ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Parajumbles
ENGLISH LANGUAGE - PARAJUMBLES

Content
.S No. cTopi aPge No.
1. Chapter – 1 (Parajumbles) 3
2. Exercise – 1 (Running) 3
3. Exercise – 2 (Taking Off) 11
4. Exercise – 3 (Flying) 21
5. Answer Key & Explanations 64

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 Chapter - 1
ENGLISH LANGUAGE - PARAJUMBLES

Parajumbles
Exercise - 1
Running
1. A. He did not believe in theoretical ideology.
B. So we must keep them.
C. His principles mainly lay in action.
D. Gandhi Ji had a way of life.
E. He gave much that suits our tradition.

2. A. The idea that spinach promotes strength - one made popular by the cartoon character Popeye the Sailor is
based on a mistake.
B. The misconception arose in 1870, when a misplaced decimal point in a set of published food table made
spinach appear to contain ten times as much iron as other vegetables.
C. Furthermore the iron in any vegetable is less valuable than a similar quantity of iron in meat because the body
is less efficient at absorbing iron from vegetables.
D. Only between 2 and 10 per cent of the iron in vegetables is absorbed compared with 10 to 20 percent of the
iron in meat.
E. In fact it has much the same effect.

3. A. For instance, fuller utilization of the idle manpower in the country must necessarily be the major objective
of policy but this has to be done without creating serious inflationary pressures.
B. Within a limited period, there is a measure of conflict between one objective and another and it is necessary to
proceed in terms of carefully defined properties.
C. It would be unrealistic to imagine that rapid and spectacular progress in all these directions could have been
made in the initial period of planning.
D. Maximum production, full employment, the attainment of economic equality and social justice
which constitute the accepted objectives of planning under present-day conditions are not really so except that
there are many different ideas and series of related aims.

4. A. It is this constraint that is the basis of general intelligence.

B. The consequence of this is that differences in specific abilities will become more apparent at higher IQs (faster
BPMs).
C. But the ability of individuals to do this will be constrained by the speed of the BPM, a faster BPM allowing more
complex algorithms to be implemented.
D. At lower processing speeds only the simplest algorithms of either code can be implemented.
E. So, individuals do vary in the power of their specific processors and to some extent a powerful verbal processor,
for example, can compensate for a weak spatial one by generating complex verbal solutions to what are more
suitably considered as spatial problems.

5. A. A major drawback in our administrative system and procedures pertains to reward and punishment.
B. To reward the honest and the competent is extremely difficult under service rules based on seniority and
hierarchy, especially because of the absence of a worthwhile mechanism for automatic recognition of merit and
consequent career promotion.
C. On the other hand, dishonest but clever government servants manage to shield themselves behind dilatory
procedures.
D. Procedure and not objectives are treated as sacred.

6. A. To enhance our Level of Being we have to adopt a life style conducive to such enhancement, which

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means one that grants our lower nature just the attention and cares it requires and leaves us with plenty of time
and free attention for the pursuit of our higher development.
B. The second Great Truth is that of equation that everything in the world around us must be matched, as it were,
with some sense, faculty or power within us.
C. Otherwise we remain unaware of its existence.
D. There is, therefore, hierarchic structure of gifts inside us, and, not surprisingly, the higher the gift the more rarely
is it to be found in highly developed form, and the greater are the efforts required for its development.

7. A. When the reactor has been shut down for sometime the quantum of heat decay is such that it is more
appropriate to provide cooling through another system which is called shutdown cooling and one system is
adequate for safe cooling of reactor.
B. One of the most important questions concerning the safety of nuclear reactors is to ensure that adequate
cooling is provided for the nuclear fuel at all times including periods when the reactor is in a shutdown condition.
C. Normally the cooling of the nuclear fuel is done by the heavy water of the primary heat transport system.
D. The main cooling through the steam generators by the process of natural convection, that is without the
intervention of any pumps, is also adequate to carry away the decay heat.

8. A. The rich should now live in the ever-present threat of the poor resorting to illogical methods to get even
with them. The poor, on the other hand, have to live a hand-to-mouth existence, and on many nights have to go
to bed with empty stomachs.
B. Their leaders, politicians, corporate heads and the common investors never realize that this prosperity (or its
illusion) is only limited to a microscopic minority of people in this world, and to an even smaller number of
people even inside the U.S.!
C. This has created a widening gulf between the haves and the have-not’s in this world and this gulf is at the root
of all human ills, including terrorism.
D. The American public, and to a lesser degree the people in the “so-called" developed First Work' were
continually fed with the idea that their “new world order” and their “new economy” would keep on growing
bringing prosperity for ever.

9. A. We need to look at the civilization of India according to geographical and ecological imperatives that are
far more certain than historical speculation conditioned by simplistic ideas of ethnicity, linguistics or migrations.
B. In this regard the study of the Sarasvati river system by the geologists of India and linking it to the Sarasvati
river as lauded in Vedic literature is probably the key.
C. Civilization is like a plant that owes its existence to the land on which it grows.
D. We cannot ignore this important fact either for our past or future and therefore the current Government of India
plan to link all the great rivers of the country represents such a responsible ecological approach which, including
reconstituting the old Sarasvati river channel, links the great future of the country with its great past.

10. A. One proposal, therefore, is to introduce plea bargaining.

B. Reformers hope that this alone will reduce the prison population by about 35% and prevent jails becoming
universities of crime for the merely wayward.
C. At the moment, the weakest and poorest always get to prison for the pettiest of crimes, sent there by judges
wedded to inflexible interpretation of a convoluted penal code and procedure bound juridical administration.
D. Judges will be given alternatives to prison such as community service, as a punishment -of minor infractions.

11. A. The modern industrial organization has given birth to a few giant business corporations, which tend to
reduce the state to a subservient position and bind it to what Professor Galbraith calls a techno-structure
consisting of specialists, planners and technicians.
B. In order to avoid the perils of such an industrial system the American economist recommends the strong
assertion of “other goals” so that the new industrial state would become responsive to the larger purposes of the
society.
C. We have to realise without equivocation that the pursuit of material prosperity alone, would lead us into a blind
valley.
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D. These “goals” could doubtless be essential human and spiritual in accordance with Gandhiji’s ideal and
programs.

12. A. It is attractive to the one who is attracted by it. As food is tasty to the one who finds it tasty.
B. There is no such thing as attractiveness.
C. So what is real beauty?
D. This brings us to the consideration of the fact that nothing in these terms of value exists in an object, except
what we put into them.

13. A. Many of our youth felt that their homes had protected them against facing their emotional weaknesses.
B. By excluding contact with peers the homes had given them a very narrow base for relationships.
C. The parents in a self-centred way had mortgaged their growth and social maturity to the role of “achieving son”
alone with their short-sighted view of growth.
D. In the achievement-oriented environment there was little scope for the youth to experiment with themselves and
their emotions.

14. A. The causes of success or failure are deep and complex, chance plays a part.
B. Motivation and opportunity can be supplied in good part by incentive compensation and decentralization
respectively.
C. It is not easy to say why one management is successful and another is not.
D. Experience has convinced me, however, that for those who are responsible for a business, motivation and
opportunity are very important factors.

15. A. Moreover, private sector competitors claim to be moving from aluminium manufacture to specialised uses
of the metal.
B The new concern could probably supply the metal to established companies for use as input.
C. As we all know, there is still shortage of the metal.
D. All in all, though, the new plant will not threaten existing manufacturers in a big way.

16. A. The investigation was confined to manufacturing firms in the area.

B. Those concerned with mining and quarrying, construction, transport, and trade and commerce, were excluded.
C. The number of workers employed by the firms in the area ranged from a dozen to approximately 35,000.
D. A long search produced a comprehensive list of 203 manufacturing firms.

17. A. A failure to put the right person at the right place could prove expensive for the organization.
B. All managers are decision makers.
C. The rightness of a decision largely depends upon whether or not the manager has utilized the right persons in
right ways.
D. The effectiveness of managers is largely reflected in their track record in taking the right decisions.

18. A. The men jumped up and rushed to the river.

B. They poured it on the glowing bed of charcoal.
C. The water gurgled out and dying embers hissed and sent up little curls of vapour.
D. They quickly came back with pitchers laden with water.

