(highlighting Building/Zoning/Construction classification)

(NBC,NFPA etc )

AREEB KHAN
SANIYA AHMAD
SHOMAILA KHAN
TARIQ UMAR
 PASSIVE FIRE PREVENTION
TO CONTAIN FIRE AND PREVENT SPREAD OF FLAME, HEAT AND SMOKE.
Ensures safe evacuation and minimize
damage to life and property
Demarcation of
fire zones

Occupancy based
classification

Types of building
construction

Building
materials

Design-
 Fire Doors Compartments
 Fire Stops and Cavity Barriers
 Fire Rated Ducts and dampers
 Fire Barriers like FR walls , ceilings , floors
IS 1461 PASSIVE FIRE PREVENTION

Fire Load – IBC

Calorific energy, of the whole contents

contained in a space, including the facings of
the walls, partitions, floors and ceilings.

Fire Load Density –

Fire load of space / floor area of space.

Expressed in k Cal / m2
 FIRE RESISTANCE
Fire Resistance Rating - The time that Insulation
a material or construction will withstand
700
the standard fire exposure as Upper Temp Limit 600
640

600
determined by fire test . Expressed in 550

minutes against a specified fire load. 500

400

Load bearing 300

capacity (R) 211
200
140 140
• Resistance to loss of structural stability 100

0
Wall , Floor Electric PVC pipes Structural Insulation Aluminium
Integrity (E) circuit Steel

• Resistance to penetration of flame and hot Fire resistance is one of the properties
gases of materials and structures
Insulation (I)
REI-M 240 (fire-wall) , REI 90 (wall)
• Resistance to temperature rise on the The area under the time temperature
unexposed face up to a maximum of 180°C at curve is within 10% (1 hr )of the, 7.5%
any single point and average temperature of (2 h) and 5% (2 h or more) of standard
140°C curve
 TIME TEMPERATURE CURVE
Standard A fire curve is a representation of how a
Cellulosic fire grows over time . The fire exposure in
Hydrocarbon
Time- fire tests is controlled to conform with the
Curve
Temperature
Curve (ISO 834)
standard time-temperature curve

RABT Curve RWS Curve , NL

T = 20 + 345 log10 (8t +1)

This ISO-based curve is used in standards throughout the world, including BS 476, AS
1530, DIN 4102, ASTM and the new European Norm (BS EN 1363-1). It is a model of a
ventilated controlled natural fire, i.e. fires in a normal building. The temperature increase
after 30 minutes is 842°C.

Hydrocarbon curve is a simulation of a ventilated oil fire with a temperature increase of

1110°C after 30 minutes.
 STANDARD FIRE TESTS
IS 3614 , NFPA 80 – Fire Door Test
ASTM E119 - 18ce1 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and
Materials

TEMPERATURE Thermocouples PRESSURE Sensors (T , Tube ) INTEGRITY Cotton Pads in mesh ,

( disc,plate,roving ) LOAD Load cell etc Gap gauge

Fire Endurance Test - The fire exposure

is continued on the specimen with its
applied load if applicable, until failure
occurs, or until the specimen has
withstood the test conditions for the
desired fire endurance rating.

Hose Stream Test – A duplicate

specimen after being fire tested for half
the time of rating is then subjected to
the impact, erosion, and cooling effects
of a hose stream directed first at the
middle and then at all parts of the
exposed face, changes in direction being
made slowly.
 STANDARD FIRE TESTS
 LOADBEARING CAPACITY – Amount and rate of deflection.
For the purposes of this part of ISO 834, failure to support the load is deemed to have
occurred when both of the following criteria have been exceeded -
Flexural elements: Axially loaded elements:
Limiting deflection, D = (L2/400 d ) mm Limiting axial contraction, C = h/100 mm
Limiting rate of deflection, dD/dt = (L2/400 Limiting rate of axial contraction, dC/dt =
d) mm/min (3h/1000) mm/min

L is the clear span of the test specimen, in where h is the initial height, in millimetres.
millimetres;
d is the distance from the extreme fibre of The test load shall be applied at least 15
the design compression zone to the min before the commencement of the test.
extreme fibre of the design tensile zone of
the structural section, in millimetres.

