SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

Engineering Mathematics I

Unit-I Rolle’s Theorem

1. Test the applicability of Rolle’s theorem for the following functions:

(i) |x| on [-1,1], (ii) cos(1/x) on [-1,1], (iii) x3 on [2,3], (iv) tan x on [0,  ]
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

i. Let f x  | x | and f  1  1 and f 1  1

f(x) is continuous in [ 1,1]
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 and hence in [ 1,1].

Hence Rolle’s theorem can not be applied.

f  x   cos
1
ii. Let and f  1  1 and f 1  1
x
f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 and hence not in [1,1].

f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 and hence not in [1,1].

Hence Rolle’s theorem can not be applied.

iii. Let f x   x 3 and f 2  8 and f 3  27

Here f a   f b

Hence Rolle’s theorem can not be applied.

iv. Let f x   tan x and f 0  0 and f    0


f(x) is not continuous at x  and hence in [0,  ] .
2

Hence Rolle’s theorem can not be applied.

3. Verify Rolle’s theorem for f(x)=3x 4 –4x 2 +5 in [–1,1].

Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Given f(x) = 3x 4 – 4x 2 + 5. Clearly f(x) continuous and derivable in [–1,1]

Also f(–1) = f(1) = 4. Therefore conditions of Rolle’s theorem holds good.

f’(x) = 0 gives 12x 3 – 8x = 0. i.e. x = 0, (2/3)

Here –1 < 0 <1, –1 <(2/3) <1, –1 <–(2/3) < 1

3. Verify Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = (x –1) (x–2) (x–3) in [1,3].
Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Given f(x) = (x–1) (x–2) (x–3). Clearly f(x) continuous and derivable in [1,3]

Also f(1) = f(3) = 0. Therefore conditions of Rolle’s theorem holds good.

f’(x) = 0 gives 3x 2 – 12x + 11 = 0. i.e. x = 2 (1/3)

Here 1< 2 +(1/3) < 3, 1 < 2 –(1/3) < 3

10. A car starts from rest and moves a distance of 10km in 30 mins. Use mean
value theorem to show that the car attains a speed of 20km/hr at some point
during the interval
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

x 10  0 1
Given   km / min
t 30  0 3

Lt x dx 10  0 1
    60  20 km / hr
t  0 t dt 30  0 3

11. State Rolle’s theorem.

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

If a function f(x) is continuous in [a,b], differentiable in (a,b) and f(a) = f(b)

then there exists at least one real number c (a,b) such that f’(c)=0.

12. Give the algebraic meaning of Rolle’s theorem.

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

If a and b are zeros of f(x), then Rolle’s theorem states that there exists
at least one zero of f’(x) in betwee n a and b.

13. Write the physical meaning of Rolle’s theorem.

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

14. Interpret the Rolle’s theorem in terms of tangents (geometrical Meaning) .

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

If the curve y=f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and derivable on (a,b), then Rolle’s
theorem states that between two points with equal ordinates on the graph f(x),
there exists at least one point where the tangent is parallel to the x -axis.
15. Say true or false: “Rolle’s theorem can be applied to f(x)=tanx, x [0,]”-Justify.
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Flase. Since f  / 2  tan / 2   , it is not continuous in in [0, ].

Unit-I Mean Value Theorem

1. State Lagrange’s mean value theorem.

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

If a function f(x) is continuous in [a,b], di fferentiable in (a,b) and f(a) ≠ f(b)

f b   f a 
then there exists at least one real number c (a,b) such that  f c  .
ba

12. Give the geometrical meaning of Lagrange’s mean value theorem.

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

The Lagrange’s mean value theorem states that between two points A and B
of the graph f(x) there exists at least one point where the tangent is parallel
to the chord AB.

13. Write the physical meaning of Lagrange’s mean value theorem.

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

f b   f a 
The average rate of change of f(x) over the interval (a,b) given by is
ba
equal to f c  which is the actual rate of change of f(x) at some point of the
interval (a,b).