19. A. How much more depends on the current uses to which the rupee can be put.
B. Conversely, at a 5% interest rate, a rupee received a year from now is worth only Rs. 1.05, or 95.2 paise today;
at a rate of 10%, 90.9 paise.
C. The theory of discounting the future is simple; a rupee received today is worth more than a rupee received
tomorrow.
D. If it can earn 5% interest, a rupee today will be worth Rs. 1.05 after a year; if 10%, Rs. 1.10.
E. The determination of a future rupee’s present value is, according to accepted theory, the appropriate way to
compare future benefits with present costs.
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20. A. US companies can outsource non-core functions to cut costs.

B. The call centre BPO industry in India might therefore experience a boom during a US recession.
C. Customer service call centres represent a non-core function for many US companies.
D. During a recession, US companies must cut costs to increase profitability.

21. A. Airline passengers might ultimately experience a price increase during a war in the Middle East.
B. A war in the Middle East may endanger oil supplies.
C. When oil supplies diminish, oil prices go up.
D. Industries that rely heavily on fuel e.g. aviation, may see associated cost increases.

22. A Admen also recruit charismatic cricketers like Sachin ' Tendulkar to gain wider acceptance for the
products.
B. India’s national pastime is cricket.
C. Millions of viewers watch a major cricketing event like the World Cup.
D Advertisers promote their products during cricket matches to take advantage of the number of viewers,

23. A. The end was perhaps inevitable, but before that Christopher Reeve confirmed a faith in life that will not
be easily forgotten.
B. But even in a practically hopeless situation, he never ' allowed depression to get the better of an unfailing sense
of optimism that passed on to everyone around him. .
C. Christopher Reeve made life worth living m a wheelchair.
D. He himself didn’t have much hope of recovery.
E. His mental faculties were alive and focused on a campaign against spinal disabilities that he hoped would draw
a greer following.

24. A. It is much smaller than the Earth, with a diameter of only 6500 kilometres.
B. One white dwarf, called Rupee’s Star after a famous American astronomer, is particularly well-known.
C. Yet its mass is equal to that of the Sun.
D. The matter inside the white dwarf is incredibly
E. It is so dense that just a thimbleful would weigh thousands of kilograms.

25. A. This is another kind of sign behaviour.

B. The same basic characteristic is there, automatic reaction to some stimulus.
C. Human beings, like other animals, may be conditioned to respond in particular ways to a given stimulus.
D. Instead the reaction is wired in by some outside force.
E. The difference is that the stimulus reaction pattern is not wired into the animals’ nervous system by its own
genetic code.

26. A. If you look at a number of important inventions and discoveries that have been made over the last 1,000
years you will find that most of them occurred in the last 300 years. .
B. What prevented progress being made in the previous 700 years?
C. One reason was the mistaken belief that once a scientific model had been built, it was a complete picture of the
real thing.
D. Why this?
E. Those who doubted this ran the risk of being ridiculed by their fellow men and in some cases of even losing
their lives by carrying on with their investigation.

27. A. For 25 years he painstakingly amassed ^^IMS) support it.

B. This concept did not become clear in Darwin s mind until long after he had left the Galapagos.
C. After a great number of generations tortoises on the islands will have longer necks than those on the watered
islands.
D. And so one species will have given rise to another.
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28. A. Since then, intelligence tests have been mostly used to separate dull children in school from average or
bright children, so that special education is provided to the dull.
B. In other words, intelligence tests give us a norm for each age. .
C. Intelligence is expressed as intelligence quotient and tests are developed to indicate what an average child of a
certain age can do, what a five-year old can answer, but a four-year old cannot, for instance.
D. Binet developed the first set of such tests in the early 1900s to find out which children in school needed special
attention.
E. Intelligence can be measured by tests.

29. A. Realists believe that there is an objective reality “out there” independent of ourselves.
B. This reality exists solely by virtue of how the world is and is in principle discoverable by application of the
methods of science.
C. They believe in the possibility of determining whether or not a theory is indeed really true or false.
D. I think it is fair to say that this is the position to which most working scientists subscribe.

30. A. There is a strong manufacturing base for a variety of product.

B. India has come a long way on the technology front.
C. But the technology adopted has been largely of foreign origin.
D. I here are, however, areas such as atomic energy, space, agriculture, and defence where significant strides
have been made in evolving relevant technologies within the country.

31. A. In emission trading, the government fixes the total amount of pollution that is acceptable to maintain a
desired level of air quality.
B. Economists argue this approach makes air pollution control more cost-effective than the current practice of
fixing air pollution standards and expecting companies to pollute below these standards.
C. USA uses emission trading to control air pollution.
D. It then distributes emission permits to all companies in the region, which add up to the overall acceptable level
of emission.

32. A. The individual companies vary in size, from the corner grocery to the industrial giant.
B. Policies and management methods within firms range from formal, well-planned organisation and controls to
slipshod day-to-day operations.
C. Various industries offer a wide array of products or services through millions of firms largely independent of
each other.
D. Variation in the form of ownership contributes to diveisity in capital investment, volume of business, and
financial structure.

33. A. All levels of demand, whether individual, aggregate, local, national, or international are subject to change, n A L
B. At the same time science and technology add new dimensions to products, their uses, and the methods used to
market them.
C. Aggregate demand fluctuates with changes in the level of business activity, GNP and national income.
D. The demand of individuals tends to vary with changing needs and rising income.

34. A. Secret persons shall strike with weapons, fire or poison

D. Clans mutually supporting each other shall be made to strike at the weak points.
C. He shall destroy their caravans, herds, forests and troop reinforcements.
D. The conqueror shall cause enemy kingdom to be destroyed by neighbouring kings, jungle tribes, predators or
unjustly treated princes.

35. A. The quintessence, for example, a lizard is only fully understandable in the light of the particular
possibilities and limitations dictated by its reptilian nature.

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B. The films we made, tried to document the lives of particular animals showing how each found its food, defended
itself and courted etc.
C. We seldom examined the basic character of its anatomy.
D. One element, however, was missing.

36. A. These researchers have become so knowledgeable about their subjects that they have been guiding us to
the right place at the right time.
B. The great increase during the past decade in the number of scientists actively involved in observing animals in
the wild is very important.
C. They have guided us to see exactly that aspect of behaviour that was of particular interest to us.
D. Almost every group of large animals is now being studied by scientists everywhere.

37. A. Widely publicised tables of income levels of all . countries indicate that when incomes are higher, the
greater is the contribution made by the manufacturing industry.
B. Countries which have little or no industry are almost in invariably poor.
C. The lesson is clear: to overcome poverty and backwardness, a country must industrialise.
D. Industrialisation is seen as the key to growth and a prerequisite for development

38. A. He pulled popcorn dipped in ketchup out of her mouth with a pair of pliers.
B. Soon Steven was making horror pictures, using his sisters at victims.
C. A few years later Steven borrowed his dad’s eight-millimetre movie camera to film The Last Train Wreck using
his own electric train set.
D. In one he played a dentist, with his sister Ann as the patient

39. A. In bulk processing, a set of standard prices typically emerges.

B. Competing therefore means keeping products flowing, trying to improve quality, getting costs down.
C. Let us look at the two cultures of competition.
D. Production tends to be repetitive - much the same from day to day or even from year to year.

40. A. Something magical is happening to our planet.

B. Some are calling it a paradigm shift.
C. It’s getting smaller.
D. Others call it business transformation.

41. A. Because negotiations had been delayed until the last moment, he was at a tremendous disadvantage.
B. Only then did the truth dawn on him.
C. He broke off talks and returned home.
D. My friend was under intense pressure to make concessions.

42. A. "Son, why are you reading that sissy magazine”? he asked.
B. “There’s an article that tells women where to meet men, “I responded, pointing to the magazine’s cover.
C. “I need to know where I’m supposed to be.”
D. When I was a teenager, my father caught me reading one of my older sister’s magazines.

43. A. “Actually,” Ronnie replied, “I asked my wife,

B. One day a man named Ronnie answered a difficult one correctly to put the men in front.
C. Impressed, the host kept Ronnie on the line and asked how he knew the answer to such a tough question.
D. Occasionally a local radio station airs Battle of the Sexes,” in which listeners phone in to answer trivial
questions.

44. A. After several routine elections there comes a ‘critical election which redefines the basic pattern of political
loyalties, redraws political geography and opens up the frozen political space.
B. In psephological jargon they call it realignment.
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C. Rather, since 1989, there have been a series of semi-critical elections.
D. On a strict definition, none of the recent Indian elections qualifies as a critical election.

