Rev.

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An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to SPPU

School of Civil & Mechanical Engineering

UNIT 5 : 2 D Elements

By
Prof. A.B. Belvekar-Patil

Prof. A.B. Belvekar-Patil

SEM003 2D ELEMENTS Rev. 00
SEM003 TYPES OF 2D ELEMENTS Rev. 00

2D Elements – Triangular Element (Trias), Quadrilateral Element(Quads)

Constant Strain Linear Strain Quadrilateral Quadratic

Triangle(CST) Triangle(CST) Element Quadrilateral
(Quad 4) Element
(Quad 8)
SEM003 DISPLACEMENT FUNCTION Rev. 00
In FEA the first step is to discretize the given continuum into smaller number of parts called elements.
The displacement variations for these element are unknown hence trial function is assumed for the displacement of an
element. There are two functions available for assuming the displacement variation of an element.
1. Polynomial Displacement Function
2. Trignometric Displacement Function

Polynomial function is best suited for the displacement model since mathematical calculations are simpler. A polynomial
function of N th order will give an exact solution. But for all practical purpose the function is truncated to a finite order so as
to simplify the calculations involved. Hence the solution obtained is an approximate one.

For 1 D element polynomial displacement model is

U= a0 + a1X + a2X2 + a3X3 + …….+ anXn
The number of terms in polynomial indicate the shape of displacement for the element.
More number of terms used solution
converge to exact one.
SEM003 Convergence Criteria Rev. 00

• Convergence is a process in which the results obtained by FEA of physical problem reaches to the exact solution.
• Due to use of finite polynomial function in the calculation there is a difference between actual result and obtained results
in FEA.
• If the difference between these two keeps reducing the results of analysis are said to be converging.
SEM003 Convergence Criteria Rev. 00

• The conditions for convergence are as follows.

• The selected displacement model should be continuous:

• The displacement model selected should satisfy the rigid body displacement:

• The displacement model selected should satisfy the constant strain state.

• The displacement function selected should be independent of natural coordinate system.

 Pascal’s Triangle: Geometric Invariance Rev. 00

 The most convenient way of expressing 2D displacement polynomial is with the help of Pascal’s Triangle Which
contains polynomials of various degrees in X and Y Coordinates.
 The displacement function selected should be independent of natural coordinate system.

U= a0

U= a0 + a1X + a2Y
U= a0 + a1X +a2Y
+ a 3 X 2 + a 4 Y2 + a 5 X Y

Amit Belvekar-Patil
 SHAPE FUNCTION Rev. 00
FE Formulation of 2D rectangular or Quad Elements
Derivation of Shape function for Linear Strain Rectangle element in Natural Coordinate System
N1= 0 η N1= 0
N2=0 N2=0
Let, N3= 0 (-1,1) (1,1) N3= 1
N1 = Shape Function corresponding to Node 1 N4=1 N4=0
N2 = Shape Function corresponding to Node 2
N3 = Shape Function corresponding to Node 3
N4 = Shape Function corresponding to Node 4 𝝃

(-1,-1) (1,-1)
N1= 1 N1= 0
N2=0 N2=1
Let us assume polynomial function in natural coordinate system is N3= 0 N3= 0
N4=0 N4=0
N=α0 + α1 𝝃 + α2 η+ α3 𝝃 η ______ (A)

Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Rev. 00

To find Shape function N1 For Node 1, N=N1

N1=α0 + α1 𝝃 + α2 η+ α3 𝝃 η ______ (A) N1= 0 η N1= 0

N2=0 N2=0
At Node 1; N1= 1, 𝝃 = -1, η= -1 N3= 0 (-1,1) (1,1) N3= 1
N4=1 N4=0
1= α0 - α1 – α2 + α3 -------------------------(a)
𝝃
At Node 2; N1= 0, 𝝃 = 1, η= -1

