APA Style Guidelines & Examples (sixth edition)

NAIT Library

Table of Contents

OVERVIEW OF RECENT APA CHANGES ..................................................................................... 1

PRINT SOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 2

Book ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Article, Book Chapter or Case Study in Edited Book or Anthology .......................................... 4
Journal Article ........................................................................................................................... 5
Newspaper Article .................................................................................................................... 7
Harvard Business School Case Study ..................................................................................... 8
Ivey Business School Case Study ........................................................................................... 9
Textbook Case Study ............................................................................................................. 10

ELECTRONIC SOURCES ..............................................................................................................11

Online Journal Article (With DOI / Digital Object Identifier) .................................................... 11
Online Journal Article (Without DOI / Digital Object Identifier) ............................................... 12
Online Magazine Article ......................................................................................................... 13
Online Newspaper Article ....................................................................................................... 14
Online Case Study ................................................................................................................. 15
Online Company Profile or Industry Report ........................................................................... 16
Electronic Book (eBook) ......................................................................................................... 17
Entire Website ........................................................................................................................ 18
Webpage or Document from a Website ................................................................................. 18
Blog Entry ............................................................................................................................... 20
Podcast................................................................................................................................... 21
Image or Artwork .................................................................................................................... 22
Streaming Video ..................................................................................................................... 24
Government of Canada – Departments ................................................................................. 26
Government of Canada – Reports ......................................................................................... 27
Government of Canada – Statistics Canada .......................................................................... 28
Provincial Government Reports ............................................................................................. 29

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 APA (sixth edition) Citation Style Guidelines
NAIT Library

Citation styles are standardized systems for crediting and citing sources you’ve used for your
research paper or assignment. Your program or degree will require you to use a specific citation
style. The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is one of many different
citation styles. Other style options include MLA (Modern Language Association), CSE (Counsel of
Science Editors) and Vancouver.

You must give credit to every source that you use in your research paper. Brief citations included
in the text of your paper are called “in-text” citations (or “parenthetical” citations because they are
in parentheses, or brackets); APA in-text citations are usually made up of the author, date and
page number(s) of the source cited. Full citations are always included in the APA References list
at the end of your paper; full citations include all the citations elements (for example a book
citation includes the author, title, edition, place, publisher and date). Each in-text citation must
appear in the References list, and each entry in the References list must come from an in-text
citation.

These guidelines will help you to cite your research sources according to the APA style. Included
are examples of both in-text citations and References list citations.

These guidelines are based on the sixth edition (2010, second printing) of the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association and the FAQs on the APA website
(www.apastyle.org/faqs.html#3).

Important: Always ask your instructor what citation style is required for your assignment.

OVERVIEW OF RECENT APA CHANGES

The sixth edition of the APA Publication Manual includes two major changes that affect citing your
sources:

1. When citing books published in the U.S., include the U.S. Postal Service abbreviations
for the state of publication. If the publishing city is outside the U.S., include the city and
country. Do not abbreviate the country.

E.g. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Los Angeles, CA
Toronto, Canada

2. When citing articles or e-books from library databases, include the digital object identifier
(DOI) in the citation (e.g. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500141) and do not include the
URL, date of retrieval or the name of the database. If the DOI is not available, include
the persistent URL of the article or e-book (e.g.
http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=a9h&AN=22299882&site=ehost-live&scope=site).

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 PRINT SOURCES

Book

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s) or editor(s). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (Edition). City, State

abbreviation or Country of publication: Publisher.

Reference list citation examples - Book

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns.

One Author:

Label, W. A. (2010). Accounting for non-accountants: The fast and easy

way to learn the basics (2nd ed.). Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks.

One Editor:

Smither, J. W. (Ed.). (1998). Performance appraisal: State of the art in

practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Multiple Authors:

Murray, R. B., Zentner, J. P., & Yakimo, R. (2009). Health promotion

strategies through the life span. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Multiple Editors:

Baker, A., Dutton, S., & Kelly, D. (Eds.). (2004). Composite materials for

aircraft structures (2nd ed.). Reston, VA: American Institute of

Aeronautics and Astronautics.

No Author or Editor:

New concise world atlas. (2007). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

In-text citation examples - Book

APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number
(for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. If a source has no author
or editor, use a few words of the title, the year of publication, and the page number, all in
parentheses; italicize the title of the book’s title. When citing an indirect source (for example if
you’re quoting a section ), include “as cited in” in the in-text citation.