 INTEGRITY - elapsed time for which the test specimen continues to maintain its
separating function during the test without either
• causing the ignition of a cotton pad applied in accordance with 8.4.1;
• permitting the penetration of a gap gauge as specified in 8.4.2;
• resulting in sustained flaming on the unexposed surface in excess of 10 s duration.
 STANDARD FIRE TESTS
 INSULATION elapsed time for which the test specimen continues to maintain its
separating function during the test without developing temperatures on its unexposed
surface which either
• increase the average temperature above the initial average temperature by more than
140 K;
• increase above the initial temperature at any location (including the roving
thermocouple) by more than 180 K (the initial temperature shall be the average
unexposed face temperature at the commencement of the test).

STANDARDS ELEMENTS OF CONSTRUCTION

IS/ISO 834-1 Fire resistance tests General requirements
IS/ISO 834-4 Specific requirements for load bearing vertical separating elements
IS/ISO 834-5 Specific requirements for load bearing horizontal separating elements
IS/ISO 834-6 Specific requirements for beams
IS/ISO 834-7 Specific requirements for columns
IS/ISO 834-8 Specific requirements - non-load bearing vertical separating elements
IS/ISO 834-9 Specific requirements for non- load bearing ceiling elements
 SURFACE FINISH
Minimise spread of flame on wall, facade of building and ceiling surfaces and materials
used shall not generate toxic smoke/fumes.
NBC
CLASS FLAME SPREAD SMOKE SPREAD EXAMPLE

A 0-25 0-450 Inorganic material 1 - very 2- Low

brick , tile , RCB low
B 26-75 0-450 Whole wood
3 - Medium 4- Rapid
C 76-200 0-450 plywood, particle
board, hardboard, oak

Class 4 materials (untreated wood fiberboards )shall not be used in kitchens, corridors
and staircases. The ceiling is at least, 2.4 m from the top surface of the floor below – FR
class 4 material.
NFPA 101
THE TUNNEL TEST (ASTM Method E-84)
The tunnel test measures how far and how fast flames spread across the surface of the
test sample. In this test, a sample of the material 20 inches wide and 25 feet long, is
installed as ceiling of a test chamber, and exposed to a gas flame at one end.
NBC Table 17, C- 1
NBC

4h–1h
2h – 1 h
4h–1h
1.5 h – 1 h
4h–1h
1h–1h

2h

1h
2h–1h
1h

4h–2h
3h–1h

2h – 1 h
1h
 (NBC 206 – CLAUSE 3.2) FIRE ZONES
The number of fire zones in a city or area under the jurisdiction of the authority depends
upon:
• Existing layout,
• Types of building construction,
• Classification of existing buildings based on occupancy
• Expected future development of the city or area.
In large cities or areas, three fire Zones may be necessary, while in smaller ones, one or two
may be adequate. FIRE ZONE 01

FIRE ZONE 02
ZONE 01 FIRE ZONE 03
GROUP A, ZONE 03
GROUP B, GROUP G3,
GROUP C, GROUP H,
GROUP D, GROUP J
GROUP E-1,
GROUP F

ZONE 02
GROUP E2-E5,
GROUP G1-G2

FIRE ZONES OF DELHI ACCORDING TO LANDUSE

OVERLAPPING FIRE ZONES
• When any building is so situated that it extends to more
than one Fire Zone, it shall be deemed to be in the Fire
Zone in which the major portion of the building or
structure is situated.

• When any building is so situated that it extends equally to

more than one fire zone, it shall be deemed to be in the fire
zone having more hazardous occupancy buildings.

TEMPORARY BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

• Temporary buildings and structures shall be permitted only in

Fire Zones No. 1 and 2 as the case may be, according to the
purpose for which these are to be used.

• Adequate fire precautionary measures in the construction of

temporary structures and PANDALS shall be taken.

• Such buildings and temporary structures shall be completely

removed on the expiry of the period specified in the permit.
FIRE ZONE & TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
• Fire resistance of structural and non-structural elements is expressed in HOURS
• FIRE RESISTANCE RATINGS: for all types of structural members, doors and windows are