45. A. Almost a century ago, when the father of the modem automobile industry, Henry Ford, sold the first Model
A car, he decided that only the best would do for his customers.
B. Today, it is committed to delivering the finest quality with over six million vehicles a year in over 200 countries
across the world.
C. And for over ninety years, this philosophy has endured in the Ford Motor Company.
D. A vehicle is ready for the customer only if it passes the Ford ‘Zero Defect Programme’.

46. A. But, clearly, the government still has the final say.
B. In the past few years, the Reserve Bank of India might have wrested considerable powers from the government
when it comes to monetary policy.
C. The RBI’s announcements on certain issues become effective only after the government notifies them.
D. Isn’t it time the government vested the RBI with powers to sanction such changes, leaving their ratification for
later?

47. A. Perhaps the best known is the Bay Area Writing Project, founded by James Gray in 1974. (CAT 1997)
B. The decline in writing skills can be stopped.
C. Today’s back-to-basics movement has already forced some schools to place renewed emphasis on the three
Rs.
D. Although the inability of some teachers to teach writing successfully remains a big stumbling block, a number of
programmes have been developed to attack this problem.

48. A. A large number of intellectuals believe that the North is using its military and economic Dowers to force
unequal contracts on the South.
B. The make-believe ethical issue of the sanctity of law camouflages the unethicality of the entire transaction,
which is a travesty of the ethical concept of the greatest good for the greatest number.
C. Once these contracts are made, the North uses the facade of legality and ethics to pin down the South.
D. Thus it suffers from the flaw that the law one of the useful means to implement ethics — has fouled the
ethicality of the ends.

49. A. Alex had never been happy with his Indian origins.
B. He set about rectifying this grave injustice by making his house in his own image of a country manor.
C. Fate had been unfair to him; if he had his wish, he would have been a count or an, Earl on some English estate,
or a medieval monarch in a chateau in France.
D. This illusion of misplaced grandeur, his wife e t, would be Alex’s undoing.

50. A. Such a national policy will surely divide and never unite the people.
B. In fact, it suits the purpose of the politicians, they can drag the people into submission by appealing to them in
the name of religion.
C. In order to inculcate the unquestioning belief they condemn the other states which do not follow their religion.
D. The emergence of the theocratic states where all types of crimes are committed in the name of religion, has
revived the religion of the Middle Ages,

51. A. Group decision making, however, does not necessarily fully guard against arbitrariness and anarchy, for
individual capriciousness can get substituted by collusion of group members.
B. Nature itself is an intricate system of checks and balances, meant to preserve the delicate balance between
various environmental factors that affect our ecology.
C. In institutions also, there is a need to have in place a system of checks and balances which inhibits the
concentration of power in only some individuals.
D. When human interventions alter this delicate balance, the outcomes have been seen to be disastrous.

52. A. He was bone-weary and soul-weary, and found himself muttering, “Either I can’t manage this place, or it’s
unmanageable.”

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B. To his horror, he realised that he had become the victim of an amorphous, unwitting, unconscious conspiracy to
immerse him in routine work that had no significance.
C. It was one of those nights in the office when the office clock was moving towards four in the morning and
Bennis was still not through with the incredible mass of paper stacked before him.
D. He reached for his calendar and ran his eyes down each hour, half-hour, and quarter-hour, to see where his
time had gone that day, the day before, the month before.

53. A. With that, I swallowed the shampoo, and obtained most realistic results almost on the spot.(CAT 1999)
B. I he man shuffled away into the back regions to make up a prescription, and after a moment 1 got through on
the shop-telephone to the Consulate, intimating my location.
C. Then, while the pharmacist was wrapping up a six-ounce bottle of the mixture, I groaned and inquired whether
he could give me something for acute gastric cramp.
D. I intended to stage a sharp gastric attack, and entering an old-fashioned pharmacy, I asked for a popular
shampoo mixture, consisting of olive oil and flaked soap.

54. A. The likelihood of an accident is determined by how carefully the motorist drives and how carefully the
pedestrian crosses the street.
B. An accident involving a motorist and a pedestrian is such a case.
C. Each must decide how much care to exercise without knowing how careful the other is.
D. The simplest strategic problem arises when two individuals interact with each other, and each must decide what
to do without knowing what the other is doing.

55. A. Early in August, as his jeep wound its way through the piles of burning tyres that angry protestors had
used to barricade the road from Srinagar airport into the city, former Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah, turned to a
journalist sitting next to him with a smile on his face.
B. “So,” he said, “are you here to write another article about how I don’t know how to run a government?”
C. Having emerged as the single largest party in the J & K Assembly, with 28 seats in a house of 87, the National
Conference has the undeniable right to form and lead the government.
D. To do so, however, it will need the support of the Congress, which has picked up 17 seats.
E. More likely than not, Dr. Abdullah’s leadership - or that of Jammu and Kashmir National Conference President,
his son Omar Abdullah - will soon be put to the test.

56. A. And, in turn, corporate houses seek employees who will benefit their company and help the company
grow.
B. It is an exchange of value.
C. Both sides are seeking to benefit.
D. Since we are on the eager prospective employee side, we need to please and satisfy our potential employers.
E. One seeks employment for personal gain, profit and success.

57. A. In the concept, universality, particularity, and individuality are understood as being immediately identical to
each other.
B. As immediately identical, these “moments of the concept” cannot be separated.
C. This means that they must be thought of as a single unity, that none of three can be understood apart from the
others, since in the concept their identity is posited, each of its moments can only be grasped immediately on
the basis of and together with the others.
D. The interrelation of universality, particularity, and individuality is otherwise in judgment.

58. A. Financial services are up against tight liquidity and falling markets.
B. More focused action, including fiscal, is needed to stem the worsening of the real economy.
C. Most Indian IT firms are vulnerable to the emerging global recession - 70% of India’s $40 billion software
exports are to the US and 4°% h for financial services which are shrinking rapidly.
D. Plummeting travel and tourism are slowing down transportation and hospitality sectors.
E. Our manufacturing and construction trade face prospects of further slackening investment.

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Exercise - 2
Taking Off
1. A. But there are omissions and commissions in planning.
B. It is true that standard has fallen in general sector.
C. In a period of expansion it is inevitable.
D. Some say that quantitative expansion is achieved at the expense of quality.
E. And the number of sub-standard institutions has increased.

2. A. And we will have to seize constructive opportunity.

B. In that state also we cannot live in the past.
C. This is a lofty adventure but worth the labour.
D. Our goal is total freedom.
E. We will have to have a concept of present and future.

3. A. It is thought that whatever can be immediately known must be ‘in the mind’ and that it can only be by
inference that we arrive at a knowledge of anything external to ourselves.
B. The belief in ‘contents’ as subjective modifications is often held in a more extreme form than that advocated by
Minong.
C. This view may be combated in many ways.
D. It would be well to know, first of all, what is meant by ‘my mind’, and what really is being debated when it is
asked whether this or that is ‘in my mind’.

4. A. The face saving formula was the promise to consider grievances and demands when opportune,
something which the employees were offered before they struck work.
B. However, can popular opinion against unjust, frivolous strikes, now authenticated and sanctified by the judiciary,
prevail and won’t the wily politicians find some way to wriggle out of the constraints of the verdict, as they have
found, in other instances?
C. The verdict against strikes by government employees was also greeted by a fair section of the public as a
deserving retort to the bureaucracy’s and trade unions’ wayward and insensitive ways.
D. Whereas the recent strike in Tamil Nadu was decimated by administrative belligerence, that in Kerala last year
fizzled out after a month for want of people’s support and because of an unheeding executive.

5. A. If the civilization of the age calls for an extension of the suffrage, surely a government of the most virtuous
educated men and women would better represent the whole and protect the interests of all than could the
representation of either sex alone.
B. With violence and disturbance in the natural world, we see a constant effort to maintain equilibrium of forces.
C. Nature, like a loving mother, is ever trying to keep land and sea, mountain and valley, each in its place, to hush
the angry winds and waves, balance the extremes of heat and cold, of rain and drought, that peace, harmony,
and beauty may reign supreme.
D. There is a striking analogy between matter and mind, and the present disorganization of society warns us that
in the dethronement of women we have let loose the elements of violence and ruin that she only has the power
to curb.