14. State Cauchy’s mean value theorem

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

If a function f(x) and g(x) are continuous in [a,b], differentiable in (a,b) and
g x  0,  x  a, b then there exists at least one real number c (a,b) such that
f b   f a  f c 
 .
g b   g a  g c 

2. Verify the validity of Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem for the function
x on  2,3.
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Let f x   x and f  2  2, f 3  3

Also f(x) is continuous in ( 2,3). But it is not differentiable at x=0 and
 hence it is not differentiable in [2,3].
Therefore LMVT cannot be applicable.

4. Find c of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for x 3  x in [1, 2]

Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Given f(x) = x 3 + x. Clearly f(x) continuous and derivable in [1,2 ]

f’(x) = 3x 2 + 1. Therefore conditions of mean value theorem holds good.

Also f(1) = 2 and f(2) = 10

f b   f a  f 2   f 1
f c   i.e. f c   i.e. 3c 2  1  8
ba 2 1

f c   0 gives 3c 2  7
7 7
Solving, we get c   . But c    [1,2].
3 3

5. Verify Cauchy’s mean value theorem for f ( x)  x3 , g( x)  x 2 in [1, 2]

Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

f(x) and g(x) continuous in [1,2] and differentiable in (1,2).

Also g x  0 for all x in (1,2).

f 2  f 1 f c 

By Cauchy’s MVT, 
g 2  g 1 g c 

8  1 3c 2

4  1 2c

7 3
 c
3 2
c  1,2
14
9

6. Find c of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following function f(x)=x2 in [1,5]
Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Given f(x) = x 2 . Clearly f(x) continuous and derivable in [1,5 ]

f’(x) = 2x. Therefore conditions of mean value theorem holds good.

Also f(1) = 1 and f(5) = 25.

f b   f a  f 5  f 1
f c   i.e. f c    6 i.e. 2c  6
ba 5 1
 f c   0 gives 2c  6  0
Solving, we get c  3 . But c  3  [1,5].

7. Verify Cauchy’s mean value theorem for f(x) = x4, g(x) = x2 in [a,b].
Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

f(x) and g(x) continuous in [a,b] and differentiable in (a,b).

Also let g x  0 for all x in (a,b).

f b   f a  f c 
By Cauchy’s MVT, 
g b   g a  g c 

b 4  a 4 4c 3

b2  a2 2c

b2  a2
 2c
1
b2  a2
c a, b 
2

6. If in the Cauchy’s Mean Value theorem, f x   e x and g x   e  x then show that ‘c’ is the
arithmetic mean between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

f(x) and g(x) continuous in [a,b] and differentiable in (a,b).

Also let g x  0 for all x in (a,b).

f b   f a  f c 
By Cauchy’s MVT, 
g b   g a  g c 

eb  e a ec
 
e b  e  a e c

eb  e a
 e 2 c
e e
a b

e a eb

e a b  e 2 c
ab
c
2

8. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f(x) = x 3 + x 2 in [–1,2].

Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....
 Given f(x) = x 3 + x 2 . Clearly f(x) continuous and derivable in [–1,2]

f’(x) = 3x 2 + 2x. Therefore conditions of mean value theorem holds good.

Also f(–1) = 0 and f(2) = 12

f b   f a  f 2   f  1
f c   i.e. f c   i.e. 3c 2  2c  4
ba 2 1

f c   0 gives 3c 2  2c  4  0
 1 13  1  13
Solving, we get c  . But c   0.86  [–1,2].
3 3

9. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f(x)=(x –1)(x–2)(x–3) in [0,4].

Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Given f(x) = (x–1)(x–2)(x–3) = x 3 – 6x 2 +11x – 6.

Clearly f(x) continuous and derivable in [0,4]

f’(x) = 3x 2 –12x +11. Therefore conditions of mean value theorem holds good.