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 One Author named in your paper:

Smyth (2008, p. 40) reported that …

OR:
Smyth (2008) indicated that “insert quote here” (p. 40).

One Author not named in the text of your paper:

… as one researcher reported (Smyth, 2008, p. 40).

OR:
This case indicated that “insert quote here” (Smyth, 2008, p. 40).

Two Authors named in the text of your paper (use the word “and” between the
authors’ names in the text of your paper; use the ampersand “&” in the in-text citation
brackets)

Research by Smyth and Hanson (2007) indicated “quote here” (p. 59).
OR:
Smyth and Hanson concluded the same (2007, p. 59).

Two Authors not named in the text of your paper:

The researchers concluded the same facts (Smyth & Hanson, 2007, p. 59).
OR:
The researchers (Smyth & Hanson, 2007) concluded “insert quote here” (p. 59).

Three to five Authors:

Research by Blaine, Hobbs, Adamson, Berry and Kal (1993, p. 45) is positive.
OR:
… as concluded by the researchers (Blaine, Hobbs, Adamson, Berry & Kal,
1993, p. 45). In subsequent citations, use only the first author’s name followed
by
“et al.” (Blaine et al., 1993, p. 45).

No Author:

… according to the British map (New concise world atlas, 2004, p. 15).

One Author in an Indirect Source:

Warren argued that … (as cited in LaFollette, 2007, p. 130).

OR:
Pederson’s statement that “insert quote here” (as cited in Ness, 2008,
p. 65) still holds true today.

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 Article, Book Chapter or Case Study in Edited Book or Anthology

You cite an article, book chapter, or case study found in a source in both the references
list and in an in-text citation.

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s) or editor(s) of the chapter or entry or case study. (Year of book). Title

of chapter or entry or case study. In First initial. Last name, & First initial.

Last name (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). City, State abbreviation or

Country of publication: Publisher.

Reference list citation examples – Chapter in a Book, etc.

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns.

Entry in an Anthology (where H. LaFollette is the editor of the book):

Warren, M. A. (2007). On the moral or legal status of abortion. In H.

LaFollette (Ed.), Ethics in practice (pp.126-136). Malden, MA:

Blackwell Publishing.

Case Study in a Textbook (where J. Ness is the author of the book):

Pederson, S. (2008). The XYZ Group. In J. Ness, Cases in digital processing

(pp.11-20). Saskatoon, Canada: CDMA Publishing.

In-text citation examples – Chapter in a Book, etc.

APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number
(for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

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 Journal Article

Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by volume (page
numbers continue throughout year):

Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal,

Volume number, page number(s).

Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue (each
issue begins with page 1):

Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal,

Volume number(issue number), page number(s).

Reference list citation examples – Journal Article

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

Two or more Authors, issue number not included:

Kim, Y., & Wells, A. (2005). The impact of forest density on property

values. Journal of Forestry, 103, 146-151.

Two or more Authors, issue number included:

Shang-Ping, X., Deser, C., Vecchi, G., Jian, M., Haiyan, T., & Wittenberg, A. (2010).

Global warming pattern formation: Sea surface temperature and rainfall.

Journal of Climate, 23(4), 966-986. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3329.1.

No Author:

Order in the oil sands. (2008). Petroleum Journal, 174(6), 15-21.

In-text citation examples – Journal Article

APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number
(for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. If a source has no author
or editor, use a few words of the title, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes),
all in parentheses; italicize the title of the article’s title.

One Author named in your text:

Smyth (2008, p. 40) found that…

OR:
Smyth (2008) indicated that “insert quote here” (p. 40).

One Author not named in your text:

… as one researcher reported (Smyth, 2008, p. 40).

OR:
This case indicated that “insert quote here” (Smyth, 2008, p. 40).
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 Two Authors named in your text:

Smyth and Hanson (2007) reported “insert quote here” (p. 59).
OR:
Smyth and Hanson (2007, p. 59) demonstrated that …

Two Authors not named in your text:

The researchers concluded the same facts (Smyth & Hanson, 2007, p. 59).
OR:
The researchers (Smyth & Hanson, 2007) concluded “insert quote here” (p. 59).

No author:

… as was reported in the final study (“Order in the oil sands”, 2008,
p. 17).

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 Newspaper Article

Citation elements required and general format. Unlike a journal article, p. or pp.
precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p.
(for example: p. B2) and multiple pages take pp. (for example: pp. A4-A3).

Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of journal article. Title of Newspaper, page

number(s).

Reference list citation examples – Newspaper article

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

One Author:

Kleiss, K. (2010, October 12). Housing plan overturns decades of practice.

Edmonton Journal, pp. A1-A3.

No Author:

Mandel received council support (2010, October 2). Edmonton Journal, p. B4.

In-text citation examples – Newspaper article

APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number
(for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

One Author:

… as reported in the Edmonton Journal (Kleiss, 2010, p. A1).

OR:
Kleiss discounted the statistics (2010, p. A3).

No Author:
If a source has no author or editor, use a few words of the article’s title, the year of
publication, and the page number, all in parentheses; use quotation marks around the
article title.

… As reported in the Edmonton Journal (“Mandel”, 2010, p. B4).

OR:
… as reported in 2010 (“Mandel”, p. B4).

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 Harvard Business School Case Study

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year). Title of case study. HBS No. number of case study. City,

State abbreviation or Country of publication: Publisher.

Reference list citation examples – Harvard Business School Case Study

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

One Author:

Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. Boston, MA: Harvard

Business School Publishing.

Two Authors:

Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2006). Google, Inc. HBS No. 9-806-105.

Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing

In-text citation examples – Harvard Business School Case Study

APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number
(for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

One Author:

…as the case study concluded (Smith, 2003, p. 6).

OR:
Smith reported (2003, p. 6) that the data was flawed.

Two Authors:

Eisenmann and Herman did agree on the research findings (2006, p. 11).
OR:
… as both researchers agreed (Eisenmann & Herman, 2006, p. 11).

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 Ivey Business School Case Study

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year). Title of case study. Ivey ID: number of case study. City,

State abbreviation or Country of publication: Publisher.

Reference list citation example – Ivey Business School Case Study

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

Two Authors:

Heisz, M., & Leech, L. (2005). Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Understanding

the requirements and the Canadian response. Ivey ID: 9B05B009.

London, Canada: Ivey Publishing.

In-text citation examples – Ivey Business School Case Study

APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number
(for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

One Author:

… as Byron concluded in the case study (2010, p. 105).

OR:
The case study concluded the same results (Byron, 2010, p. 105).

Two Authors:

Heisz and Leech concluded similar findings (2005, p. 491).

OR:
… and the American researchers agreed (Heisz & Leech, 2005, p. 491).

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 Textbook Case Study

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s) or editor(s) of the chapter or entry or case study. (Year of

book). Title of chapter or entry or case study. In First initial. Last

name, & First initial. Last name (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx).

City, State abbreviation or Country of publication: Publisher.

Reference list citation example – Textbook Case Study

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

One Author:

Pederson, S. (2008). The XYZ Group. In J. Ness, Cases in digital processing

(pp.11-20). Saskatoon, Canada: CDMA Publishing.

In-text citation examples – Textbook Case Study

In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for
quotes), either as part of text of your paper or in parentheses.
When citing part of a specific source (for example if you’re quoting Pederson’s case study that
was published in Ness’ book), include “as cited in” in the in-text citation.

One Author:

Warren argued that … (as cited in LaFollette, 2007, p. 130).

OR:
Pederson’s statement that “insert quote here” (as cited in Ness, 2008,
p. 65) still holds true today.

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 ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Online Journal Article (With DOI / Digital Object Identifier)

Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by volume (page
numbers continue throughout year):

Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume, page

number(s). doi:DOI of article

Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue (each
issue begins with page 1):

Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page

number(s). doi:DOI of article

Reference list citation example – Online Journal Article with DOI

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

Multiple authors, issue number not included (article found in Nursing and Allied
Health database):

Street, M. E., Volta, C., Ziveri, M. A., Viani, I., & Bernansconi, S. (2009).

Markers of insulin sensitivity in placentas and cord serum of

intrauterine growth-restricted newborns. Clinical Endocrinology,

71, 394-399. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03533.x

In-text citation examples – Online Journal Article with DOI

In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for
quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

Multiple Authors:

New research published by Street, Volta, Ziveri, Viani, and Bernansconi

concluded “insert quote here” (2009, p. 200).
OR:
… as the researchers concluded (Street et al., 2009, p. 200).