6. A. The need of this hour is not territory, gold mines, railroads, or special payments but a new evangel of
womanhood, to exalt purity, virtue, morality, true religion, to lift man up into the higher realms of thought and
action.
B. Man has been moulding woman to his ideas by direct and positive influences, while she, if not a negation, has
used indirect means to control him, and in most cases developed the very characteristics both in him and
herself that needed repression.
C. And now man himself stands appalled at the results of his own excesses, and mourns in bitterness that
falsehood, selfishness, and violence are the law of life.

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D. We ask woman’s enfranchisement, as the first step toward the recognition of that essential clement in
government that can only secure the health, strength, and prosperity of the nation and whatever is done to lift
woman to her true position will help to usher in a new day of peace and perfection for the race.

7. A. In general, the youth learnt to be there where they were not expected.
B. Peers ridiculed serious academic commitment and it was considered better if you appeared casual about
studies, talked of boredom, made fun of the teachers and yet managed to get a good grade.
C. Basically one needed to create an impression that he only needed to use part of his intelligence to make
through the college.
D. To display this de-emphasis on academics, the peer culture provided opportunities for sparing, hanging around
the cafeterias, cutting classes and going to see films.

8. A. Achievement was a bargain for acceptance.

B. The fear to losing status and significance by even a slight fall in academic performance raised storms of guilt,
anxiety and self-condemnation.
C. The primacy of academic achievement to the exclusion of all other significant aspects of socialization and its
linking up with the sense of self-worth, in retrospect, created a very strong sense of being controlled.
D. This acted as a constant eroding factor against the sense of self-worth, adequacy and security being controlled
and guilt against performance became a way of life.

9. A. Many relationship problems between boss and subordinate occur because the boss fails to make clear
how he plans to use his authority.
B. Problems may occur when the boss uses a “democratic” facade to conceal the fact that he has already made a
decision which he hopes the group will accept as its own.
C. If, for example, he actually intends to make a certain decision himself, but the subordinate groups gets the
impression that he has delegated this authority, considerable confusion and resentment are likely to follow.
D. We believe that it is highly important for the manager to be honest and clear in describing what authority he is
keeping and what role he is asking his subordinates to assume in sowing a particular problem.

10. A. Since their satisfaction comes from the exercise of authority, they are not likely to share much of it with
lower-level managers who eventually will replace them even though most high-level executives try diligently to
avoid the appearance of being authoritarian.
B. But to expect otherwise is not realistic.
C. Few men who strive hard to gain and hold positions of power can be expected to be permissive particularly if
their authority is challenged.
D. The power drive that carries men to the top also accounts for their tendency to use authoritative rather than
consultative or participative methods of management.

11. A. The credit and honour that go with a high grade become the end and not the means.
B. Perhaps many high achievers seek the grade rather than the knowledge.
C. This trait which makes for a good student does not necessarily make a good manager.
D. A good manager is a credit giver, not a credit taker.

12. A. I also believe in the possibility as well as the desirability of applying science to problems arising in social
science.
B. Believing as I do in social science, I can only look with apprehension upon social pseudo-science
C. I am a rationalist, which means that I believe in discussion and argument
D. I may say why I have chosen this particular subject,

13. A. To gauge a ship’s weight or displacement at any time during her loading or unloading, they simply take the
average of the bow and stern drafts - the vertical distances between the waterline and the keel.
B. The figure is, of course, the precise equivalent of her own weight plus everything aboard.

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C. Every modern ship has a formal displacement curve plotted by her architects from the lines and dimensions of
her hull.
D. This graph is turned over to her officers on her delivery.
E. A glance at the graph tells them, in tons, the amount of water she is displacing.

14. A. Introducing mass transit systems may decrease the number of vehicles on the road and mitigate the
problems of pollution.
. B. The development of urban transport infrastructure, e.g. roads, has not kept pace with the growth in the number
of vehicles.
C. Gridlock and pollution result when transportation infrastructure is unable to cope with the growth in number of
vehicles.
D. The number of cars operating in urban areas has increased tremendously.

15. A. If profit margins are eroded, an Internet store may go out of business.
B. Internet stores must deliver their products to their customers’ homes.
C. Home delivery implies that logistics costs erode the available profit margins for an Internet store.
D. High logistical costs could account for the failure of many online grocers.

16. A. In many countries that they colonized, the British left behind the legacy of the English language.
B. Even after the end of colonization and British rule, English remained as the language of commerce and
international trade.
C. Business people the world over must be comfortable communicating in English.
D. During its heyday, colonization had spread so far and wide that the sun never set on the British Empire,

17. A. When required monthly payments are lower, more individuals purchase houses.
B. During a recession, the government lowers the interest rate to lower the cost of capital and stimulate borrowing.
C. When interest rates fall, monthly payments on debt, e.g. mortgages, also fall.
D. The real estate market may experience a boom during a recession if interest rates are reduced.

18. A. That said, internet piracy is rampant, and physical CD piracy continues to worsen.
B. The industry claims that file-sharing has stabilized thanks to its lawsuits.
C. In the first half of this year, global physical unit sales of recorded music rose, albeit by a tiny amount.
D. The number of music files freely available on-line has fallen from about 1.1 billion in April 2003 to 800m this
June, according to IFPI, a record industry body.

19. A. In rich countries, virtually the entire population will be expected to be permanently connected to the z
internet, both as employees and as consumers.
B. This will at last make IT pervasive and ubiquitous, like electricity or telephones before it.
C. The boundaries between office, car and home will become increasingly blurred and will eventually disappear
altogether.
D. So the emphasis will shift towards making gadgets and networks simple to use.

20. A. The cancellation of the 4GHz version of the Pentium is Intel’s clearest admission yet that clock speed is
not longer the best gauge of processor performance; henceforth, it will increasingly take a back seat to other
metrics.
B. For most people, Moore’s law manifests itself as a steady increase in clock speed from one year to the next.
C. But the law itself, the death of which has been announced many times, will live on.
D. What does all this mean for Moore’s law, the rule of thumb coined by Gordon Moore, Intel’s cofounder, which
states that the amount of computing power available at a given price doubles every 18 months?

21. A. Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures
of the elements, especially iron, lead, zinc and arsenic.

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B. Researchers have analyzed artefacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons,
these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.
C. The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artefacts of
Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contracts and trade in the era.
D. And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artefacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources.
E. Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace
elements in the resulting metal.

22. Barely a year had elapsed before the Pritzker clan began to squabble.
A. Under the plan he has until 2011 to distribute the assets among the heirs.
B. The family was no longer cohesive whole, they wrote, and therefore the business needed the kind of
transparency a public corporation might have.
C. A year later the family agreed on a governing structure for the Pritzker Organisation, requiring Tom to open the
books, hold annual meetings of family shareholders and issue regular financial reports.
D. In summer 2000, Tom’s two brothers and a handful of his cousins sent a letter asking him to restructure the
holdings.

23. A. A company’s market share, revenue and balance sheet are all key elements.
B. Share prices move up and down according to a bewildering array of factors, only some of which are readily
quantifiable or even conventionally discernible by the CPAs and the clients they represent.
C. Financial markets are neither rational nor efficient, and any investment strategy that ignores this fact is doomed
to failure.
D. But at least equally important are the vagaries of human psychology and behaviour, the conscious and
unconscious wishes, conflicts, fears and fantasies that lure people enmasse into bad - sometimes catastrophic -
decisions.

24. A. I have always found that a systematically planned vacation turns out to be more enjoyable.
B. I decide on a list of possible destinations by carefully browsing the ITDC web-site.
C. Availability of decent accommodation and not being a popular tourist attraction are the two most important
criteria for choosing the venue for any of my vacations.
D. Then I cross-check against the availability of good hotels near these destinations.

25. A. Organization design is the means for creating a community of collective effort, which yields more than the
sum of each individual’s efforts and results.
B. The values and culture of the organization influence interpersonal interactions and determine which decisions
get made.
C. All levers are equally important, but organization design is frequently the lever, given the least attention.
D. The organization’s structures, processes, and practices channel and shape people’s behaviour and energy.