Also f(0) = –6and f(4) = 6

f b   f a  f 4   f 0 
f c   i.e. f c   i.e. 3c 2  12c  11  3
ba 40

f c   0 gives 3c 2  12c  8  0

2
Solving, we get c  2  . But both of ‘c’ lies in [0,4].
3

2. Examine the validity of the conditions of Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem

on  1,1 .
1
for the function
x
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Let f x  
1
and f  1  1, f 1  1
x
But f(x) is not continuous at x=0 and hence it is not continuous in [ 1,1].
Therefore LMVT cannot be applicable.

11. The position of the particle is s(t)=2t 2 +3t–4. Find the time t=c in the interval
[0,4] when the instantaneous velocity equal to its average velocity in the
interval.
Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Given s(t)=2t 2 +3t–4. Here s(0) = 4 and s(4) = 40

st   4t  3
 s 4   s 0 
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, s c  
40

40  4
4c  3   11
4

c  20,4
x
12. Find the point on the curve y  between the points A( 2,2) and B(5,-5/4)
1 x
at which the tangent is parallel to the chord AB.
Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

5
Here a = 2, b = 5 and hence f(2)= 2, f(5)= 
4

x dy 1  x   x 1
Given y  and hence  
1 x dx 1  x 2
1  x 2

f 5  f 2
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, f c  
5  2 

5
 2
1 4

1  c 2 3

1 1

1  c  4
2

1  c 2  4
1  c  2
c  3 or  1
But c  3  2,5

Unit-I Mean Taylor / Maclaurin Series

1. State Taylor’s series.

The Taylor’s theorem states that
h2 h3 h n1 ( n1)
f a  h   f a   f a   f a   f a   ........  a   Rn where
h
f
1! 2! 3! n  1!
Rn is the reminder after n terms. If we put a  h  x, then

f x   f a  
x  a  f a   x  a2 f a  
x  a 3 f a   .......... .
1! 2! 3!
2. State Maclaurin’s series.

If the reminder Rn in the Maclaurin’s series tends to zero, then we get

x2 x3
f x   f 0  f 0  f 0  f 0  .......... ......
x
1! 2! 3!

3. Write the relation between Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series.

Taylor’s series is the expansion of f(x) in powers of (x–a) and Maclaurin’s series is the
expansion of f(x) in powers of x.


13. Obtain the Taylor’s series expansion of cos x about x 
4
Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

  1
f x   cos x f 
4 2

 
f x    sin x
1
f    
4 2

 
f x    cos x
1
f    
4 2

  1
f x   sin x f   
4 2

 
f iv x    cos x
1
f iv    
4 2

Substituting these values in Taylor’s series, we obtain

   
2 3 4
   
x  x  x  x 
  4         4  iv   
f x   f    
4
f    
4
f    f     f    ..........
4 1! 4 2! 4 3! 4 4! 4

   
2 3 4
   
x  x  x  x 
1  4  1   4  1   4  1   4  1 
cos x            ..........
2 1!  2 2!  2 3!  2 4!  2

14. Using Maclaurin series, expand e x sin x in powers of x.

Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....
 f x   e x sin x f 0  0

f x   e x cos x  e x sin x  e x cos x  f x  f 0  1

f x   e x cos x  e x sin x  f x  f 0  2

f x   e x  cos x  sin x   e x  sin x  cos x   f x  f 0  2

Substituting these values in Maclaurin’s series, we obtain

x2 x3 x 4 iv
f x   f 0  f 0  f 0  f 0  f 0  ..........
x
     
1! 2! 3! 4!

2 3
e x sin x  0 
x
1  x 2  x 2  ..........
1! 2! 3!


