SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

Chapter 1 / General Concepts and Historical Events

2. Charles Darwin
LESSON 1: THE INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY ➔ Famous for his theory of evolution.
➔ A genius who came from a line of gifted and
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION wealthy family; mediocre student.
➔ He published a book in 1589, “The Origin of
➔ Science is always interwoven with society.
Species” - how species evolved over time.
➔ The period of enlightenment when the
➔ He published a book in 1871, “The Descent of
development of the different fields of science
Man” - the idea of all organic life.
changed the views of society about the world.
➔ Major Contributions: Evolutionary Biology and
➔ The golden age for people committed to
Philosophy of Science.
scholarly life in science.
3. Sigmund Freud
1. Science as an idea: ideas and observations about the
➔ Famous in the field of psychology.
natural and physical world.
➔ He is NOT a traditional thinker.
2. Science as an intellectual activity: systematic and
➔ Psychoanalysis: an observational method to
practical study of the natural and physical world.
gather reliable data to study human’s inner life.
3. Science as a body of knowledge: process of learning
about the natural and physical world.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
4. Science as a personal and social activity: to develop
better understanding of the world around them. ➔ Entire area of Central America from Southern
Mexico up to the border of South America.
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR
1. Maya Civilization
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
➔ Known for their works in astronomy.
➔ Known for measuring time using 2 complicated
calendar systems.
➔ Developed the technology for growing different
crops and building elaborate cities.
➔ They built hydraulics systems with sophisticated
waterways to supply water.
➔ One of the first people to produce rubber
products 3,000 years before Goodyear.
➔ Mica: a rainbow of glittery paints made from a
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
mineral.
➔ After his doctorate degree, he was appointed as
➔ Mayan Hieroglyphics: a writing system.
a canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland.
➔ He was influenced by the book, “Epitome” by
2. Inca Civilization
Johannes Mueller.
➔ He created a summary of his ideas to his close ➔ Made advanced scientific ideas considering
friends in a manuscript, “Commentariolus”. their limitations as an old civilization.
➔ He published a book in 1543, “De Revolutionibus
Orbium Coelestium”. Scientific Ideas and Tools They Developed
➔ He placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the 1) Roads paved with stones
universe. 2) Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes
3) Irrigation system for storing water
Copernicus Outlined 2 Kinds of Planetary Motion
4) Calendar with 12 months
1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the
orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun. 5) First suspension bridge
2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay 6) Quipu - a system of knotted ropes
outside the Earth's orbit, thus farther from the 7) Inca textiles
Sun.

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Chapter 1 / General Concepts and Historical Events

3. Aztec Civilization 3. Middle East Countries

➔ Made substantial contributions to STS. ➔ Algebra: derived from al-jabr, the beginning of
the title of al-Khwarizmi’s publications.
Some of their Contributions ➔ Arabic Numeral System: came from India.
1) Mandatory education - early form of educ
2) Chocolates - they used it as currency Some of the Contributors
3) Antispasmodic medication - for muscle 1) Ibn al-Haytham - a muslim scientist, the father
4) Chinampa - for agricultural farming of Optics.
5) Aztec calendar - to plan their activities 2) Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi - a
6) Invention of the canoe - travel in water systems mathematician, gave his name to the concept of
the algorithm.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA 3) Jabir ibn Hayyan - the father of Chemistry.
➔ A host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and 4) Ibn Sina - first physician to conduct clinical
political activities of all ages. trials. His two notable works, “Book of Healing”
and “The Canon of Medicine”.
1. India
➔ Known for manufacturing iron and in DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
metallurgical works; iron steel is the best in ➔ Africa is blessed with natural and mineral
Roman Empire. resources.
➔ Famous in medicine; Ayurveda is a system of
traditional medicine. 1. Geometry
➔ Notable in the field of astronomy; developed ➔ Layout of farmlands to avoid conflicts of
theories on the configuration of the universe. ownership.
➔ Known for their mathematics; designed a ruler, ➔ Used in building homes and cities.
the “Mohenjo-daro ruler”. 2. Chemistry
➔ Tried to study human anatomy, pharmacology,
Clifford (2008) and Bose (1998) Pointed Out and applied important components - displayed
1) Aryabhatiya - introduced a number of strong parallels to the basic empirical method of
trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques. studying science.
2) Brahmagupta - suggested that gravity was a ◆ Examination
force of attraction. ◆ Diagnosis
3) Madhava of Sangamagrama - founder of ◆ Treatment
mathematical analysis. ◆ Prognosis for the treatment of diseases
3. Astronomy - three types of calendars
2. China
★ Lunar
➔ Known for traditional medicines.
★ Solar
➔ Known to develop many tools (compass,
★ Stellar
papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools; iron
4. Metallurgy
plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller).
➔ Imported iron technology.
➔ Invented the first seismological detector.
➔ Invented metal tools.
➔ Made significant records on supernovas, lunar
5. Mathematics
and solar eclipses, and comets.
➔ Lebombo Bone: a tool for multiplication, division,
➔ They used lunar calendars.
and a six- month lunar calendar; also the oldest
➔ Seismology: made the more prepared in times of
mathematical artifact.
natural calamities.