(1,-1)
0= α0 + α1 – α2 -α3 -------------------------(b)
(-1,-1)
N1= 1 N1= 0
At Node 3; N1= 0, 𝝃 = 1, η= 1
N2=0 N2=1
N3= 0 N3= 0
0= α0 + α1 + α2 + α3 -------------------------(c) N4=0 N4=0
At Node 4; N1= 0, 𝝃 = -1, η= 1

0= α0 - α1 + α2 - α3 -------------------------(d)
Amit Belvekar-Patil
 SHAPE FUNCTION Rev. 00

Adding Equation (a) and (b)

1= 2α0 – 2α2 -------------------------(e)

Adding Equation (c) and (d)

0= 2α0 + 2α2 -------------------------(f)

Adding Equation (e) and (f)

α0 = 1/4 α2 = -1/4 α3 = 1/4 α1 = -1/4

N1=1/4 -1/4𝝃 -1/4 η+ 1/4 𝝃 η ______ (A)

𝟏
𝑵𝟏 = (𝟏 − 𝝃)(𝟏 − η)
𝟒

Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Rev. 00

To find Shape function N2 For Node 2, N=N2

N2=α0 + α1 𝝃 + α2 η+ α3 𝝃 η ______ (B) N1= 0 η N1= 0

N2=0 N2=0
At Node 1; N2= 0, 𝝃 = -1, η= -1 N3= 0 (-1,1) (1,1) N3= 1
N4=1 N4=0
0= α0 - α1 – α2 + α3 -------------------------(g)
𝝃
At Node 2; N2= 1, 𝝃 = 1, η= -1

(1,-1)
1= α0 + α1 – α2 -α3 -------------------------(h)
(-1,-1)
N1= 1 N1= 0
At Node 3; N2= 0, 𝝃 = 1, η= 1
N2=0 N2=1
N3= 0 N3= 0
0= α0 + α1 + α2 + α3 -------------------------(i) N4=0 N4=0
At Node 4; N2= 0, 𝝃 = -1, η= 1

0= α0 - α1 + α2 - α3 -------------------------(j)
Amit Belvekar-Patil
 SHAPE FUNCTION Rev. 00

Adding Equation (a) and (b)

1= 2α0 – 2α2 -------------------------(k)

Adding Equation (c) and (d)

0= 2α0 + 2α2 -------------------------(l)

Adding Equation (e) and (f)

α0 = 1/4 α1 = 1/4 α2 = -1/4 α3 = -1/4

N1=1/4 +1/4𝝃 -1/4 η- 1/4 𝝃 η ______ (B)

𝟏
𝑵𝟐 = (𝟏+𝝃)(𝟏 − η)
𝟒

Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Rev. 00

Similarly To find shape function N3 & N4

𝟏 𝟏
𝑵𝟑 = (𝟏+𝝃)(𝟏+η) 𝑵𝟒 = (𝟏− 𝝃)(𝟏 + η)
𝟒 𝟒

Shape functions for Linear Strain Rectangle element in Natural Coordinate System are

𝟏 𝟏
𝑵𝟏 = (𝟏 − 𝝃)(𝟏 − η) 𝑵𝟐 = (𝟏+𝝃)(𝟏 − η)
𝟒 𝟒

𝟏 𝟏
𝑵𝟑 = (𝟏+𝝃)(𝟏+η) 𝑵𝟒 = (𝟏− 𝝃)(𝟏 + η)
𝟒 𝟒

Amit Belvekar-Patil
 SHAPE FUNCTION Rev. 00
FE Formulation of 2D Triangular or Tria Elements
Derivation of Shape function for Constant Strain Triangle element in Natural Coordinate System

y
N1= 0 η
2 (x2,y2)
N2=1
N3= 0 (0,1)
2

(x3,y3)