15mins 30mins 45min 1Hr 1.5Hr 2Hr 4Hr

• Fire Zone-1, Fire Zone-2 Fire Zones are city or area demarcated for
the purpose of code based on fire hazard
Type-1 • Fire Zone-3 inherent in the buildings as per occupancy
type.
• Fire Zone-1, Fire Zone-2 FIRE FIRE FIRE
Type-2 • Fire Zone-3 ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
•Residential •Business & •High
• Fire Zone-1 •Educational Industrial Industrial
•Institutional Buildings Buildings
Type-3 • Fire Zone-2 •Assembly
•Small
Business &
• Fire Zone-1
Type-4 Mercantile
 FIRE RESISTANT RATING FOR TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-4
•Exterior Exterior bearing
bearing walls: Interior bearing Exterior bearing
walls: 1 to 2 walls: 1 to 2 hour
3 to 4 hours. hours. walls: 2 hours.
•Interior Interior bearing Interior bearing
Interior bearing walls: 1 to 2
bearing walls: walls: 1.5 to 2 walls: 1 to 2
3 to 4 hours. hours. hours
hours.
•Columns: 2 to Columns: 0 to 1 Columns: 0 to 1
Columns: 1.5 to 2 hour.
4 hours. hours. hour.
•Beams, Beams, girders, Beams, girders,
Beams, girders, trusses, arches: 0
girders, trusses, arches: 1 trusses, arches: 0
trusses, and to 1 hour. to 1 hour.
to 2 hours
arches: 2 to 4 Floors: 1 hour. Floors: 1 hour.
hours Floors: 1.5 hours.
Roof: 0 to 1 hour. Roof: 0 to 1Hour
•Floors: 2 to 3 Roof: 0 to 1.5
hours. hour.
•Roof: 1-1/2 to
2 hours.
For Types 1 to 3 constructions, a doorway or opening in a fire resistant wall on any floor
shall be limited to 5.6 sq m in area with a maximum height/width of 2.75 m.
For Type 4 construction, openings in the fire separating walls or floors shall be fitted with
120 min fire-resistance rated assemblies.
 OCCUPANCY FACING ONE PUBLIC STREET AT LEAST 9M WIDE
FAR

Residential Educational Institutional Assembly Business Mercantile Industrial Storage Hazardous

Type-1 ∞10 ∞10 ∞10 ∞ 10 0 8 7.5 6 2.8
Type-2 2 2 1.5 1 2.9 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.1
Type-3 1.4 1.4 1 0.7 2.3 1.4 1.6 1.3 0.9
Type-4 1 1 0.8 0.5 1.6 1 1.3 1 0
Occupancy Classification
 COMPARTMENTATION
Use of fire barriers. When penetrated for ductwork, plumbing and electrical systems
proper sealing is done to maintain integrity using fire stops/fire seals.
4.5.2 All floors shall be compartmented/zoned with area of each compartment being not
more than 750 m2. The maximum size, in case of sprinklered basement/building:
3.3.4 False ceiling, including all fixtures used for its suspension, shall be of non-
combustible material (NBC)
Firestop block and plug Designed for retroffited cables.
Firestop foam seal pipe and cable penetrations, from small to
medium sized applications.
Firestop cast-in and sleeve specially designed for pipe penetrations through fire-
rated floors.
Firestop collars, wraps and bandages protect all of your piping penetrations
Firestop sealants & sprays firestopping solutions for walls and joints between
floors and walls.
Firestop cable protection cable protection to reduce flame damage.
Firestop coatings systems, cushions combustible and non-combustible pipe and insulation
and mortars materials, to firestop penetration seals.
FIRE DOOR
 FIRE DOOR
• For Types 1 to 3 constructions - 120 min. be
limited to 5.6 sq m in area with a maximum
height/width of 2.75 m.
• For Type 4 construction - 120 min fire-
resistance rated assemblies.
• Fire doors in exits - the insulation criteria
shall be 20 min
• provided with intumescent seal.
• USE Door closure spring mechanism.
• Fire curtains shall not be allowed as fire exits
MS - Grade St 32.0 of IS : 1977- 1962*.
IS 1364 Timber - seasoned teak /yellow pine wood.
FIRE CHECK DOOR WIDTH HEIGHT AREA

Steel plate doors 2.1 m 2.75 m 5 m2

Metal covered doors 2.1 m 2.75 m 5 m2

Rolling steel shutters 2.4 m 2.1 m 5 m2

3.4.10.2 NBC GLASS FACADE

For fully sprinklered buildings having fire separation of 9 m or more, tempered glass in
a non-combustible assembly, sprinklers are located within 600 mm of the glass facade
providing full coverage to the glass
All gaps between floor-slabs and façade assembly shall be sealed at all levels by
approved fire resistant sealant material of equal fire rating as that of floor slab.