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NCRP Clustered Four Policies

LESSON 2: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
NATION-BUILDING 1) Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
International Policies and Governance
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE → Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue.
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES 2) Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research,
➔ Started way back before the country gained Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
independence from the American colonizers. → Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and
➔ Science: embedded in the way of life of people. employment opportunities.
➔ Technology: used by people in building houses, 3) Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
irrigations, and in developing tools.
→ Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing
➔ When Spaniards colonized - was the beginning of
firms with ASEAN by implementation of FDA.
formal science and technology in the Philippines.
4) Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
➔ The Americans have more influence in the
→ Use of biosafety and standard model.
development of science and technology in the
Philippines compared to the Spaniards. Other Existing Programs Supported by DOST
◆ Established public education system
◆ Improved the engineering works 1) Providing funds for basic research and patents
◆ Health conditions of people related to science and technology.
◆ Established a research university, UP 2) Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
◆ Created more public hospitals graduate studies of students.
3) Establishing more branches of the Philippine
INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF Science High School System.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 4) Creating science and technology parks to
encourage academe and industry partnerships.
➔ Internal Influences 5) Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino
◆ Survival scientists abroad to work in the Philippines.
◆ Culture 6) Developing science and technology parks in
◆ Economic Activities academic campuses to encourage academe and
➔ External Influences industry partnerships.
◆ Foreign Colonizers 7) The establishment of the National Science
◆ Trades with Foreign Countries Complex and National Engineering Complex
◆ International Economic Demands within the UP campus in Diliman.

GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON S & T PAASF, 2008 Identified Capacity-Building Programs

➔ The Philippine government introduced and 1) Establishment of national centers of excellence.

implemented programs, projects, and policies to 2) Manpower and institutional development
boost the area of science and technology. programs, such as ESEP.
➔ To prepare the country to meet the demands of 3) Establishment of regional centers.
a technologically driven world. 4) Establishment of science and technology
➔ Padilla-Concepcion (2015): has sought the business centers.
expertise of the NCRP to consult various 5) Strengthen science education at an early stage.
sectors in the society to study how the
Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the
ASEAN goals.

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Chapter 1 / General Concepts and Historical Events

Other Areas and Fields to Embark Various Research Other Outstanding Filipino Scientists

1) Use of alternative and safe energy. 1) Caesar A. Saloma - an internationally renowned

2) Harnessing mineral resources. physicist.
3) Finding cure for various diseases and illness. 2) Edgardo Gomez - famous scientist in marine.
4) Climate change and global warning. 3) William Padolina - chemistry and president of
5) Increasing food production. NAST Philippines.
6) Preservation of natural resources. 4) Angel Alcala - marine science.
7) Coping with natural disasters and calamities.
8) Infrastructure development. Universities of the Philippines
1) Los Baños-University of the Philippines
→ A science paradise for agriculture, forestry,
plant and animal, and veterinary science.
2) Visayas-University of the Philippines
→ A national center for marine science,
fisheries, and other related sciences.
3) Manila-University of the Philippines
→ A center of excellence and has produced
many researchers, doctors, health professionals,
and scientists in the area of medical and public
health.
4) Diliman-University of the Philippines
→ Established a national science and
engineering complex to develop more research
and produce more scientists and engineers in
FAMOUS FILIPINOS - FIELD OF SCIENCE
the country.
Lee-Chua (2000) Identified 10 Outstanding Scientists

1) Ramon Cabanos Barba - tissue culture in

Philippine mangoes.
2) Josefino Cacas Comiso - observing the
characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite.
3) Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally in the
field of electrical engineering.
4) Lourdes Jansuy Cruz - sea snail venom.
5) Fabian Millar Dayrit - herbal medicine.
6) Rafael Dineros Guerrero III - tilapia culture.
7) Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. - invented the
meconium drugs testing.
8) Lilian Formalejo Pateno - plant biotechnology.
9) Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz - an outstanding
educator and graph theorist.
10) Gregory Ligot Tangonan - in the field of
communications technology.

