ELECTRIC CHARGE

Wednesday, 22 February 2023 2:36 pm

Atom - smallest unit of matter CHARGES

- consists of sub-atomic particles

Electric Force - phenomenal interaction between two pairs of charges Electron: -1.602E-19 C
- Attraction and Repulsion Proton: +1.602E-19 C
Electrostatics - tackles the interaction of charges at rest
Charging - supplying or losing an electric charge
MASSES
Law of Electrostatic Charge - states that like charges repel and opposite charges
attract Electron: 9.11E-31 Kg
Protons: 1.673E-27 Kg
Positive Charge - more protons than electrons in the body: Outwards
Negative Charge - more electrons than protons in the body: Inwards Neutron: 1.675E-27 Kg

Charging types:

Friction - rubbing objects against each other

Conduction - in contact to charge objects: charged and uncharged
Conductor - allows the flow of charge
Induction - no physical contact

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COULOMB'S LAW: ELECTRIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC FIELDS
Saturday, 4 March 2023 2:36 pm

|𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐| Law of Electric Charge - like charges repel and opposite charges attracts
F= Electric Force - attractive and repulsive interaction between any two charge objects
𝒓𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 The electrostatic force between two charges is not affected by the presence of other charges in the
neighborhood.
𝟏
=
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎
𝟐 Michael Faraday - proposed the concept of an electric field.

𝟐 Electric field - generated by electric charge

(permitivity constant - epsilon naught) - Force per unit charge

Test Charge - a small amount of positive charge that does not disturb the charge-creating field.
|𝒒𝟏|
E= - Force exerted is proportional to the charge of the test charge.
𝒓𝟐
Field lines go away from positive charges and toward negative charges.

Charles Agustin de Coulomb - French Physicist

Torsion Balance - measure electric charge
Electric Force is Proportional to 1/r^2

If there are multiple force point charges, the forces add by superposition
Superposition principle - total force on a given charge is the sum of all vector forces acting on it

1a

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ELECTRIC FLUX AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
Monday, 6 March 2023 2:46 pm

ELECTRIC FLUX ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY 𝑸𝒒

- amount of electric field "flowing" through an area U= 𝒓
- dot product of eField and Area Vector - capacity for doing work
- energy that is needed to move a ΔU = -W = -Fr = -qEr
charge against an electric field.

The electric force is conservative, so the work done on the charge is independent
of the path it takes to go from A to B

U increases - test charge moves in the direction opposite to the electric force
U decreases - test charge moves in the same direction as the electric force

VOLTAGE Superposition of Electric Potential

- sum of voltages from each
Φ=EAcosθ - Potential difference between two point charge (scalars)
Unit: Vm (volt-meter) or Nm2/C
points
E - electric field - Electric Potential Energy(U) per
A is the area of the surface Charge(q) At any location, the potential
θ is the angle made - Joule per Coloumb energy per charge –
whatever the amount of
Φnet=Φ1+Φ2+Φ3+Φ4+Φ5+Φ ΔV = ΔU/q = Vb - Va charge – will be the same
𝑸
V = 𝒌 ⎯⎯
𝒓
Field Lines directed inwards are negative 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝒏
and outwards are positive Vnet = 𝒌 ⎯⎯+ 𝒌 ⎯⎯+ 𝒌 ⎯⎯
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝒏 Equipotential lines are always
= V1 + V2 + Vn perpendicular to electric field lines.

EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES
- electric potential is the same everywhere.
- 2D has equipotential lines
- 3D has equipotential surfaces

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 CAPACITORS
Saturday, 22 April 2023 11:21 am
Q = VC (F: Farads) Series Capacitance
- Two conductors placed close to each other without touching. 𝑨 VT = V1 + V2 + V3
C = 𝜺𝟎 ⎯𝒓
Q/CT = Q/C1 + Q/C2 + Q/C3
Dialectric - material between the two conductors/plates UE = UC/Ar 1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
Capacitance - ability of a conductor to store charges to its conductive plates
Equivalent Capacitance - all capacitance in a circuit UE = (1/2)𝜺𝟎E2
UC = (1/2)V2C Parallel Capacitors
Electric Field in a Simple Capacitor - accumulated charges in the plates
VT = V1 = V2 = V3
form an electric field between it. UC = (1/2)Q2/C CT = C1 + C2 + C3
The space(Ar) between its plates is filled with Uniform Electrostatic Field
thus containing all the stored energy (Uc) UC = (1/2)QV QT = CTVT
Energy Density: UE = UC/Ar

Electromagnetic waves are energy density in a region of free space

settled by electric field that depends only on the magnitude of the field.

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SUMMARY OF CONSTANTS AND FORMULAE
Saturday, 25 March 2023 10:08 pm

Electric Flux Electric Force Electric Potential Energy Voltage

Φ=EAcosθ F=
|𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐|
U= 𝒓
𝑸𝒒
Unit: Vm (volt-meter) or Nm2/C 𝒓𝟐 ΔV = ΔU/q = Vb - Va
E - electric field F = qE ΔU = -W = -Fr = -qEr V=
𝑸
A is the area of the surface 𝒓
θ is the angle made Electric Field
|𝒒𝟏|
Φnet=Φ1+Φ2+Φ3+Φ4+Φ5+Φn E= 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝒏
𝒓𝟐 Vnet = + +
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝒏
Φ = q/𝜺𝟎 = V1 + V2 + Vn
Proportionality Constant
CHARGES 𝒌 = 𝟗𝝐𝟗 𝑵𝒎𝟐 /𝑪𝟐
Electron: -1.602E-19 C Permittivity Constant (Epsilon Naught)
Proton: +1.602E-19 C 𝜺𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝝐 − 𝟏𝟐
1C: 6.24E-18
Capacitance Series Capacitance
MASSES
Q = VC (F: Farads) VT = V1 + V2 + V3
Electron: 9.11E-31 Kg 𝑨 Q/CT = Q/C1 + Q/C2 + Q/C3
Protons: 1.673E-27 Kg
C = 𝜺𝟎 ⎯
𝒓 1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
Neutron: 1.675E-27 Kg UE = UC/Ar
UE = (1/2)𝜺𝟎E2 Parallel Capacitors
VT = V1 = V2 = V3
UC = (1/2)V2C CT = C1 + C2 + C3
UC = (1/2)Q2/C QT = CTVT
UC = (1/2)QV

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