3
1 (1,0)
(0,0)
1 (x1,y1) 3 N1= 0 N1= 1
𝝃
x N2=0 N2=0
N3= 1 N3= 0
Let,
N1 = Shape Function corresponding to Node 1 Let us assume polynomial function in natural coordinate system is
N2 = Shape Function corresponding to Node 2
N3 = Shape Function corresponding to Node 3 N=α0 + α1 𝝃 + α2 η
Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Rev. 00

To find Shape function N1 For Node 1, N=N1

N1=α0 + α1 𝝃 + α2 η ______ (A)

N1= 0 η
At Node 1; N1= 1, 𝝃 = 1, η= 0 N2=1
N3= 0 (0,1)
1= α0 + α1 -------------------------(a)
2

At Node 2; N1= 0, 𝝃 = 0, η= 1

0= α0 + α2 -------------------------(b) 1 (1,0)
(0,0)
At Node 3; N1= 0, 𝝃 = 0, η= 0 𝝃
3 N1= 0 N1= 1
N2=0 N2=0
0= α0 -------------------------(c) N3= 1 N3= 0

α0 = 0 α2 = 0 α1 = 1 𝑵𝟏 = 𝝃
Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Rev. 00

To find Shape function N2 For Node 2, N=N2

N2=α0 + α1 𝝃 + α2 η ______ (B)

N1= 0 η
At Node 1; N2= 0, 𝝃 = 1, η= 0 N2=1
N3= 0 (0,1)
0= α0 + α1 -------------------------(d)
2

At Node 2; N2=1, 𝝃 = 0, η= 1

1= α0 + α2 -------------------------(e) 1 (1,0)
(0,0)
At Node 3; N2= 0, 𝝃 = 0, η= 0 𝝃
3 N1= 0 N1= 1
N2=0 N2=0
0= α0 -------------------------(f) N3= 1 N3= 0

α0 = 0 α2 = 1 α1 = 0 𝑵𝟐 = η
Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Rev. 00

To find Shape function N3 For Node 3, N=N3

N3=α0 + α1 𝝃 + α2 η ______ (C)

N1= 0 η
At Node 1; N3= 0, 𝝃 = 1, η= 0 N2=1
N3= 0 (0,1)
0= α0 + α1 -------------------------(g)
2

At Node 2; N3=1, 𝝃 = 0, η= 1

0= α0 + α2 -------------------------(h) 1 (1,0)
(0,0)
At Node 3; N3= 1, 𝝃 = 0, η= 0 𝝃
3 N1= 0 N1= 1
N2=0 N2=0
0= α0 -------------------------(i) N3= 1 N3= 0

α0 = 0 α2 = 1 α1 = 0 𝑵𝟑 = 1− 𝝃− η
Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Rev. 00

Shape functions for Constant Strain Triangle element in Natural Coordinate System are

𝑵𝟏 = 𝝃 𝑵𝟐 = η

𝑵𝟑 = 1− 𝝃− η

Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Numerical Rev. 00

A point P is located in rectangular element having natural coordinates (0.3,0.75) as shown in fig. Determine X and Y
coordinates of point P

Amit Belvekar-Patil
Numerical Rev. 00

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Numerical Rev. 00

Amit Belvekar-Patil
Numerical Rev. 00

Amit Belvekar-Patil
 Rev. 00

A point P is located in rectangular element having natural coordinates (0.3,0.75) as shown in fig. Determine X and Y
coordinates of point P

Amit Belvekar-Patil
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Amit Belvekar-Patil
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Determine the Cartesian coordinate of the point P (xi=0.5, eta=0.6) Shown in fig.

Amit Belvekar-Patil
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A tri element is shown in fig. A point P is located inside it having shape functions 0.1 and 0.3 resp.
Determine x and y coordinates of point P

Amit Belvekar-Patil
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Amit Belvekar-Patil
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Evaluate the shape functions N1, N2, N3 for triangular element shown in fig. at point P (3.75, 4.75)

Amit Belvekar-Patil
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Amit Belvekar-Patil