15. Find the Taylor’s expansion of sin x about x 
4
Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

  1
f x   sin x f 
4 2

  1
f x   cos x f   
4 2

 
f x    sin x
1
f    
4 2

 
f x   cos x
1
f    
4 2

  1
f iv x   sin x f iv   
4 2

Substituting these values in Taylor’s series, we obtain

   
2 3 4
   
x  x  x  x 
  4         4  iv   
f x   f    
4
f    
4
f    f     f    ..........
4 1! 4 2! 4 3! 4 4! 4
    
2 3 4
   
x  x  x  x 
1  4  1   4  1   4  1   4  1 
sin x            ..........
2 1!  2  2!  2 3!  2 4!  2

16. Using Maclaurin series, expand log(1+x)in powers of x.

Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

f x   log1  x  f 0  0

f  x  
1
f 0  1
1 x

f x    f 0  1
1
1  x2

f x   f 0  2
2
1  x 3
Substituting these values in Maclaurin’s series, we obtain

x2 x3 x 4 iv
f x   f 0  f 0  f 0  f 0  f 0  ..........
x
1! 2! 3! 4!

2 3
log1  x   0  1  x  1  x 2 
x
1! 2! 3!

17. Expand e sin x by Maclaurin’s series.

Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

f x   e sin x f 0  1

f x   e sin x cos x  f x  cos x f 0  1

f x   f x cos x  f x  sin x f 0  1

f x   f x cos x  2 f x  sin x  f x cos x f 0  0

f iv x   f x  cos x  3 f x  sin x  3 f x  cos x  f x  sin x f iv 0  3

Substituting these values in Maclaurin’s series, we obtain

x2 x3 x 4 iv
f x   f 0  f 0  f 0  f 0  f 0  ..........
x
1! 2! 3! 4!

x x2 x4
e sin x  1     ..........
1 2 8
18. Expand log e x in powers of (x–1) byMaclaurin’s series.
Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

f x   loge x f 1  0

f  x   f 1  1
1
x

f  x    f 1  1
1
x2

f  x   f 1  2
2
x3

x    f iv 1  6
iv 6
f
x4

Substituting these values in Taylor’s series, we obtain

f x   f 1 
x  1 f 1  x  12 f 1 
x  13 f 1 
x  14 f iv 1  ..........
1! 2! 3! 4!

loge x  x  1 
x  12  x  13  x  14 ..........
2 3 4

loge 1.1  0.1 

0.12  0.13  0.14 ..........  0.0953
2 3 4

Unit-I Limit of a Function

Lt sin x
18. Find .
x0 x
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Lt sin x 0
 .
x0 x 0
Lt cos x 1
By L’Hospital rule,   1.
x0 1 1
eax  ebx
19. Evaluate lim
x 0 x
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Lt e ax  e bx 1  1

x0 x 0
Lt aeax  bebx a  b
  a b
By L’Hospital rule, x  0 1 1
 xn
20. Evaluate lim
x  e x

Marks: 4 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Lt x n 

x   ex 

Lt n x n 1 
By L’Hospital Rule, 
x   ex 

Lt n n  1x n 2 
By L’Hospital Rule, 
x ex 

Continuing in this manner, we get ----------------------

----------------------

Lt nn  1n  2.......... ....1 x 0 Lt n! n!

By L’Hospital Rule,   0
x e x
xe x


21. Evaluate lim(sec


x) cot x
x
2
Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Lt
Let A   sec x cot x
x
2

Lt Lt logsec x  
log A   cot x logsec x    
x x tan x 
2 2
Applying L’Hospital rule,

 1 
 Lt .sec x tan x  Lt
log A    sec x    sin x cos x  0
x sec2 x x
2 2

log A  0 gives A  e 0  1

22. Evaluatelim | 𝑥|.

𝑥→0

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
Recall that|𝑥| = {
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
 Since |𝑥| = 𝑥for 𝑥 > 0, we have
lim | 𝑥| = lim+ 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0

For 𝑥 < 0 we have |𝑥| = −𝑥 and so

lim | 𝑥| = lim− ( − 𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0− 𝑥→0

Therefore lim | 𝑥| = 0.
𝑥→0

|𝑥|
23. Prove that lim does not exist.
𝑥→0 𝑥
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

|𝑥| 𝑥
lim+ = lim+ 𝑥 = lim+ 1 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

|𝑥| −𝑥
lim− = lim− = lim− (−1) = −1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0