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 Online Journal Article (Without DOI / Digital Object Identifier)

Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by volume (page
numbers continue throughout year):

Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume, page

number(s). Retrieved from URL of the article

Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue
(each issue begins with page 1):

Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page

number(s). Retrieved from URL of the article

Reference list citation examples – Online Journal Article without DOI

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use
only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title,
subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

One Author (article found in Applied Science and Technology database):

Teska, K. (2010). Cases of misplaced technology. Mechanical Engineering,

132(6), 47. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.libezproxy.nait.ca/ps

/i.do?id=GALE%7CA235630942&v=2.1&u=naitl_main&it=r&p=AONE&s

w=w

In-text citation examples – Online Journal Article without DOI

In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for
quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

One Author:

… and the research was supported by Drummond (2009, p. 18).

OR:
… the researcher concluded that “insert quote here” (Drummond, 2009, p. 18).

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 Online Magazine Article

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of

Magazine, Volume(Issue), page number(s). Retrieved from URL of article

Reference list citation examples – Online Magazine Article

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

One Author (article found in Academic Search Complete database):

Weinman, J. J. (2008, May 5). Where should we put the violins? A debate

over how to place orchestras’ string section heats up in the

classical world. Maclean’s, 121(17), 54. Retrieved from

http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx

?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31900477&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Note:
- DOIs are not available for popular or trade magazine articles.
- Do not abbreviate the month when citing online magazines.

In-text citation examples – Online Magazine Article

In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for
quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

One Author:

… as Weinman successfully debated the topic (2008, p. 54).

OR:
A recent article debated the topic once again (Weinman, 2008, p. 54).

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 Online Newspaper Article

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of

Newspaper[Edition if applicable], page number(s) or section letter(s).

Retrieved from URL of article

Reference list citation examples – Online Newspaper Article

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

One Author (article found in Canadian Newsstand database):

Jack, I. (1998, October 24). Cleaner gasoline will cost jobs industry.

Financial Post [Weekly Edition], p. 3. Retrieved from

http://search.proquest.com.libezproxy.nait.ca/docview/442171876?

accountid=12654

Note:
- DOIs are not available for newspaper articles.
- Do not abbreviate the month.
- Include p. or pp. for page number(s).

In-text citation examples – Online Newspaper Article

In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for
quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

One Author:

Jack (1998, p. 2) found that cleaner gasoline was more expensive.

OR:
… as the author concluded (Jack, 1998, p. 2).

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 Online Case Study

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year). Title of case study: Subtitle of case study. Title of Journal,

Volume(issue), page number(s). Retrieved from URL of the article (case

study)

Reference list citation examples – Online Case Study

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

Two Authors (case study is from Business Source Complete database):

Schiehll, E., & Andre, P. (2003). Corporate governance and the

information gap: The use of financial and non-financial

information in executive compensation. Ivey Business Journal,

67(6), 1-6. Retrieved from

http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/

login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=10508033&site=ehost-

live&scope=site

In-text citation examples – Online Case Study

In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for
quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

Two Authors:

Schiehll and Andre (2003, p. 15) demonstrated that …

OR:
… as the researchers concluded last year (Schiehll & Andre, 2003, p. 15).

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 Online Company Profile or Industry Report

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year). Title of company profile or industry report. Retrieved from URL of the

article (case study)

Reference list citation examples – Online Company Profile or Industry Report

Use the corporate author (for example, Datamonitor). Only capitalize the first word of the title,
subtitle, and any proper nouns.

Company Profile (from Business Source Complete database):

Datamonitor. (2012). Genesis Energy: Company profile. Retrieved from

http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=

true&db=bth&AN=73345420&site=ehost-live&scope=site

In-text citation examples – Online Company Profile or Industry Report

In-text citations include the corporate author, the year of publication, and the page number if
available (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. When citing more
than one work by the same author published in the same year, differentiate using letters of the
alphabet in order from a to z.

One Author

It was indicated that… (Datamonitor, 2011).

OR:
… as Datamonitor’s industry report concluded last year (2010).

Two or more works with same Author published in same year

The Datamonitor company profile (2011a) demonstrated that …in comparison to

the numbers given in the industry report (2011b).

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 Electronic Book (eBook)

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s) (if editor, include (Ed.) after name). (Year). Title of eBook: Subtitle of

eBook (Edition). [Type of eReader version]. Retrieved from URL of

book

Reference list citation examples – eBook

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title. If using a handheld eReader, include
information about this version in square brackets.