26. A. Fast growth and urbanization are paving the way for structural diversification.
B. Structural diversification of economy and reorientation of education to make it skill-centric will enable society to
break that correlation.
C. But reorientation of the education system remains mired in inertia and controversy.
D. Shouting for reservations is no substitute for meaningful action to end caste-based oppression.
E. The caste system can be weakened only by breaking caste-occupation correlation.

27. A. This is in large part due to the dominance of a view within the leadership literature, popular management
theory and the media that there is something special about leadership.
B. Leadership as a phenomenon, we are often told, transcends the everyday, the mundane and the ordinary.
C. Yet few studies have ventured into the everyday doing of leadership, particularly within an educational setting.
D. The need to conduct more detailed studies of leadership-in-practice has long been recognized in both
leadership studies and educational research,

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28. A. Studies of successful marriages indicate that periods of fighting and turmoil require a lot of love and
passion as compensation for subversive episodes.
B. Closely related is solid evidence that marital satisfaction is positively related to reliance on constructive problem
solving strategies, mainly negotiation and compromise.
C. A solid and substantial sense of connection with other people requires a healthy balance between positive and
negative feelings.
D. In effect, more positive than negative energy is required to sustain intimate relations over time.

29. A. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output
without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere.
B. For 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the
Earth.
C. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths
of the light from ever reaching the ground.
D. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely.

30. A. Productivity, the other determinant, can be boosted through public and private investment in infrastructure,
education and simplifying the tax structure.
B. That’s a lesson the political establishment still needs to learn.
C. One of the determinants of GDP growth rate, labour supply, will work to India’s advantage because of the
famous demographic dividend.
D. Policy changes, such as opening up close sectors such as telecom and insurance, will also dramatically raise
productivity and growth.

31. A. There is an ongoing debate on whether the 8% plus growth marks a structural break or is merely a cyclical
boom caused by a loose monetary policy.
B. With consumer inflation above 7%, the RBI may have to tighten monetary policy, more so because money
supply and credit growth is running ahead of what the RBI considers to be desirable.
C. India’s potentia1 or sustainable trend growth rate is estimated to be still in the 6.5% range.
D. On the macro front, inflation remains the biggest fear.

32. A. Since disease-fighting antibodies bind to the capsid, an antibody developed to protect against one
rhinovirus strain is useless against other strains.
B. Humans have difficulty resisting colds because rhinoviruses are so diverse, including at least 100 strains.
C. Unfortunately, the common cold, produced most often by rhinovirus, is intractable to antiviral defence.
D. Different antibodies must be produced for each strain.
E. The strains differ most in the molecular structure of the proteins in their capsids.

33. A. The exposed viral nucleic acid produces new viruses from the contents of the cell.
B. Viruses, infectious particles consisting of nucleic acid packaged in a protein coat (the capsid), are difficult to
resist.
C. Finally, the cell releases the viral progeny, and a new cell cycle of infection begins.
D. In one kind of viral life cycle, the virus first binds to the cell’s surface, then penetrates the cell and sheds its
capsid.
E. Unable to reproduce outside a living cell, viruses reproduce only by subverting the genetic mechanisms of a
host cell.

34. A. Our intuition is by no means an infallible guide.

B. Accordingly, science sometimes requires courage - at the very least the courage to question the conventional
wisdom.
C. Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the
connections of things - from sub-nuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living
organisms, human/social community, and thence to cosmos as a whole.
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D. Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge.
E. Even so straightforward a question as whether in the absence of friction a pound of lead falls faster than a
gram of fluff was answered incorrectly by Aristotle and almost everyone else before the time of Galileo,

35. A. A wife may not be sure that what her husband is saying means "the end”.
B. She has found that people’s voices often get higher or shakier when they lie, and they are more likely to
stumble over words.
C. According to DePaulo, changes in voice can be significant.
D. She should listen closely, not only to what he says, but also to how he says it.

36. A. Trivial pursuits, marketed by the Congress, is a game ' imported from Italy.
B. The idea is to create an imaginary saviour in times of crisis so that the party doesn’t fall flat - on its collective
face.
C. Closest contenders are Mani Shankar Aiyar, who still hears His Master’s Voice, and V. George, who is
frustrated by the fact that his political future remains so near and yet so far.
D. The current champion is Arjun Singh for whom all roads lead to Rome, or in this case, 10 Janpath.

37. A. Good advertising can make people buy your products even if it sucks.
B. A dollar spent on brainwashing is more cost-effective than a dollar spent on product improvement.
C. That’s important because it takes pressure off you to make good products.
D. Obviously, there’s a minimum quality that every product has to achieve: it should be able to withstand the
shipping process without becoming unrecognizable.

38. A. I sat there frowning at the chequered tablecloth, chewing the bitter cud of insight. (CAT 1997)
B. That wintry afternoon in Manhattan, waiting in the little French restaurant, I was feeling frustrated and
depressed.
C. Even the prospect of seeing a dear friend failed to cheer me as it usually did.
D. Because of certain miscalculations on my part, a project of considerable importance in my life had fallen
through.

39. A. However, the real challenge today is unlearning, which is much harder.
B. But the new world of business behaves differently from the world in which we grew up.
C. Learning is important for both people and organisations.
D. Each of us has “mental model” that we’ve used over the years to make sense.

40. A. The influence is reflected the most in beaded evening wear.

B. Increasingly, the influence of Indian’s colours and cuts can be seer, on western styles.
C. And even as Nehru jackets and jodhpurs remain staples of the fashion world designers such as Armani and
McFadden have turned to the sleek silhouette of the churidar this year.
D. Indian hot pink, paprika and saffron continue to be popular colours year in and year out.

41. A. The Director walked into the room and took a look around the class.
B. Mitch wanted to scream - the illogicality of the entire scene struck him dumb.
C. The managers stared at him with the look of fear that no democratic country should tolerate in its people.
D. Mitch walked out of the room - it was his irrevocable protest against an insensible and insensitive situation.

42. A. An essay which appeals chiefly to the intellect is Francis Bacon’s ‘Of Studies’.
B. His careful tripartite division of studies expressed succinctly in aphoristic prose, demands the complete attention
of the mind of the reader.
C. He considers studies as they should be, for pleasure, for self-improvement, for business.
D. He considers the evils of excess study: laziness, affectation, and precocity.

43. A. By reasoning we mean the mental process of drawing an inference front two or more statements or going
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from the inference to the statements which yield that inference.
B. So logical reasoning covers those types of questions which imply drawing an inference from the problems.
C. Logic means, if we take its original meaning, the science of valid reasoning.
D. Clearly, for understanding arguments and for drawing the inference correctly it is necessary that we should
understand the statements first.

44. A. In rejecting the functionalism in positivist organisation theory, either wholly or partially, there is often a
move towards a political model of organisation theory.
B. Thus the analysis would shift to the power resources possessed by different groups in the organisation and the
way they use these resources in actual power plays to shape the organisational structure.
C. At the extreme, in one set of writings, the growth of administrators in the organisation is held to be completely
unrelated to the work to be done and to be caused totally by the political pursuit of self-interest.
D. The political model holds that individual interests are pursued in organisational life through the exercise of
power and influence.

45. A. If caught in the act, they were punished, not for the crime, but for allowing themselves to be caught.
B. The bellicose Spartans sacrificed all the finer things in life for military expertise.
C. Those fortunate enough to survive babyhood were taken away from their mothers at the age of seven to
undergo rigorous military training.
D. This consisted mainly of beatings and deprivations of all kinds like going around barefoot in winter, and worse,
starvation so that they would be forced to steal food to survive.
E. Male children were examined at birth by the city council and those deemed too weak to become soldiers were
left to die of exposure.

46. A. To be culturally literate is to possess the basic information needed to thrive in the modern world.
B. Nor is it confined to one social class; quite the contrary.
C. It is by no means confined to “culture” narrowly understood as an acquaintance with the arts.
D. Cultural literacy constitutes the only sure avenue of opportunity for disadvantaged children, the only reliable way
of combating the social determinism that now condemns them.
E. The breadth of that information is great, extending over the major domains of human activity from sports to
science.

47. A. Both parties use capital and labour in the struggle to secure property rights.
B. The thief spends time and money in his attempt to steal (he buys wire cutters) and the legitimate property owner
expends resources to prevent the theft (he buys locks).
C. A social cost of theft is that both the thief and the potential victim use resources to gain or maintain control over
property.
D. These costs may escalate as a type of technological arms race unfolds.
E. A bank may purchase more and more complicated and sophisticated safes, forcing safecrackers to invest
further in safecracking equipment.