FIRE OPENABLE PANEL - suitably distributed on each floor based on occupant

concentration and spaced not more than 10 m apart measured along the external wall
from centre-to-centre of the access openings. Such openings shall be operable at a
height between 1.2 m and 1.5 m from the floor, The form of openable panels (fire access
panels) of size not less than 1 000 mm × 1 000 mm opening outwards.
 BUILDING MATERIALS

MATERIAL PROPERTIES (FIRE) PHOTO INCREASED FR

Brick Very Good FR (Clay & Thick layer of plaster

Kiln)

Concrete Excellent FR, NC , low k Intumescent coats ,

,25mm surface plaster
disintegration , varies
with aggregate & density
Wood/timber self insulation and slow Treated - ammonium
burning resists fire. phosphate and
sulphate, borax and
boric acid, zinc
chloride etc
Stone Hot stone develop cracks
when cooled, e.g –
limestone , Moderate FR -
sandstone
MATERIAL PROPERTIES (FIRE) PHOTO UPGRADED TYPES

Steel Low fire resistance , Concrete encasement ,

deformation and intumescent coats ,
cementious products

Glass Expands little while Reinforced glass ,

heating but on cooling - ceramic glass ,
Fractures & cracks intumescent glass

Gypsum Excellent FR Thickness varies , FR

coating & sprays

FIRE SEAL MATERIALS

 cement mortar , gypsum-based plaster , cement or
gypsum vermiculite/perlite mixes, silicone and acrylic
based sealents
 glass fibre or ceramic based products (with or without
resin binders), and intumescent , mastics etc.
 (NBC 2016 CLAUSE 3.1 BUILDING CLASSIFICATION-OCCUPANCY
GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARK
A RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

A1 Lodging & Rooming Inns, Clubs, Motels And Guest Lodging houses under this
Houses Houses category accommodates 40, If
number of persons exceed
40, these are to be grouped
under A-5.
A2 One Or Two Family Small Residential Complexes Building housing three or
Private Dwellings more families, are to be
grouped under A-4.
A3 Dormitories School And College Dormitories,
Military Barracks.

INN (GROUP A1) SMALL RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX (GROUP A2) DORMITORIES (GROUP A3)
GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARK
A RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

A4 Apartment Houses Apartment Houses, Mansions

And Chawls.
A5 Hotels Hotels classified up to 4 star The main criteria for being
Category grouped under this is that
they must accommodate
more than 40 people.
A6 Starred Hotels Hotels duly approved by the
Concerned authorities as five
star and above Hotels.

CHAWLS (GROUP A4) UDAIVILLAS (GROUP A6)

 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS
B EDUCATIONAL
BUILDINGS
B1 Schools Upto Senior Also Includes Nurseries, Kindergarten,
Secondary Schools with Students Not Less Than 20 In
Number

B2 All Others/Training Defence, Para-military, Police, Fire Service,

Institutions Administration And Such Other
Professional/Technical
training institutions under one single
management with atleast 100 students.

SCHOOL (GROUP B1) POLYTECHNIC (GROUP B2)

 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS
C INSTITUTIONAL
BUILDINGS
C1 Hospitals & Hospitals, Infirmaries,
Sanatoria Sanatoria And Nursing
Homes.
C2 Custodial Homes For The Aged And
Institutions Infirm, Convalescent Homes
And Orphanages
C3 Penal & Mental Jails, Prisons, Mental
Institutions Hospitals, Mental Sanatoria
And Reformatories.

APOLLO HOSPITAL (GROUP C1) ORPHANAGE (GROUP C2) TIHAR JAIL (GROUP C3)
 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS

D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
D1 Buildings having a Auditoria, According to Uniform Fire Code (NFPA-1-2003),
theatrical or motion Concert Halls, in Assembly occupancies having occupant loads
picture or any other Television And exceeding 1000, trained crowd managers
stage and fixed seats Radio Studios /supervisors are required to be provided,
for over 1000 persons except for Assembly occupancies for religious
worships, for crowds not exceeding 2000.
D2 Buildings having Also, in the same Uniform Fire Code, seats in
theatrical or motion the Assembly occupancies accommodating
picture or any other more than 200 persons are required to be
stage and fixed seats securely fastened to the floor except where
up-to 1000 persons. such fastening is impracticable as in the case of
restaurants, night clubs, dance halls etc.