Two or more Editors, no DOI (eBook found in ENGnetBASE database):

Kreith, F. & Goswami, D. Y. (Eds.). (2005). The CRC handbook of

mechanical engineering (2nd ed.). Retrieved from

http://dx.doi.org.libezproxy.nait.ca/10.1201/9781420041583

One Author, no DOI (eBook read on Kindle Fire):

Glazer, H. (2011). High performance operations: Leverage compliance to lower

costs, increase profits, and gain competitive advantage. [Kindle eBook

version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/High-Performance-

Operations-Competitive-ebook/dp/B005R4NO6Q/ref=sr_1_3?s=digital-

text&ie=UTF8&qid=1328566689&sr=1-3

In-text citation examples – eBook

In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for
quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. When citing an eBook from a
handheld eReader, do not use device-specific page numbers, as these can vary. Use only real
page numbers that reflect the numbering of print books. If the real page numbers are unavailable,
leave them out.

Two Editors, real page numbers available:

Kreithl and Goswami (2005, p. 5) illustrated that …

OR:
… as the researchers demonstrated last year (Kreith & Goswami, 2005,
p. 5).

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 Entire Website

If you are citing an entire website, you do not have to include a citation for the website in
the list of references. You must, however, identify the source by providing the address of
the website in your paper.

In-text citation examples

Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive web site for children (http://www.kidspsych.org).

Webpage or Document from a Website

If you are not able to find all of the information identified in the general format, include all
that is available from the source.

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year). Title of webpage or document: Subtitle. Retrieved Month Day,

Year, from URL that goes directly to the document

Reference list citation examples – Webpage or Document from a Website

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the article title.

One Author:

McGrath, J. (2008). How do dogs perceive time? Retrieved July 3, 2009,

from http://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/dogs-perceive-

time.htm
No Author:

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001,

from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

No date (use n.d.):

Heuristic. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.).

Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http://www.m-

w.com/dictionary/heuristic

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 18

 In-text citation examples – Webpage or Document from a Website
In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for
quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. If no author is available, cite the
first few words of the title (in quotation marks) and the year.

One author:

… as McGrath stated (2008).

OR:
… as stated by the researcher (McGrath, 2008).

No Author, no page number:

… was fully explained (“New Child Vaccine,” 2010).

OR:
The “New Child Vaccine” site (2010) indicated that …

No Author, page number is available:

… the study indicated that “insert quote here” (“How Do Dogs,” 2008,
p. 5).
OR:
“How Do Dogs” (2008) argued that “insert quote here” (p. 5).

No Author, no page number, paragraph number available:

This term is defined as “insert quote here” ("Heuristic," n.d., para. 1).
OR:
The “Heuristic” encyclopedia entry defined the term as “insert quote here” (n.d.,
para. 1).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 19

 Blog Entry

If you are not able to find all of the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.

Citation elements required and general format:

Author(s). (Year, Month Day of the blog entry). Title of blog entry:

Subtitle of entry. [Web log message]. Retrieved from URL

Reference list citation examples – Blog Entry

In APA style, every blogger’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for
the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper
nouns.

One Author:

Morris, E. A. (2009, July 2). The danger of safety [Web log message].

Retrieved from

http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/the-danger-

of-safety

In-text citation examples – Blog Entry

In-text citations include the author’s last name and year of publication either as part of the text of
your paper or in parentheses.

One Author:

… as Morris indicted in his blog (2009, July 2).

OR:
… as the blogger emphasized (Morris, 2009, July 2).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 20

 Podcast

If you are not able to find all of the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.

Citation information required and general format:

Author(s), (Author responsibility such as Author, Host, or Producer). (Year,

Month Day of publication or production). Title of podcast: Subtitle of

podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from URL

Reference list citation examples – Podcast

In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the
initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.

One Author, Host or Producer:

Shaw, S. (Author). (2007, November 6). Dumb rules driving you to

distraction? [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from

http://www.nait.ca/podcasts/naitline_podcast.xml

In-text citation examples – Podcast

In-text citations include the author’s last name and year of publication either as part of the text of
your paper or in parentheses.

One Author, Host or Producer:

… according to the discussion in Shaw’s podcast (2007).

OR:
… according to the discussion in the podcast (Shaw, 2007).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 21

 Image or Artwork

Citation elements required and general format:

Creator(s) of the image or artwork. (Year image was created). [Description] OR Title of

image or artwork. [Type of work]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Reference list citation example – Image or Artwork

In APA style, every creator’s and artist’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only
the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and
any proper nouns. If the creator is unknown, begin with the title, followed by the type of work, then
by the year the image or artwork was created. If the work is untitled, provide a description of the
image in square brackets.