48. A. But in the industrial era destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing the factories which
are located in the cities.
B. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what you want to do is bum his
fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them.
C. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means destroying the information
infrastructure.
D. How do you do battle with your enemy?
E. The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the economic foundation, that
productive capacity is different in each case.
F. With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do battle with its
enemy.

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49. A. Although there are large regional variations, it is not infrequent to find a large number of people sitting mg
here together and doing nothing.
B. Once in office, they receive friends and relatives who feel free to call any time without prior appointment.
C. While working, one is struck by the slow and clumsy actions and reactions, indifferent attitudes. Procedure
rather than outcome orientation, and the lack of consideration for others.
D. Even those who are employed often come late to the office and leave early unless they are forced to be
punctual.
E. Work is not intrinsically valued in India.
F. Quite often people visit ailing friends and relatives or go out of their way to help them in their personal matters
even during office hours.

50. A. Branded disposable diapers are available at many supermarkets and drug stores.
B. If one supermarket sets a higher price for a diaper, customers may buy that brand elsewhere.
C. By contrast, the demand for private-label products may be less price sensitive since it is available only at a
corresponding supermarket chain.
D. So, the demand for branded diapers at any particular store may be quite price sensitive.
E. For instance, only Sav-On Drug stores sell Sav-On Drugs diapers.
F. Then, stores should set a higher incremental margin percentage for private-label diapers.

51. A. Having a strategy is a matter of discipline.

B. It involves the configuration of a tailored value chain that enables a company to offer unique value.
C. It requires a strong focus on profitability and a willingness to make tough tradeoffs in choosing what not to do.
D. Strategy goes far beyond the pursuit of best practices.
E. A company must stay the course even during times of upheaval while constantly improving and extending its
distinctive positioning.
F. When a company’s activities fit together as a self-reinforcing system, any competitor wishing to imitate a
strategy must replicate the whole system,

52. A. As officials their vision of a country shouldn’t run too far beyond that of the local people with whom they
have to deal.
B. Ambassadors have to choose their words.
C. To say what they feel they have to say, they appear to be denying or ignoring part of what they know.
D. So, with ambassadors as with other expatriates in black Africa, there appears at a first meeting a kind of
ambivalence.
E. They do a specialised job and it is necessary for them to live ceremonial lives.

53. A. “This face off will continue for several months given the strong convictions on either side,” says a senior
functionary of the high-powered task force on drought.
B. During the past week-and-half, the Central Government has sought to deny some of the earlier apprehensions
over the impact of drought.
C. The recent revival of the rains had led to the emergence of a line of divide between the two.
D. The state governments, on the other hand, allege that the Centre is downplaying the crisis only to evade its full
responsibility of financial assistance that is required to alleviate the damage.
E. Shrill alarm about the economic impact of an inadequate monsoon had been sounded by the Centre as well as
most of the states, in late July and early August.

54. A. This fact was established in the 1730s by French survey expeditions to Ecuador near the Equator and
Lapland in the Arctic, which found that around the middle of the earth the arc was about a kilometre shorter.

B. One of the unsettled scientific questions in the late 1811 century was the exact nature of the shape of the earth.
C. The length of one-degree arc would be less near the equatorial latitudes than at the poles.
D. One way of doing that is to determine the length of the arc along a chosen longitude or meridian at one-degree
latitude separation.
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E. While it was generally known that the earth was not a sphere but an ‘oblate spheroid’, more curved at the
equator and flatter at the poles, the question of‘how much more’ way yet to be established.

55. A. To much of the Labour movement, it symbolises the brutality of the upper classes.
B. And to everybody watching, the current mess over foxhunting symbolises the government’s weakness.
C. To foxhunting’s supporters, Labour’s 1991 manifesto commitment to ban it symbolises the parry’s metropolitan
roots and hostility to the countryside.
D. Small issues sometimes have large symbolic power.
E. To those who enjoy thundering across the countryside in red coats after foxes, foxhunting symbolises the
ancient roots of rural lives.

56. A. In the case of King Merolchazzar’s courtship of the Princess of the Outer Isles, there occurs a regrettable
hitch.
B. She acknowledges the gifts, but no word of a meeting date follows.
C. The monarch, hearing good reports of a neighbouring princess, dispatches messengers with gifts to her court,
beseeching an interview.
D. The princess names a date, and a formal meeting takes place; after that everything buzzes along pretty
smoothly.
E. Royal love affairs in olden days were conducted on the correspondence method.

57. A. Events intervened, and in the late 1930s and 1940s, Germany suffered from “over-branding”.
B. The British used to be fascinated by the home of Romanticism.
C. But reunification and the federal government’s move to Berlin have prompted Germany to think again about its
image.
D. The first foreign package holiday was a tour of Germany organized by Thomas Cook in 1855.
E. Since then, Germany has been understandably nervous about promoting itself abroad.

58. A. The wall does not simply divide Israel from a putative Palestinian state on the basis of the 1967 borders.
B. A chilling omission from the road map is the gigantic separation wall now being built in the West Bank by
Israel.
C. It is surrounded by trenches, electric wire and moats; there are watchtowers at regular intervals.
D. It actually takes in new tracts of Palestinian land, sometimes five or six kilometres at a stretch.
E. Almost a decade after the end of South African apartheid, this ghastly racist wall is going up with scarcely a
peep from Israel’s American allies who are going to pay for most of it.

59. A. It’s a tricky business, says Allan H. Meltzer, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, and a former
economic adviser to President Reagan.
B. Some policy-makers are focused on staving off the opposite problem - deflation, or falling prices, as demand
weakens to the point that goods pile up without buyers, sending prices down and reducing the incentive for
businesses to invest.
C. That could shrink demand further and perhaps even deliver the sort of downward spiral that pinned Japan in the
weeds of stagnant growth during the 1990s.
D. There’s no math model that tells us when to do it or how.
E. But that, as most economists see it, is a worry for another day.

60. A. This is the time of the year when people go out and shop for their winter wear.
B. But it seems economic recession has hit the fashion industry as well.
C. We haven’t seen exclusive fashion shows from big designers this winter.
D. Designer Sandeep Khosla agrees, “Every industry has been hit and fashion is no different.
E. Its effect could be seen on both couture and readymade segments.

61. A. Liberalization of the aviation sector has led to the arrival of many private carriers in the domestic market.
B. The railways have introduced some very ingenious schemes to retain their customer.

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C. The lower airfares have cannibalized the first class travellers in the railways due to the parity in fares and the
reduction of travel times.
D. This situation of having choices in the mode of transportation is of delight to the customers.

62. A. The ongoing war in Iraq is perceived by many as a serious threat to world peace.
B. The real benefit of the war is yet to be realized, but the losers have been the people of Iraq.
C. The supporters of the war point out that human rights violation is serious enough to have warranted the war in
Iraq, in spite of the increased risk to world peace.
D. Both who support and oppose the war have valid points to bolster their arguments.

63. A. The history of civilization had to be rewritten in the 19th and the 20th century after it was established that
these paintings were produced by stone age dwellers.
B. The owner of the animal rescued it, but in the process discovered those caves.
C. Discovered in 1865, the cave paintings popularly referred to as the ‘Sistine chapel’ of the Stone Age are
estimated to have been created around 12000 B.C.
D. The discovery of the Stone Age paintings was made possible when a hunting dog got trapped in the cave,

64. A. Aggressive play may not be instigated in captivity because the development of hunting skills is irrelevant in
captivity.
B. However, tiger cubs born in captivity never engage in aggressive play.
C. The cubs’ parents generally instigate the aggressive play between the cubs.
D. Young tiger cubs in the wild are often found to engage in aggressive play with their siblings.

65. A. If a new list of the world’s wonders was necessary, it should have been compiled by UNESCO, and not by
any private organization.
B. The electronic media had relentlessly campaigned for the cause of Taj Mahal, motivating all the Indians to vote
for the monument so that it would be included in the new list of the Seven Wonders of the World.
C. The Taj does not require any campaign to prove its timeless beauty.
D. It was a totally unnecessary campaign.

