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Flower Pollination Note

This document discusses the key parts and processes involved in plant sexual reproduction and seed formation. It describes the male and female reproductive structures in flowers, including the anther, filament, stigma and carpel. It explains the processes of self-pollination versus cross-pollination and the differences between insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers. It also outlines seed formation after fertilization, including the structures of the embryo, seed coat and cotyledons. Finally, it discusses several methods of seed dispersal, including by wind, water, explosive dehiscence, and attachment to animal coats.

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35 views

Flower Pollination Note

This document discusses the key parts and processes involved in plant sexual reproduction and seed formation. It describes the male and female reproductive structures in flowers, including the anther, filament, stigma and carpel. It explains the processes of self-pollination versus cross-pollination and the differences between insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers. It also outlines seed formation after fertilization, including the structures of the embryo, seed coat and cotyledons. Finally, it discusses several methods of seed dispersal, including by wind, water, explosive dehiscence, and attachment to animal coats.

Uploaded by

julia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Flower

-Petals  attract pollinators


-Anther  The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
-Filament  carry nutrients to the anther for the development of the anther and pollen grains.
-Stamen  The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting
the anther.
-pollen tube  transport male gametes toward the female gametes.
-Stigma  part of the female reproductive system of a flower. It is found in the center of a
flower and helps to collect pollen.
-Style  generates the pollen tube but also prevents incompatible pollen from entering the
ovary.
-ovary  develops into the fruit and the ovules are formed into seeds.
-ovule  female gametes have inside the ovules (site of fertilization)
-Carpel  female reproductive organ of flowering plants and the development of diversified
types of fruits
-nectary  attract pollinators, Nectaries are usually located at the base of the flower stamens,
which draw animal visitors into contact with the pollen to be transferred.
-receptacle  The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached.
-Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Male gametes (in pollen grains) anther fuse with
female gametes (in ovules).
 Self-pollination and cross pollination

Self-pollination Cross pollination


Transfer pollen grains from the anther to the Transfer pollen grains from the anther to the
stigma of the same flower. stigma of a different flower.
Self-pollination increases genetic uniformity Cross-pollination decreases genetic
and decreases genetic variation. uniformity and increases genetic variation.
Single plant Two different plants of the same species.
small number large number
 Insect pollination

Insect-pollinated plants use insects and other animals to carry their pollen grains to other
plants.
-Stigma Sticky to allow pollen on insects to attach
-has brightly colored petals, strong scents and nectary
-mutualism  a type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their
interactions. flowering plants gain an opportunity to reproduce
-Enclosed within’ the petals
- insects gain a food source (pollen, nectar) from plants
-pollen grains  large, sticky/spiky and small number of pollen grains
 Wind pollinated flower

- Wind-pollinated plants let their pollen blow in the wind and hope that their pollen grains
reach another plant for pollination.
- stigma  feather like structure to trap pollen passing by in the wind
- anther  The anthers may produce a large number of pollen grains.
- pollen grains  small, light, and produced in large number so a lot of wastage occur.
- anther exposed to the wind
- do not have nectar, do not have strong scents to attract to insects

 Wind pollinated and insects pollinated differences:

Insect pollinated flower Wind pollinated flower


Brightly colored to attract insects No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
Enclosed within the flower so insects must Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
make contact
Have strong scents and nectar Do not have scents and nectar
Pollen Larger, sticky Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
Stigma Sticky, so that pollen attaches to Stigma Feathery, to catch pollen blown from
insects wind
-The ovary become the fruit  a structure that contains seeds; fruits develop from ovaries after
fertilization, and often help the seeds to be spread away from the parent plant.
-The ovule become the seed  a structure that contains an embryo plant, and food stores to
help it to begin to grow into new plant.

 Seed formation
A seed is formed when fertilized ovule divides by mitosis. It stores food and has the
potential to develop into a new plant under optimal conditions. Fertilization is the process of
fusion of male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote.
The zygote starts to divide. It produces a little group of cells an embryo. This embryo
will eventually grow into a new plant. The ovule also begins to change. It gradually grows into a
seed.
-Plumule  To become first shoot
-Radicle  become first shoot
-cotyledon  food stores
-seed coat  protective layer
-micropyle  a minute opening in the integument of an
ovule of a seed plant.
-Testa the tough outer coat of the seed.
 Methods of seed dispersal
-Seed dispersal  process by which seeds are dispersed to distant places by agents.

 Abiotic agents
-By wind
Devices such as wings, hairy, popups and leathery styles make the seed or fruit easily wind-
borne. Example: Dandelion  has parachute and hair like structure, light weight.
-By water
Seed and fruits develop floating devices like spongy or fibrous outer coats. Example: coconut
-By Explosive
Fruit with pods continuing seed burst on their own. Seed are provided with values at jaculates
(curved hooks) which help to scatter seeds with a jerk. Example: Lupin, balsam and beam pods.

 Biotic agents
-By animals
Seeds and fruits process hooks, bards, spines, bristles by which they adhere to bodies of
animals. Example: berry, nuts and martyria

 Why is seed dispersal?


-To avoid competition for sunlight, water minerals, and space between parent plants, and
new plants.
-to produce healthy new plants.

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