AUDITORIUM (GROUP D3) CONCERT HALL (GROUP D3)

 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS
D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
D3 Buildings without a permanent Dance Halls, Night Clubs,
stage having accommodation for dramatic, Theatrical Or
300 or more persons but no Educational Presentation, Art
permanent seating arrangement Galleries, Exhibition Halls, And
Heritage And Archaeological
Monuments.
D4 Buildings without a permanent
stage having accommodation for
less than 300 persons with no
permanent seating arrangement

EXHIBITION HALL(GROUP D3) DANCE HALL(GROUP D4) TAJ MAHAL(GROUP D3)

 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS

D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
D5 All other structures including These are outdoor occupancies or
temporary structures designed for temporary structures like circus
assembly of people not covered by sub tents, where a large number of
divisions D1 to D4, at people gather for a short duration.
ground level. The life hazards in such occupancies
are high.
D6 Buildings having mixed occupancies
providing facilities such as shopping,
cinema theatres, and restaurants.
D7 All other structures, elevated or
underground, for assembly of people
not covered by subdivisions D-1 to D6.

CIRCUS (GROUP D5) MALL(GROUP D6) METRO STATIONS (GROUP D7)

 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS

E BUSINESS BUILDING

E1 Offices, banks, professional

establishments like offices of architects,
engineers, doctors, lawyers and police
stations
E2 Laboratories, research
establishments, libraries and test houses

BANKS (GROUP E1) POLICE STATION (GROUP E1) LABORATORIES (GROUP E2)
 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS
E BUSINESS BUILDING
E3 Computer installations
E4 Telephone exchanges
E5 Broadcasting stations and T.V
stations

F MERCENTILE BUILDINGS
F1 Shops, stores, departmental stores,
markets, with area up to 500 m

CALL CENTER (GROUP E3) DOORDARSHAN BUILDING(GROUP E5)

 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS

F2 Shops, stores, departmental In some of the international standards,

stores, markets, apart from area of the building, number
with area more than 500 m2 of storeys is also taken as a factor for
reckoning sub divisions.
F3 Underground shopping centres. Underground shopping centres are
Storage and service facilities considered still
incidental to the sale of more hazardous, because of difficulties
merchandise and located in the in smoke
same building shall be included extraction and fire fighting efforts.
under this group.

MARKET (GROUP F1) PALIKA BAZAAR (GROUP F3)

 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS
G INDUSTRIAL
BUILDINGS
G1 Buildings used for Engineering
low hazard Workshops, Ceramic factories
industries
G2 Buildings used for Aluminium factories, Cold Storages, Electric
moderate hazard Generating Stations
industries
G3 Buildings used for Cotton Waste Factories, Explosive Factories,
high hazard Fire Works Manufacture, Petroleum
industries Refineries, Oil Installations

ENGEENIRING WORKSHOP (GROUP G1) ALUMINIUM FACTORY (GROUP G2) OIL INSTALLATION(GROUP G3)
 GROUP TYPE PURPOSE REMARKS
H STORAGE Warehouses, Cold The fire load in this occupancy
BUILDINGS Storage, Freight Depots, Transit class will vary according to the
Sheds, Store Houses, Truck And type of material(s) stored. In these
Marine Terminals, Garages, Hangars, types of occupancies, generally
Grain Elevators , Barns And Stables material hazards are
more than life hazards
J HAZARDOUS Used for the storage, handling,
BUILDINGS manufacture or processing of highly
combustible or explosive materials or
products which are liable to burn with
extreme rapidity and (or) which may
produce poisonous fumes or
explosions on storage/handling,
manufacturing or processing

COLD STORAGE (GROUP H) MARINE TERMINAL (GROUP H) LPG DEPOT(GROUP J)

 HIGH RISE BUILDING
High rise according to fire protection can be define
as building containing floors at such height or
position that the deployment of fire fighting
equipments and rescue operations may not be
feasible.
High rise buildings shall receive special attention
with respect to fire and life safety particularly with
regard to planning, design, execution,
maintenance. Such as:

Staging and Zoning of firefighting Challenges experienced by

Stack effect posing systems to meet fire personnel in reaching
evacuation challenges towards
requirements of functional requirements the place of fire and
pressurization and of hydraulic pressure
occupants. towards evacuation.
smoke exhaust and flow.
 HIGH RISE BUILDING

