such a way that a union will be formed and the partners will continue to
grow. The part of combination that provides the roots is called the rootstock and the added part is
called the scion.

5.2.5. DIVISION:

It is the simple means of vegetative propagation for plants that produce suckers, bulbs, tubers
and rhizomes. To propagate by division dig up the plant and divide it carefully using a spade or
secateurs. e.g. propagation of asters, black-eyed susan and many perennial flowers is done by
this method.

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CHAPTER#6

MARIGOLD (tagetes spp.)

6.1. Description:
Tagetes is a genus of annual or perennial, mostly herbaceous plants in the sunflower family
Asteraceae. They are among several groups of plants known in English as marigolds. Marigold is
one of the most commonly grown flowers for garden decoration.It has gained popularity amongst
the gardeners on account of its easy culture and wide adaptability. Its habit of free flowering,
short duration to produce marketable flowers, wide spectrum of attractive colours, shape, size
and good keeping quality has attracted the attention of flower growers.They can be planted in the
beds for mass display or grown in pots.
6.2. Species and cultivars:
Among 50 species of marigold only two are cultivated in Pakistan. These are;

1. AFRICAN MARIGOLD:

Tageteserecta or African marigold, is a frequently cultivated, tender flowering,

herbaceousannual, or house plant known for its large flower heads. Tall varieties may need
staking, and spent flower should be promptly deadheaded, as flower heads are heavy and can
cause stem to snap. They are great for containers and hanging baskets. African marigolds are
easy to grow and thrive under hot dry conditions. These aromatic plants brighten the garden with
their cheerful shades of yellow, orange and maroon. And easily grown in average, evenly moist,
well drained soil in full sun.appreciates some light after noon shades, germinate from large,
easily handled seeds in rapid, and blooms should appear within few weeks of sowing. If the spent

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blooms are deadheaded, the plant will continue to bloom profusely. Do not fertilize African
marigolds too rich because these flowers bloom better in less fertilized or poor soil. The densely
double flower heads of the African marigolds tend to rot in wet weather.This plant reaches
heights of between 50-100 cm (20-39 in). The colour range is from white and cream to primose,
yellow, gold and orange.

2. FRENCH MARIGOLD:

Tagetespatula or French marigolds an annual, occasionally reaching 0.5 m by 0.3 m. Stem is

reddish in colour and the foliage is darker than African marigold. The colour of flower varies
from yellow to red, either single or double and borne on proportionately long peduncle.French
marigolds come in many varieties in colour from yellow, and gold to orange and red. Flowers
may be a single colour or bicoloured in small single blooms to larger semi-double blooms.
French marigolds only grow to about 12 inches tall. It is a low growing plant with flowers of
blended red and yellow in most varieties. These prolific bloomers make good container and
window box plants. We can fill in flower beds or use as edging for a flower garden because of
their low-growing habit. French marigolds are versatile enough to line a pathway or walkway. A
French marigold prefers full sun to bloom continuously. They will have far fewer blooms if
planted in a particularly shaded area. Space plants about six to eight inches apart in all directions.
French marigolds are hardy and are not bothered by most diseases and insects, except in dry
conditions. They canbe susceptible to powdery mildew, botrytis, leaf spot, and rots. Spider mites
and thrips may also be a problem.

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6.3. Climate and soil:
Marigold requires mild climate for luxuriant growth and flowering.The optimum temperature
range for its profuse growth is 18-20°C.Temperatures above 35°C restrict the growth of the
plants, which leads to reduction in flower size and number.In severe winter, plants and flowers
are damaged by frost.

Marigold can be grown in a wide range of soils, as it is adapted in different soil types.
French (Dwarf) marigolds are best cultivated in light soil whereas a rich well-drained moist soils
are best suited for African (Tall) marigolds. Sandy loam soil with pH 5.6 to 6.5 is ideal for its
cultivation.
6.4. Propagation:
There are two common methods of propagation of marigold i.e. by seeds and by cuttings. Plants
raised from seeds are tall, vigorous and heavy yielder and hence, seed propagation is preferred to
cuttings.
6.5. Nursery raising and Land preparation:
For the main-field, the land should be ploughed well followed by 2-3 harrowing and mixing of
FYM @ 20-25 t/ha should be incorporated to the soil. Make a plane seed bed.