Since the right and left-hand limits are different, it follows that lim | 𝑥|/𝑥 does not exist.
𝑥→0

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
24.Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 0
lim =0
𝑥→0 𝑥2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−
√1−𝑥2 0
By L’Hospital Rule, lim =0
𝑥→0 2𝑥

1
0− (−2𝑥)
2√1−𝑥2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−
1−𝑥2
By L’Hospital Rule, lim =0
𝑥→0 2

Lt x2  9
25. Evaluate
x  3 2 x 2  7 x  3

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Lt x2  9 0

x  3 2 x  7 x  3 0
2

Lt 2x 6 6
By L’hospital rule,  
x  3 4 x  7  5 5

Unit-I Maxima and Minima

1. Define critical point.
Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

The maximum or minimum values of a function taken together are called its extreme values
and the points at which the function attains the extreme values are called the critical points of
the function.

2. Define stationary point.

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

The values of x for which f’(x)=0 are called stationary values.

3. Define maxima and minima.

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Let f(x) be a function with domain D⊂R. Then f(x) is said to attain the maximum value at a
point ‘a’ if f(x)≤f(a) for all xD.

Let f(x) be a function with domain D⊂R. Then f(x) is said to attain the minimum value at a
point ‘a’ if f(x)≥f(a) for all xD.

26. Calculate the critical points of the function f ( x)  5 x 2  4 x

Marks: 2 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Let f ( x)  5 x 2  4 x and f x   10x  4

f x   0
2
gives 10x  4  0 i.e. x  
5

27. Estimate the maxima and minima of the function 10 x 6  24 x 5  15 x 4  40 x 3  108

Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Let f x   10x 6  24x 5  15x 4  40x 3  108.

f x   60x 5  120x 4  60x 3  120x 2 and f x   300x 4  480x 3  180x 2  240x

f x   0 gives 60x 5  120x 4  60x 3  120x 2  0

 
60x 2 x 3  2 x 2  x  2  0

 
x  0,0 and x 3  2 x 2  x  2  0 hence x  2

At x  0, f 0  0 and hence x=0 is a point of inflection

At x  2, f 2  4800  3840  720  480  positive. Therefore f(x) has minimum at x=2.

The minimum value is f 2  640  768  240  320  108  100.
29. Estimate the local extrema of x 4  8 x 2 using second derivative test.
Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

Let f x   x 4  8x 2

f x   4 x 3  16x and f x   12x 2  16


f x   0 gives 4 x x 2  16  0 
x  0, 4,  4

At x  0, f 0  16, negative and hence f(x) has maximum and the maximum value
is f(0) = 0.

At x  4, f 4  196  16  positive. Therefore f(x) has minimum at x=4 and the

minimum value is f 4  44  84  128.

2

At x  4, f  4  192  16  positive. Therefore f(x) has minimum at x=4 and the

minimum value is f  4   4  8 4  128.

4 2

30. Find the maximum value and minimum value of the function
y  x  2 x  3.
2

Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

d2y
Given y  x  2 x  3.   x  2 3 x  8. and
dy
 6 x  14
2

dx dx 2

dy 8
 0 gives x  2 and x 
dx 3

d2y
When x  2,  12  14   2, negative
dx 2

Therefore, when x = 2, y has maximum and the maximum value is y = 0.

