A1.

The system of global governance is multi-faceted because it encompasses several global areas
of governance including security, justice, human rights, development, trade, and finance. Global
governance involves many actors, such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), multinational
corporations (MNCs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), states and non-state
actors (NSAs). Consequently, assessing the impact of this global system depends on one’s
theoretical lens. The predominant theoretical perspectives involved in this discussion are Marxism,
social constructivism, realism, and liberal institutionalism. How did global governance emerge?
According to Weiss, the emergence of global governance was a result of interdependence among
states, globalization, and the rise of NSAs (Weiss, 2013, p.10- 13). As a result, global issues and
challenges now transcend state boundaries and jurisdictions and rely on the critical role of IGOs, as
states alone are unable to address worldwide problems. There is the ongoing debate between realists
and liberal institutionalists as to whether power rests in the state or in IGOs. As Weiss states, global
governance is achieved through constituted organizations who oversee the actions of actors,
including state authorities, IGOs, INGOs, and entities that are in the private or civil society sectors
(Weiss, 2013, p. 32).
A2. As many world affairs continue to develop purposefully, it compromises such negative impacts
that can primarily place a state and its population at such a disadvantageous position. For instance,
wars have lowered peoples' standards of living and harmed some nations' economies. Despite this,
humanity has persevered for millennia in learning how to effectively manage international affairs and
prevent the chaos and conflict that have existed in previous centuries. As organizations that promoted
global leadership emerged, they contributed to the establishment of the international order and the
strengthening of state unity around the world by putting the fundamentals of global governance into
practice.
B1. (Bhagwati, 2004; McGrew, 2019). As cited by Jang, McSparren, and Rashchupkina (2016), the
scope of contemporary issues has become "global" beyond the state government's capacity to
address such issues. The former United Nations (UN) Secretary-General, Kofi Annan,
acknowledged that "no State, however powerful, can protect itself on its own" and that "the threats we
face are interconnected". According to Ramkissoon (2017), the system of global governance is
multifaceted because it encompasses several global areas of governance including security, justice,
human rights, development, trade, and finance. Global governanceinvolves many actors, such
as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), multinational corporations (MNCs), international non-
governmental organizations (INGOs), and states and non-state actors(NSAs).
B2. the concept of global governance and the recognition that contemporary issues extend beyond
the capacity of individual nation-states to address them effectively. It cites various sources to support
this realization. While the specific content of their works is not mentioned in the excerpt, their
research likely contributes to the understanding of global interconnections and the limitations of state-
centric approaches. This implies that global challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, or
economic interdependence, require collective action and coordination on a global scale. This
recognition highlights the need for collaborative efforts and global governance structures to address
shared challenges effectively. Overall, the provided excerpt suggests that scholars and experts
recognize the limitations of individual nation-states in addressing global challenges and emphasize
the importance of global governance mechanisms and collective action involving multiple actors to
tackle interconnected global issues effectively.
C1. (United Nation, 2004) It argues that international cooperation and the resulting governance
mechanisms are not working well. First, the current global governance system is not properly
equipped to manage the growing economic integration and interdependence among countries, both
of which are compounded by the current globalization process. Globalization tends to accentuate
interdependencies among countries. Second, global governance structures and rules are
characterized by severe asymmetries in terms of access, scope and outcomes. While developing
countries must abide by and/ or shoulder the effects of global governance rules and regulations, they
have limited influence in shaping them. Meanwhile, the unbalanced nature of globalization implies
that important areas of common interest are currently not covered, or sparsely covered, by global
governance mechanisms, while other areas are considered to be overdetermined or overregulated by
a myriad of arrangements with different rules and provisions, causing fragmentation, increased costs
and reduced effectiveness. These deficiencies have contributed to the generation of asymmetric
outcomes among countries and have had important implications for inequality at the national level as
well. Finally, current approaches to global governance and global rules have led to a greater shrinking
of policy space for national Governments, particularly in the developing countries, than necessary for
the efficient management of interdependence; this also impedes the reduction of inequalities within
countries.
C2. It argues that international cooperation and the resulting governance mechanisms are not
functioning effectively. Let's break down the main points: Inadequate management of economic
integration and interdependence: The global governance system is criticized for not being equipped
to handle the increasing economic integration and interdependence among countries, which are
further amplified by the process of globalization. As countries become more interconnected, the
existing governance structures are struggling to effectively address the associated challenges. Global
governance structures and rules are characterized by significant disparities. Developing countries are
required to comply with and bear the consequences of global governance regulations but have limited
influence in shaping them. This imbalance results in a situation where certain areas of common
interest are not adequately covered by global governance mechanisms, while other areas face
excessive regulation, leading to fragmentation, increased costs, and reduced effectiveness. The
current approaches to global governance and global rules are criticized for restricting the policy space
available to national governments, particularly in developing countries. Overall, this excerpt argues
that the existing global governance system faces significant challenges and shortcomings. It suggests
that improvements are needed to address the complexities arising from economic integration,
interdependence, and globalization. Additionally, there is a call to address the asymmetries in
governance structures, provide greater influence to developing countries, and create more effective
and equitable global governance mechanisms.
D. The global governance perspective aims to look at gaps in the international system to supervise
complex issues and commit stakeholders to work together to solve problems. Global governance is a
fragmented and complex administration system that displays many facets of the common political,
economic, environmental, and societal problems. Global governance mandates sustainable and
strategic goals that can improve the many sectors of the world's economy, particularly those in
developing and peripheral nations, in tandem with its actors. It also emphasizes on effective
multilateral talks on setting up or changing institutions and engaging recently transnational actors
from the corporate and civil sectors in constructive conflict.
E. In conclusion, Global governance generally refers to the international adoption, administration, and
enforcement of laws. At the same time, a strong rise of global governance actors aims to assist in
resolving and managing interrelated problems. Effective global governance can only be carried out
with implicit international cooperation and mutual respect among states, as intergovernmental
cooperation is at the core of the global partnership for development. Participating nations can also
simulate global awareness by integrating global governance into building networks. Given this, good
global governance can serve as a model for our fast globalizing society, guiding us as we adjust to
the changes in contemporary human connections.
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