The marigold seeds are black in colour and remain viable for about 1-2 years for raising of
seedlings. Seed germinate in 5-7 days. Before sowing the seeds should be treated with Captan
2g/kg of seed to prevent damping off.Seeds should be sowed in pots, seed boxes or raised
nursery beds. Nursery beds are prepared by digging area and incorporating well rotten FYM.
Before sowing the seeds, the soils should be drenched with Captan to avoid the ants, which carry
away the seeds.Seeds should be sown thinly (6-8 cm row to row) and 2cm deep and covered with
sieved leaf mold.The nursery beds should be remained moist during entire period.The quantity of
seed required depends upon the level of its purity and germination rate.Generally 200-300g
seed/acre is required for raising the nursery in summer and rainy season, and 150-200g/acre for
winter season. About 1.0-1.5 kg seeds is required for planting in one hectare whereas 250 g/ha is
sufficient in case of F1 hybrid. Seed germinate in 5-7 days.The seed germinate 4-5 days after
sowing and seedlings become ready for transplanting after 3-4 weeks for sowing.
6.6. Sowing time and season:
Depending on environment, planting of marigold can be done in three seasons, i.e. rainy, winter
and summer and seeds are sown accordingly. Hence, flowers of marigold can be obtained

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throughout the year. The seasons of sowing and transplanting of seedling for obtaining flowers at
different seasons of a year are as under:-

Flowering seasons Sowing time Transplanting time

Late rains Mid-June Mid-July

Winter Mid-September Mid-October

Summer Jan-February February- March

6.7. Transplanting of seedlings:

Marigold seedlings are easily transplanted and established in the field without much mortality.At
the time of transplanting, they should be stocky and bear 3-5 true leaves.Thin and long seedlings
do not make a good plant.Very old seedlings are also not desirable.
Transplanting should be done in well prepared land and soil is pressed around root zone to avoid
air pocket.After transplanting, a light irrigation or watering with rose cane should be done.Plant
density depends largely upon the growth habit, cultivar and the soil type. In general, spacing
should be 30 cm x 30 cm for French marigold and 40 cm x 40 cm for African marigold.Proper
spacing between plants is required for better development of plant and higher flower yield.
6.8. Manure and fertilizers:
Well decomposed FYM @ 24 t/ha should be mixed before ploughing.In addition recommended
N:P:K fertilizer dose would be 100:75:75.Half quantity of nitrogen should be and full of potash
and phosphorus should be applied as basal dose, preferably one week after transplanting.The
remaining quantity of nitrogen should be 30-40 days after transplanting. Marigold also requires
zinc and boron for flower quality and yield.
6.9. Weeding:
Weeds are a major problem in marigold especially in rainy season crop. If the weeds are not
removed in time, a great loss would occur in terms of growth and productivity of marigold.
During the entire growth 3-4 manual weeding are required. Weeding should be done as and when
necessary.
6.10. Irrigation:

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Irrigation is done once in a week or as and when necessary. Water stagnation should be avoided.
Irrigate the crop in 7-8 days interval, but the frequency and quantity of water also depend upon
soil and season. In lighter soil, more frequent irrigation is required than that in heavy soil.In hot
summer it requires irrigation after 405 days interval while at 10-12 days interval in winter
months.Rainy season crops are irrigated according to the climate. Constant moisture supply
should be maintained from bud formation to harvesting of flowers.
6.11.Pinching/ nipping and earthling up:
Three weeks after transplanting earthling up is done and then one week after earthling up or 1
month after transplanting the seedlings, pinching is followed for bushy growth of the plant and
development of lateral branches.Pinching is generally done for the 40 days after transplanting,
late pinching at 50-60 days proved less effective for branching.Pinching results into production
of more number of flowers.

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CHAPTER#7

CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, this internship has been an excellent and rewarding experience. I can conclude that
there have been a lot I learnt from my work at Parks and Horticulture Authority, Rawalpindi. I
did many things practically that I had read theoretically during my B.Sc.(Hons) study course
work for last 3 years.I think without practical/field work or experience, theoretical work is not
enough. As the Agriculture is applied science, so internship in this regard is an important and
best step. It included personal learning as well as experimental learning. During internship I
learned about identification of ornamental plants(trees, shrubs, flowers, palms), Landscaping and
floriculture and the growing of ornamental plants specially seasonal flowers of Pakistan.

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