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Chapter 1 / General Concepts and Historical Events

LESSON 3: SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINES
1. Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
➔ A government program for gifted students in
● Science Education
the Philippines.
→ Focuses on teaching, learning, and
➔ It is a service institute of the DOST whose
understanding science. mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for
● John Dewey (2001) secondary course preparing students for science
→ Stressed the importance of utilizing the career (RA. 3661)
natural environment to teach students.
PSHSS students
● Marx (1994)
→ Opines that science is going to be one of the 1) Beacon of excellence, courage, and hope for the
most important school subjects in the future. country.
● Knight (1986) 2) Exemplary achievements in various international
→ Age of science. competitions & research circles.
3) When they graduate, they are expected to
● Tilghman (2005)
pursue degrees in science and technology
→ Develop a citizenry that will meet the goals
of science in society. 2. Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC AND ➔ This project started in June 2007 with 57
identified elementary schools that participated.
TERTIARY EDUCATION
➔ The number has grown to more than 60 schools
nationwide.
1. Basic Education
➔ Aim: develop Filipino children equipped w/
➔ Science education help students learn important scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and
concepts and facts that are related to everyday values.
life (process, critical thinking, & life skills).
➔ Develops positive attitude such as: Mission

◆ Love for knowledge ● Provide a learning environment to

◆ Passion for innovative things science-inclined children through a special
◆ Curiosity to study about nature curriculum that recognizes the multiple
◆ Creativity intelligence of the learners;
➔ Science education will develop a strong ● Promote the development of lifelong learning
skills
foundation for studying science and to consider
● Foster the holistic development of the learners.
science-related careers in the future.
3. Quezon City Regional Science Highschool
2. Tertiary Education
➔ Science education deals with developing ➔ Established on September 17, 1967
students' understanding and appreciation of ➔ Original: Quezon City Science High School.
science ideas and scientific works.
➔ It was turned into a Regional Science Highschool
➔ Done through offering basic science courses in
for the National Capital Region in 1999.
the General Education curriculum.
➔ Various science-related fields such as: ➔ Establish a special science school for talented
◆ Engineering students in science and mathematics.
◆ Agriculture ➔ The school still teaches the basic education
◆ Medicine courses by DepEd for secondary education.
◆ Health sciences

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4. Manila Science High School 5. Central Visayan Institute Foundation

➔ Established on October 1, 1963 as the Manila ➔ Home and pioneer of the prominent school-based
Science High School (MSHS). innovation known as the Dynamic Learning
➔ First science HS in the Philippines. Program (DLP)
➔ Puts more emphasis on Science & Mathematics.
➔ Humanities courses and other electives are ● DLP: synthesis of classical and modern

included in their curriculum. pedagogical theories adapted to foster

➔ Entrance exam: Manila Science High School the highest level of learning, creativity,

Admission Test (MSAT). and productivity.

➔ The school took pride in its Research Center for
5 parts of MSAT Theoretical Physics (RCTP) in 1992.

● Aptitude in science ● RCTP: organizes small international

● Aptitude test in mathematics workshops to foster the informal but
● Problem solving test in science intense exchange of ideas and
● Problem solving test in mathematics perspectives on outstanding problems in
● Proficiency in english physics and mathematics.

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LESSON 4: INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND ● Iaccarino (2003): - How science is done

TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES depends on the cultural practices of the people.
● Johnston (2000): - Identified desirable values
➔ Indigenous knowledge: system of knowledge,
that are consistent to scientific attitudes:
which is the foundation of indigenous science.
◆ Motivating Attitudes

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM ◆ Cooperating Attitudes

◆ Practical Attitudes
➔ Embedded in the daily life experiences of young ◆ Reflective Attitudes
children as they grow up. ● Pawilen (2005): Explains that it has developed
diverse structures and contents.
Examples of Indigenous Knowledge by People
● Kuhn (1962): Developmental stages of most
● Predicting weather conditions and seasons.
sciences by continual competition.
● Using herbal medicines.
● Sibisi (2004): Pointed out that it provides the
● Preserving foods.
basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food
● Classifying plants and animals into families.
technology, or metallurgy.
● Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting.
● Pawilen (2006): Develop a simple framework for
● Using indigenous technology in daily lives.
understanding indigenous science.
● Building local irrigation systems.
● Classifying different types of soil for planting.
● Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits.
● Keeping the custom of growing plants and
vegetables in the yard.

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

➔ Part of the indigenous knowledge system

practiced by different groups of people and
early civilizations. 1) Indigenous science uses science process skills.
➔ Includes complex arrays of knowledge, 2) Indigenous science is guided by culture and
expertise, practices and representations. community values such as the following:
● The land is a source of life.
Enumerable Interactions with the Natural Milieu:
● The earth is revered as "Mother Earth."
◆ Agriculture
● All living and nonliving things are
◆ Medicine
interconnected with each other.
◆ Naming and explaining natural
● Human beings are stewards or trustees
phenomena
of the land and other natural resources.
◆ Strategies for coping with changing
● Nature is a friend to human beings
environments.
3) Indigenous science is composed of traditional
● Ogawa (1995): It is collectively lived in and knowledge practiced by the people.
experienced by the people of a given culture.
UNESCO’s Declaration on Science
● Cajete (2004): It includes everything from
➔ Recognized indigenous science as a historical and
metaphysics to philosophy and various practical
valuable contribution to science and technology.
technologies practiced by indigenous people.