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 PROPERTIES AND SOLUTION OF
A TRIANGLE
INTRODUCTION
In any triangle ABC, the side BC, opposite to the angle A is denoted by a ; the side CA and AB, opposite to the
angles B and C respectively are denoted by b and c respectively. Semiperimeter of the triangle is denoted by s
and its area by  or S. In this chapter, we shall discuss various relations between the sides a , b, c and the angles
A,B,C of  ABC.

SINE RULE
The sides of a triangle ( any type of triangle) are proportional to the sines of the angle opposite to them in triangle
a b c
ABC,  
sin A sinB sin C
sin A sinB sinC
Note :- (1) The above rule can also be written as  
a b c

COSINE FORMULAE

b2  c 2  a2 c 2  a2  b2 a2  b2  c 2
In any  ABC, cos A = , cos B = , cos C =
2bc 2ac 2ab

PROJECTION FORMULAE
In any  ABC, a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C, c = a cos B + b cos A.

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF HALF OF THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE

In any  ABC , we have

A  s  b  s  c  B  s  c  s  a  C  s  a  s  b 
(i) sin  , sin  , sin 
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab

A s s  a B s s  b C ss  c 
(ii) cos  , cos  , cos 
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab

A  s  b  s  c  B  s  c  s  a  C  s  a  s  b 
(iii) tan 2  ss  a , tan
2

s s  b , tan
2

s s  c 

AREA OF A TRIANGLE

If  be the area of a triangle ABC, then

1 1 1
(i)  bc sin A  ca sinB  absinC
2 2 2
1 a2 sinB sinC 1 b2 sinC sin A 1 c 2 sin A sinB
(ii)   
2 sin  B  C  2 sin  C  A  2 sin  A  B 

[1]
[2] Properties and Solution of a triangle

(iii)   s  s  a  s  b  s  c  (Hero’s formula)

Form above results, we obtain following values of sin A, sin B, sin C
2 2
(iv) sin A   s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
bc bc

2 2
(v) sinB   s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
ca ca

2 2
(vi) sin C   s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
ab ab

sin A sinB sinC 2

Further with the help of (iv) , (v) (vi) we obtain   
a b c abc

NAPIER’S ANALOGY

B C  b c A
In any triangle ABC, tan    cot
 2  bc 2

C A  c a B
tan    c  a cot 2
 2 

A B ab C
tan    cot
 2  ab 2

CIRCUMCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE
A circle passing through the vertices of a triangle is called the circumcircle of the triangle.
The centre of the circumcircle is called the circum-centre of the triangle and it is the point of intersection of the
perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle.
The radius of the circumcircle is called the circum radius of the triangle and is usually denoted by R and is given
by the following formulae
a b c abc
R   
2sin A 2sinB 2sinC 4
abc
Where  is area of triangle and s =
2

INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE
The circle which can be inscribed within the triangle so as to touch all the three sides is called the incircle of the
triangle.
The centre of the incircle is called the in centre of the triangle and it is the point of intersection of the internal
bisectors of the angles of the triangle.
The radius of the incircle is called the inradius of the triangle and is usually denoted by r and is given by the
following formula
In – Radius : The radius r of the inscribed circle of a triangle ABC is given by

(i) r=
s
A B C
(ii) r = (s – a) tan   , r = (s – b) tan   and r = (s – c) tan  
2 2 2
Properties and Solution of a triangle [3]

B C A  C B  A 

a sin   sin   b sin   sin   c sin   sin  
2  2 2 2 2  2 
(iii) r= , r= and r =
A B
  C
cos   cos   cos  
2 2 2

A B C

(iv) r = 4R sin   . sin   . sin  
2 2 2

ESCRIBED CIRCLES OF A TRIANGLE

The circle which touches the sides BC and two sides AB and AC produced of a triangle ABC is called the
escirbed circle opposite to the angle A. Its radius is denoted by r1 . Similarly r2 and r3 denote the radii of the
escribed circles opposite to the angles B and C respectively.
The centres of the escribed circles are called the ex-centres. The centre of the escribed circle opposite to the
angle A is the point of intersection of the external bisector of angles B and C. The internal bisector also passes
through the same point. This centre is generally denoted by I1.
FORMULAE FOR r1 , r2 , r3
In any  ABC, we have
  
(i) r1  , r2  , r3 
sa sb sc

A B C
(ii) r1  s tan , r2  s tan , r3  s tan
2 2 2
B C C A A B
cos
cos cos cos cos cos
r a 2 2 , r2  b 2 2 , r3  c 2 2
(iii) 1 A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C A B C A B C
(iv) r1  4R sin cos cos , r2  4 Rcos sin cos , r3  4R cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

ORTHOCENTRE OF A TRIANGLE
The point of intersection of perpendiculars drawn from the vertices on the opposite sides of a triangle is called its
orthocentre.
Let the perpendicular AD, BE and CF from the vertices A, B and C on the opposite sides BC, CA and AB of
ABC, respectively, meet at O. Then O is the orthocentre of the  ABC.
The triangle DEF is called the pedal triangle of the  ABC.
The distances of the orthocentre from the vertices and the sides - If O is the orthocentre and DEF the
pedal triangle of the DABC, where AD, BE, CF are the perpendiculars drawn from A, B,C on the opposite sides
BC, CA, AB respectively, then
(i) OA = 2R cos A, OB = 2R cos B and OC = 2R cos C
(ii) OD = 2R cos B cos C, OE = 2R cos C cos A and OF = 2R cos A cos B
R
(iii) The circumradius of the pedal triangle =
2
(iv) The area of pedal triangle = 2 cosA cos B cos C.
[4] Properties and Solution of a triangle

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

A B sc A B s
(1) tan tan   cot cot 
2 2 s 2 2 sc

A B c C c
(2) tan  tan  cot   s  c 
2 2 s 2 

A B a b
(3) tan  tan  s  c 
2 2 

A B
tan  tan
A B 2 2  c cot C
cot  cot 
(4) 2 2 A B sc 2
tan tan
2 2
(5) Also note the following identities
(i) S ( p – q ) = ( p – q) + ( q – r ) + (r – p) = 0
(ii) S p ( q – r ) = p ( q – r) + q ( r – p ) + r (p – q) = 0
(iii) S ( p + a ) ( q – r) Sp ( q – r ) + a S (q – r) = 0