Photograph, one Creator:

D’Arco, M.P. (2010). What’s in my fridge November 2010. [Photograph]. Retrieved

August 27, 2011, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/martinimike/5204582875/

Artwork, one Creator:

Van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night. [Painting]. Retrieved October 11, 2011, from

http://www.vangoghgallery.com/catalog/Painting/508/Starry-Night.html

Photograph, no Creator or date:

Stars. [Digital art]. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2011, from http://free-

extras.com/images/stars-2184.htm

Artwork, no title:

Dali, S. (1945). [Untitled portrait of a woman]. [Painting]. Retrieved July 10, 2011, from

http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/galleries/painting17.htm

In-text citation examples – Image or Artwork

In-text citations for images include the creator’s last name, the title of the image, and the year the
image was created, either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. If you have
copyright permissions and are including an image in the text of your paper, you may instead
indicate the image in-text by referring to it as Figure 1, 2, or 3 and so on. Place the image as
close to its in-text citation as possible, and include a descriptive caption, with source and
copyright information, beneath the image used.

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 22

 One Creator, image NOT included in text of paper:

The estimated value of The Starry Night (Van Gogh, 1889) has undergone an enormous
shift since it was first painted …
OR
Painted in 1889, The Starry Night (Van Gogh) was originally valued at …

One Creator, image included in text of paper:

… as can be seen in photographs taken shortly after the storm died down (see Figure 1).
OR:
In its wake, the storm left behind trees and city infrastructure coated with ice (see Figure
1), with an estimated cost of…

One Creator, general captions format:

Figure #. Description of image. From “Title,” by A. Creator, Year of Creation, URL. Type
of copyright license. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 1. An example of the damage caused by a 2007 ice storm in Oklahoma. From “Ice Storm
2007,” by M. Loldwoman, 2007, http://www.flickr.com/photos/40147761@N04/4311703158/ .
Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 2.0. Reprinted with permission.

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 23

 Streaming Video

Streaming videos are delivered through the web, for example those available on
YouTube. Some streaming videos were first published in another medium, such as DVD.

If you are not able to find out all the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.

Citation information required and general format:

Name of Producer(s) or Director(s). (Responsibility such as Producer or Director). (Year,

Month Day of production). Title of streaming video: Subtitle of streaming video

[Video]. Retrieved from URL on the web

Reference list citation examples – Streaming Video

In APA style, the producer’s or director’s name comes first. If these are not available, begin with
the title of the video, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Only capitalize the first
word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns.

One Producer:

University of Chicago. (Producer). (2011, June 2). Rage against the machine:

Torture, bystanders, and the failure of journalism [Video]. Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naI_E0-yl14&feature=plcp

Cambridge Educational. (Producer). (2006). Information literacy: The perils of

online research [Video]. Retrieved from

http://digital.films.com.libezproxy.nait.ca/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=6122&

xtid=35675

Producer and Director:

Paterson, N. (Producer & Director). (2005). The ghost in your genes [Video].

Retrieved from

https://www.nait.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_5108_0_0_

43/http://www.nait.ca/secure/student/library/videoplayer.htm?vname=

mp4:/private/109743h.mp4&w=640&h=480

No Producer or Director:

Plagiarism: Don’t do it. (2007). [Video]. Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gC2ew6qLa8U

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 24

 In-text citation examples – Streaming Video
In-text citations include the producer’s or director’s name(s) if available and year of publication
either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

Producer or Director:

…as reported in Paterson’s (2005) video.

OR:
…as described in the T-Rex video (University of Chicago, 2009).

No Producer or Director:

… as I learned from the video (“Plagiarism”, 2007).

OR:
The plagiarism video detailed all the problems (2007).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 25

 Government of Canada – Departments

If you are not able to find out all the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.

Citation information required and general format:

Canada. Government Department. (Year of publication). Title of report: Subtitle of report

(Catalogue or Publication No. ##, if provided). Retrieved from URL

Reference list citation examples – Government of Canada - Departments

In APA style, Canada is followed by the government department name and then the date of
publication in parentheses. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper
nouns.

Department:

Canada. Dept of Finance. (2011). Tax expenditures and evaluations 2010

(Cat. No. F1-27/2010E-PDF). Retrieved from

http://www.fin.gc.ca/taxexp-depfisc/2010/taxexp10-eng.asp

In-text citation examples – Government of Canada - Departments

In-text citations include the country, government department name and year of publication either
as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

Department:

…as reported by the Canadian Department of Finance (2011).