8 d2y 8
When x  , 2
 6   14  2, positive
3 dx 3

8
Therefore, when x = , y has minimum and the minimum value is
3
 2
8  8  4
y    2    3  
3  3  27

31. Find the relative(local) extrema for the function f x   x 3  x 2  8 x  1

Given f x   x 3  x 2  8 x  1 and f x   3x 2  2 x  8  3x  4x  2
Marks: 10 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

f  x   0 gives x  2 and x 
4
3

Critical Point Interval Value of f x 

4 4 f  x   0
x 2 x
3 3
Part I
4 4 f  x   0
x x
3 3
x  2 x  2 f  x   0
Part II
x  2 4
2 x f  x   0
3

In part I, sign changes between ne gative to positive, by first derivative, a local

4 4 203
minimum exist at x  and the minimum value is f    
3 3 27

In part II, sign changes between posi tive to negati ve, by first derivative, a local
maximum exist at x  2 and the minimum value is f  2  11

32. The bending moment at ‘B’ at a distance ‘x’ from one end of a beam of length ‘l’ uniformly
loaded is given by M  wx l  x  where ‘x’ is the load per unit length. Show that the
1
2
maximum bending moment is at the centre on the beam.

Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

wx l  x 
1
Given M 
2

d 2M
 l  2 x  and
dM w
 w
dx 2 dx 2

dM
 0 gives
w
l  2 x   0 i.e. x  l
dx 2 2
 l d 2M
At x  ,   w, negative
2 dx 2

l
Therefore M attains maximum at x  .
2
x
33. The power output of a radio valve is proportional to where v, the valve resistance is a
x  v 2
constant and ‘x’ is a variable impedance, Show that the output is maximum when x  v.
Marks: 6 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

x
Given P  k
x  v 2

dP
k
x  v   x2x  v   k x  v   x2  k v  x
2

dx x  v 4 x  v 3 x  v 3

d 2P
k
x  v   1  3v  x x  v   k  x  v   3v  x   k  4v  2 x
3 2

dx 2
x  v 6 x  v 4 x  v 4
dP vx
 0 gives k  0 i.e. x  v
dx x  v 3

d 2P  2v
At x  v, k , negative
dx 2
2v4
Therefore P attains maximum at x  v.

34. An electric flow through a circular coil of a radius ‘a’ exerts a force ‘F’ on a small magnet which
x
is given by where ‘x’ is distance of the magnet from the centre of the coil. Find the
 
5
x a
2 2 2

value of ‘x’ from which ‘F’ is maximum.

Marks: 8 CO: 1 BL: .... BI: .....

x
Let f ( x) 
x 
5
2
 a2 2

x   
5 3
5 2
2
 a2 2 xx  a 2 2 2x
a 2  4x 2
f x   2 
 x2  a2
5
 x2  a2 2
7
 

x   8x   a  4 x  72 x  2 x  x
7 5
 a2  a2
  
2 2 2 2
 a 2  8 x   a 2  4 x 2 7 x 
2 2 2
f x   
x  a  2 2 7
x 2
a 
9
2 2
 a 2  4x 2
f x   0 gives
a
 0 i.e. a 2  4 x 2  0 i.e. x  
x 
7
2
2
a 2 2

 a2 
  a 2  4a 
f x    
a 4
when x  , 9
 0 and hence f(x) has maximum
2
a 2
2
  a 2 
 4 

 a2 
  a 2 4a 
when x   , f x    
a 4
9
 0 and hence f(x) has minimum
2
a 2
 2
  a 2 
 4 

Unit II - Evolute

1. Define evolute.
Marks: 2 CO: 2 BL: .... BI: .....

The locus of centre of curvature of a curve is called an evolute of the curve.

2. State any two properties of evolute.

Marks: 2 CO: 2 BL: .... BI: .....

Normal to the curve is the tangent to its evolute.

The distance between two points P1 and P2 on the evolute is the difference between the radius
of curvature of the curve at P1 and P2.

3. Define envelope of family of curves.

Marks: 2 CO: 2 BL: .... BI: .....

Let f x, y,   0 be a family of curves and  is the parameter. A curve which
touches all the members of the family is called an envelope.

35. Find the evoute of the following curves considering it as the envelope of the normals.
i. y 2 = 4ax
Marks: 10 CO: 2 BL: .... BI: .....

Let the parametric equations are x  at 2 , y  2at

dx dy dy 1
 2at,  2a and hence m  
dt dt dx t