HORIZONTAL EXITS/REFUGE AREA Buildings of Height 15 m and Above

• All materials of constructions in load
bearing
elements, stairways and corridors and
facades
shall be non-combustible.
• The interior finishing materials shall be of
very low flame spread type.
• Walls of the lift bank well enclosure for a
lift or group of lifts shall have a fire rating
of 120 min. The lift well shall have a vent
• A horizontal exit shall be at the top, of area not less than 0.2 m2
through a fire door of 120 min per lift.
rating in a fire resistant wall. • Landing doors - Lift landing doors shall be
imperforate. Collapsible doors shall not be
• Horizontal exit require separation permitted.
with the refuge area or • Lift landing doors provided in the
adjoining compartment through lift enclosure shall have a minimum fire
120 min fire barrier. resistance rating of 60 min.
 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION IN ATRIUM

ATRIUM REQUIREMENTS

In order for an atrium to be permitted in buildings,

the following shall be complied:

• Atrium shall be permitted in buildings Of Type 1

and Type 2 construction only.
• The use of combustible furnishings and
decorations on the floor of the atrium shall
be limited and sparsely distributed.
• They must be separated from the rest of the
building by 1-hour fire-resistive fire barriers.
• Exit travel distance within some parts of the
atrium cannot exceed 200 feet (61 m).
 BASEMENTS
 Each basement shall be separately ventilated. Vents with cross-sectional area
(aggregate) not less than 2.5 percent of the floor area spread evenly round the
perimeter of the basement shall be provided in the form of grills, or breakable
stallboard lights or pavement lights or by way of shafts.

 A system of air inlets shall be provided at basement floor level and smoke outlets at
basement ceiling level.
 The staircase - enclosed type having
fire resistance of not less than 2 h.

 In multi-storey basements, intake

ducts may serve all basement levels,
but each basement levels and
basement compartment shall have
separate smoke outlet duct or ducts.

 Mechanical extractors shall be

designed to permit 30 air changes per
hour in case of fire or distress call.
(NBC-2016 ANNEX H) CAR PARKING FACILITIES
 A parking structure can be enclosed or open, use ramps, & use mechanical control
push button type elevators to transfer vehicles from one floor to another.
 Motor vehicles are permitted to be parked by drivers, or an attendant or can be
parked mechanically by automated facilities.

OFF STREET CAR PARKING MULTISTOREY CAR PARKING

BASEMENT CAR PARKING ROOF CAR PARKING

PROVISIONS FOR CAR PARKING
 Floor surfaces shall be non-combustible, sloping towards drains to remove
accumulation of water.
 Where both parking and repair operations are conducted in the same building, the
entire building shall comply with the requirements for Group G occupancies, unless
the parking and repair sections are effectively separated by separation walls of 120
min.
 Vehicle ramps shall not be considered as exits unless pedestrian facilities are provided.
 Other occupancies like fuel dispensing, shall not be allowed in the building
 Those parts of parking structures located within, immediately above or below,
attached to, or less than 3 m away from a building used for any other purpose shall be
separated by fire resistant walls and floors having fire resistance rating of not less
than 120 min.

OPEN CAR PARKING STRUCTURES

 A parking structure having each parking level wall openings open to the atmosphere,
for an area of not less than 0.4 m2 for each linear meter of its exterior perimeter shall
be construed as open parking structure.
 Open parking structures are not required to be provided with compartmentation.
ENCLOSED PARKING STRUCTURES
 Those car parking structures which are enclosed on all sides and on top, not falling
within the definition of open car parking and also those situated in the basements
shall be known as enclosed car parking structures.
 For basement car parking, compartmentalization can be achieved, with fire barrier or
with water curtain nozzle
 All fire exit doors from the car parking to exits shall be painted green and shall display
exit signage.

COMPARTMENTATION IN ENCLOSED PARKING FIRE EXIT DOORS IN PARKING

AUTOMATED CAR PARKING UTILIZING MECHANICAL OR COMPUTERIZED/
ROBOTIC MEANS

 Automated car parking structure can be of

open parking type or enclosed types.

 Automated car parking facilities pose more

hazard compared to manual parking :High
density of cars due to close stacking one over
another, Lack of provision on fire
separation/compartmentation-horizontal or
vertical leading to rapid fire spread

 Structure shall be provided with a ventilation

system that continuously provide min. of 2
ACPH.

 Hazardous areas like DG sets, transformers,

HT/LT panels shall be suitably segregated AUTOMATED CAR PARKING IN BASEMENT
from other areas.
THANK YOU ………