66. A. It is more than a budgetary move for the Nepal’s interim government to strip the royal family of its annual
allowance.
B. To make the monarchy irrelevant is the next logical step forward for the government.
C. Monarchs do not draw all their powers from their purses; though they do not like being deprived of the funds.
D. To carry the palace’s expenses is a big burden for a small country.

67. A. What is the difference between entrepreneurial management and professional management?
B. Entrepreneurialism is moving ahead with a clear vision, often with limited assets.
C. Professional management is mostly about making assets more effective and efficient.
D. An entrepreneur is an owner.
E. We believe entrepreneurial management concentrates on seeking new opportunities and trying to fulfil the
needs of others.

68. A. She is increasingly sceptical in the face of a financial meltdown that it was all worth the effort.
B. Watch out for a new brand of consumer in 2008: the middle-aged simplifier.
C. Out will go luxury purchases, conspicuous consumption, and a trophy culture.
D. She finds herself surrounded by too much stuff acquired.

69. A. On October, by which time Fils had pulled out over $10 billion, the rupee plunged to 49.79 against the
dollar.
B. India may be one of the least open economies in Asia but its external trade already constitutes over 40% of its
GDP.
C. GDP.growth had started slowing and it had become obvious that the projected growth at 9% was untenable.
D. Net investments by Fils in Indian stock exchanges by January 2008 were $65 billion.
E. In the last four years India has received $50 billion as FDI.

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Exercise - 3
F lying
1. A. It is important to emphasize that young children truly do need acceptance from significant adults in their
formative years.
B. However, if a child grows up to feel that he cannot think or act without first securing the permission of a parent
then the neurotic seeds of self doubt are planted early.
C. Self-reliance can be taught in the crib.
D. But approval should not be contingent upon being proper, nor should a child have to get a parent’s sanction for
everything he says, thinks, feels or does.
E. In order to encourage freedom from the need for approval in an adult, it is helpful to give the child an
abundance of approval from the very beginning.

2. A. It is a sign of the health and wholeness of India’s spiritual genius that the advent of religious traditions
resulted in spiritual ferments and the revitalization of an already multifarious spiritual heritage.
B. When the Western Hemisphere was busy coercing conformity and suppressing freethinking as heresy, the Sufi
saints were wandering freely in the garden of truth and to us, the domain of the Spirit, as Swami Vivekananda
argues, has been a sphere of pure freedom, Indian spirituality is an inspired protest against confirming God to
places of worship.
C. In other cultures, the arrival of extraneous religious traditions activated negative reactions of insecurity and
intolerance.
D. The spiritual marriage of Hinduism and Islam, powered by Persian mysticism, gave rise to a philosophy of
dissent inspiringly captured, among others, by Kabir. Christianity, which arrived in South India in A.D.52, long
before Europe heard the Gospel, touched and was touched by the soul of India.

3. A. Nearly all of each generation are brought up in homes where the income is too small to provide for the
luxury of knowledge.
B. The minority acquires education, and has small families; the majority has no time for education and has large
families.
C. Hence the perennial futility of political liberalism; the propaganda of intelligence cannot keep pace with the
propagation of the ignorant.
D. We hardly realize what pranks the birth rate plays with our theories and our arguments.
E. Voltaire preferred monarchy to democracy, on the ground that in a monarchy it was only necessary to educate
one man; in a democracy you must educate millions, and the grave digger gets them all before you can educate
ten percent of them.

4. A. The state replaces spontaneous society and the corporation replaces the small dealer.
B. The aggregation of people in cities breaks down neighbourhood morality as a source of spontaneous order.
C. Every egoistic impulse is free in the protecting anonymity of the crowd.
D. The developing complexity of life has bound us into a highly integrated whole, and has taken from us that
independence of parts which once was possible when each family was economically a self-sufficient
sovereignty.
E. Where natural order is still powerful, as in simple rural communities, little law is necessary; where natural order
is weak, as in sprawling cities, legislation grows.

5. A. So money is beautiful rather than useful to the miser.

B. Obviously beauty, as distinguished from use, is bound up with a certain keenness of satisfaction that reflects
the intensity of desire.
C. Ugliness lowers our vitality, and disturbs our digestion and our nerves; it may produce nausea, or make poets
call for a revolution.
D. Hence the beauty of light, and rhythm, and a gentle touch.
E. anything takes on beauty, if it stimulates and invigorates the organism.

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6. A. The beautiful, then, is in its lowest stages the sensory aspect of that which satisfies a strong desire.
B. Anything that meets a fundamental need of our natures has in it certain aesthetic possibilities.
C. At bottom it differs from the useful only in the intensity of our need.
D. To the author who has struggled for years to find the way into print, his first published page will seem to him a
thing of compelling beauty, but to a farmer or an artisan who has healthier ambitions than to write books, the
same page may be only bit of waste to wipe his razor on.
E. A plateful of food is beautiful to a starving man as a pretty girl to a young Romeo; let the young Romeo be
starved, and his aesthetic sense will be dulled even to the loveliest nymph; he will consider her only as
something good to eat.

7. A. Complaining brought no gains, but, if done in a socially acceptable way, created cohesion among groups
of staff.
B. But the moaning was a ritual.
C. In that respect, networked computers have changed nothing - apart from giving badly managed workers
something new to whine about.
D. He describes various ways used to such as “deniable deprecations”, used to complain about everything from
the coffee to career advancement.

8. A. In most industries people cost are much higher than the capital costs.
B. It is no secret that business success today revolves largely around people, not capital.
C. Even when a company is not people-intensive overall, a people-based business embedded in the company
often drives corporate performance.
D. Many traditional manufacturers are now essentially service businesses.

9. A. The aviation sector is booming in India but many small and medium-sized airlines in the US are on the
verge of bankruptcy.
B. However, US airlines are free to fly any number of flights to India under the latter’s open skies policy with the
US.
C. Currently, the domestic aviation policy stipulates a five-year experience before they are allowed to fly abroad.
D. There are some hot acquisition targets available for the newly floated airlines in India.
E. This model, if successful, will have many takers.

10. A. It is this goodwill that really makes sponsorship different from advertising.
B. For example, sponsorship operates through different cognitive processes than advertising.
C. In turn, goodwill feeling comes to the company which influences attitude and behaviour toward the brand.
D. There are several benefits of sponsorship over mass advertising.
E. While advertising changes a consumer’s perception of a specific product, sponsorship changes the perception
of a specific sponsor which will rub off on the brand.
F. It engages the consumer by bestowing benefit on an activity which the consumer has an intense emotional
response to.

11. A. Such inter-operability of a software service or product appears to be only one aspect, and the
interoperable system is itself evolving.
B. Each software product introduces a variation and consequently a change in the system.
C. An operating system must work with applications and other elements in a hardware platform.
D. A software firm while introducing its product or service, therefore, does not strive for mute complementarities
alone but tries to bring about a change in the existing structure.
E. In other words the components must be designed to be inter-operable.

12. A. Moreover, as argued above, knowledge is entailed not by way of justification as such, but by the
realization of good or fruit-ladenness of meaning and actions or iterated actions.
B. Knowledge is required in order to resolve doubts and thus, in order to act meaningfully.
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C. Therefore, the actions in a commonly led daily life are both meaningful and knowledge-driven.
D. Indian theorists argue for a common knowledge, which is obtained through iterated fruitful actions, through the
authority of sentence (or words).
E. We argue for four sources of validation of knowledge, viz., sentence, inference, direct perception and analogy.

13. A. But PST has also used satellite pictures to suggest that an ancient fortified town had existed 30 km from
Junagadh.
B. Soil and vegetation patterns were used in the search.
C. The site matches the description of Krishna’s town in an ancient scripture.
D PST’s primary job at Space Applications Centre has been tracking land use and forest cover with satellite
images.
E. An archaeologist, however, cautioned that remote sensing and scriptures by themselves would not be enough
to identify a township.
F. It was claimed that soil and vegetation patterns at ancient abandoned sites reveal specific patterns that can be
picked by satellite images.