OR:
…as described in the government report (Canada, Dept of Finance, 2011).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 26

 Government of Canada – Reports

If you are not able to find out all the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.

Citation information required and general format:

Government Department. (Year of publication). Title of report: Subtitle of report

(Catalogue or Publication No. ##, if provided). Retrieved from URL

Reference list citation examples – Government of Canada - Reports

In APA style, the government department name comes first followed by the date of publication in
parentheses. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns.

Government Department:

Industry Canada. (2010). State of retail: The Canadian report 2010. Retrieved

from http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/retra-comde.nsf/eng/h_qn00281.html

Government Department, Branch, Service, or Office:

Environment Canada. Sustainable Development Office. (2010). Planning for a

sustainable future: A federal sustainable development strategy for

Canada (Catalogue No. En4-136/2010E-PDF). Retrieved from

http://www.ec.gc.ca/dd-sd/F93CD795-0035-4DAF-86D1-

53099BD303F9/FSDS_v4_EN.pdf

In-text citation examples – Government of Canada - Reports

In-text citations include the government department name and year of publication either as part of
the text of your paper or in parentheses.

Government Department:

…as reported by Industry Canada (2010).

OR:
…as described by the Sustainable Development Office in the recent government
report (Environment Canada, 2010).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 27

 Government of Canada – Statistics Canada

If you are not able to find out all the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.

Citation information required and general format:

Statistics Canada. (Year of publication). Title of statistical table: Subtitle

of statistical table (Catalogue or Publication No. ##, if provided).

Retrieved from URL

Reference list citation examples -- Government of Canada - Statistics

In APA style, the government department name comes first followed by the date of publication in
parentheses. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns.

Government Department:

Statistics Canada. (2007). 2006 community profiles: Edmonton

(Catalogue No. 92-591-XWE). Retrieved from

http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/ 92-591/

index.cfm?Lang=E

In-text citation examples -- Government of Canada - Statistics

In-text citations include the government department name and year of publication either as part of
the text of your paper or in parentheses.

Government Department:

…as reported by Statistics Canada (2007).

OR:
…as recorded in the statistical table (Statistics Canada, 2007).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 28

 Provincial Government Reports

If you are not able to find out all the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.

Citation information required and general format:

Province. Ministry, Department or Agency. (Year of publication). Title: Subtitle.

Retrieved from URL

Reference list citation examples – Provincial Government Reports

In APA style, the province and government ministry or agency name come first followed by the
date of publication in parentheses. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns.

Provincial Government Ministry:

Alberta. Municipal Affairs. (2010). High-intensity residential fires. Retrieved form

http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/1147.cfm

Provincial Government Agency:

Alberta. Advanced Education and Technology (2010). Tuition-free

regulation balances quality and affordability. Retrieved from

http://alberta.ca/acn/201012/29597A8E8DE56-E179-BCBC-

F3873E2D2FEB0194.html

In-text citation examples – Provincial Government Reports

In-text citations include the province and government ministry or agency name and year of
publication either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

Provincial Government Agency or Ministry:

…as reported by Alberta Advanced Education and Technology (2010).

OR:
…as announced by the ministry in the press release (Alberta, Municipal Affairs,
2010).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 29

 Court Decisions

If you are not able to find out all the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.

Citation information required and general format:

Name v. Name, Volume Source Page number (Court Date).

Reference list citation examples – Court Decisions

In APA style, the province and government ministry or agency name come first followed by the
date of publication in parentheses. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any
proper nouns.

Provincial Government Ministry:

Alberta. Municipal Affairs. (2010). High-intensity residential fires. Retrieved form

http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/1147.cfm

Provincial Government Agency:

Alberta. Advanced Education and Technology (2010). Tuition-free

regulation balances quality and affordability. Retrieved from

http://alberta.ca/acn/201012/29597A8E8DE56-E179-BCBC-

F3873E2D2FEB0194.html

In-text citation examples – Provincial Government Reports

In-text citations include the province and government ministry or agency name and year of
publication either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.

Provincial Government Agency or Ministry:

…as reported by Alberta Advanced Education and Technology (2010).

OR:
…as announced by the ministry in the press release (Alberta, Municipal Affairs,
2010).

Rev. Oct. 2012 www.nait.ca/library 30