14. A. When faced with a threatening context, the psychological stress and anxiety may induce a rigid cognitive
response on the part of individuals.
B. In many cases, strategic decision making occurs in the context of a threatening situation - the organization must
deal with poor financial performance, deteriorating competitive position and/or a dramatic shift in customer
requirements.
C. Overconfidence bias becomes a factor in many situations as well.
D. Consequently, we may not recognize when we need to solicit input and advice from others, or we downplay the
doubts that others display regarding our judgements and decisions.
E. Most of us tend to overestimate our own capabilities,

15. A. As a leader, you have very few levers of change in your organization.
B. Many managers in business today complain that they feel as though they are “fighting fires” all the time.
C. Rather than analyzing strategic opportunities, planning for business growth, or developing their people, they are
caught up in day-to-day “doing”.
D. Three key levers are - setting the business on strategy and vision, choosing the players on the executive team,
and designing the organization.
E. They are continually focused on short-term problems without a chance to mull and think through.

16. A. The developed world has been forced to give in to the demand to end agricultural export subsidies by
2013.
B. The deep divisions that were evident in the negotiations leading up to and during the ministerial meetings are
sufficient to show that this success is by no means a foregone conclusion.
C. And, more important for a development round of trade negotiations, the little progress that has been achieved is
in the direction of opening markets for the benefit of more vulnerable economies.
D. The WTO’s Hong Kong ministerial has done just about enough to keep alive the prospects of a successful
completion of the Doha Development Round.
E. But the self-imposed new deadlines for finalization of the modalities for the negotiations suggest a desire on the
part of all concerned to make the Round work,

17. A. The same is true for less fraught examples: dispensing with ‘Truth’ does not mean dispensing with
accuracy and attention to detail, and to suggest for example that the colonization of the New World never
happened would be equally untenable.
B. To relinquish ‘Truth’ and the idea of one history does not lead to absolute relativism, where any version of
events is taken as being equally valid as any other.
C. It does not, for example, give succour to those charlatans and ideologues who seek to deny that the Holocaust
ever happened.
D. What I am suggesting here is complex, but its importance demands a careful reading.
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E. The evidence for the systematic murder of more than six million people by the Nazis is overwhelming.
F. To try to argue that it never occurred is to violate the voices of the past, to suppress that evidence which goes
against the twisted thesis.

18. A. You could try friendly competition, or set yourself team targets and agree that you’ll all go out for an
evening together if you meet them.
B. Presumably your team members have the same problem, so perhaps you could find collective incentives.
C. Work towards targets of your own, or promise yourself a reward for certain achievements.
D. Or aim towards promotion or earning new responsibilities as an incentive to keep you enthusiastic.
E. Find ways to motivate yourself.
F. Or simply make a point of congratulating each other on good work, even if the boss doesn’t join in.

19. A. Individuals and firms moving into a new and unfamiliar field of activity are increasingly using information
resources provided over the Internet.
B. The economic importance of a strong, viable business sector, especially a strong and viable small business
sector with its potential for employment and export generation, makes it imperative that government agencies
provide encouragement, leadership and effective support.
C. Governments undertake a wide variety of initiatives to achieve these ends and online information provision is
one of many such initiatives.
D. The power of the Internet to deliver information and services online offers an opportunity for governments to
support businesses and the economies they serve.
E. Many small to medium-size enterprises may turn initially to a government agency for business related
information, in part because they lack the confidence and financial resources to engage private consultants at
the initial stages of the planning process.
F. This is an important issue, both for government economic development strategies and to help them meet the
rising public expectations of online service provision.

20. A. Employees are seeing organizational leaders who appear to have only their personal interests in sight.
B. All the while, these same leaders appear to be walking away from their failures with multimillion-dollar exit
bonuses or millions in forgiven “loans.”
C. They are feeling increasingly expendable and disposable, all for the purpose of enriching CEOs and top
leaders.
D. Workers are feeling less and less connected with top management.
E. Some corporate leaders are simply losing touch.
F. Those they lead are, understandably, losing confidence and trust in their leaders.

21. A. It is sometimes said that the laws of economics are “hypothetical”.

B. This might be urged as a reason against making any statements at all on the subject, but that would be almost
to abandon life.
C. For the actions of men are so various and uncertain, that the best statement of tendencies, which we can make
in a science of human conduct, must be inexact and faulty.
D. And since we must form to ourselves some notions of the tendencies of human action, our choice is between
forming those notions carelessly and forming them carefully.
E. The laws of economics are to be compared with the laws of the tides, rather than with the simple and exact law
of gravitation.

22. A. So too it is impossible for there to be proposition of ethics. Proposition cannot express that is higher.
B. The sense of the world must lie outside the world In the world everything is as it is, and everything happens as it
does happen: in it no value exists - and if it did exist, it would have no value. If there is any value that does have
a value, it must, lie outside the whole sphere of what happens and is the case. For all that happens and is the
case is accidental. What makes it non-accidental cannot lie within the world, since if it did it would itself be
accidental. It must lie outside world.
C. It is clear that ethics cannot be put into words. Ethics is transcendental.
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D. All propositions are of equal value.

23. A. The fact all contribute only to setting the problem, not to its solution.
B. How things are in the world is a matter of complete indifference for what is higher. God does not reveal himself
in the world.
C. To view the world sub specie aeterni is to view it as a whole - a limited whole. Feeling the world as a limited
whole - it is this that is mystical.
D. It is not how things are in the world that is mystical, but that it exists.

24. A. The operation is what has to be done to one proposition in order to make other out of it.
B. Structure of proposition stands in internal relations to one another.
C. In order to give prominence to these internal relations we can adopt the following mode of expression: we can
represent a proposition as the result of an operation that produces it out of other propositions (which are bases
of the operation).
D. An operation is the expression of a relation between the structures of its result and of its bases.

25. A. A moment later my prospective fiancee reappeared and shoved a ticket to Jiuquan through the hatch.
B. The queue gazed at me dumbstruck, then broke into a little ripple of applause.
C. The station master and clerk retreated into the back room.
D. I lifted it like a trophy.

26. A. The fact that he could find absolutely nothing to substantiate their wild claims made no difference.
B. We always gave the poor man a cup of tea, and he grew quite fond of some of the animals. (CAT 1998)
C. The neighbours, now thoroughly indignant, kept bombarding the local health authorities.
D. On an average, twice a week, the poor inspector was forced to come up to the house.

27. A. His left hand concealed a blackjack, his right hand groped for the torch in his pocket.
B. The meeting was scheduled for the nine o’clock, and his watch showed the time to be a quarter to nine.
C. The man lurked in the corner away from the glare of the light.
D. His heart thumped in his chest, sweat beads formed themselves on his forehead, his mouth was dry.

28. A. The establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain of events
which culminated in war between Germany and the United States.
B. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them.
C. While speaking out against Hitler’s atrocities, the American people generally favoured isolationist policies and
neutrality.
D. The complete destruction of democracy, the persecution of Jews, the war on religion, the cruelty and barbarism
of the allies, caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another World War.

29. A. This very insatiability of the photographing eye changes the terms of confinement in the cave, our world.
B. Humankind lingers unregenerately in Plato’s cave, still revelling, its age-old habit, in mere images of truth.
C. But being educated by photographs is not like being educated by older images drawn by hand; for one thing,
there are a great many more images around, claiming our attention.
D. The inventory started in 1839 and since then just about everything has been photographed, or so it seems.
E. In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notions of what is worth looking at and
what we have a right to observe.

30. A. Passivity is not, of course, universal.

B. In areas where there are no lords or laws, or in frontier zones where all men go armed, the attitude of the
peasantry may well be different.
C. So indeed it may be on the fringe of the unsubmissive.
D. However, for most of the soil-bound peasants the problem is not whether to be normally passive or active, but
when to pass from one state to another.
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E. This depends on an assessment of the political situation.

31. A. Michael Hofman, a poet and translator, accepts this sorry fact without approval or complaint.
B. But thanklessness and impossibility do not daunt him.
C. He acknowledges too - in fact he returns to the point often - that best translators of poetry always fail at some
level.
D. Holman feels passionately about his work, and this is clear from his writings
E. In terms of the gap between worth and reward, translators come somewhere near nurses and street-cleaners.

32. A. The situations in which violence occurs and the nature of that violence tends to be clearly defined at least
in theory, as in the proverbial Irishman’s question: Is this a private fight or can anyone join in?
B. So the actual risk to outsiders, though no doubt higher than our societies, is calculable.
C. Probably the only uncontrolled applications of force are those of social superiors to social inferiors and even
here there are probably some rules.
D. However binding the obligation to kill, members of feuding families engaged in mutual massacre will be
genuinely appalled if by some mischance a bystander or outsider is killed.

33. A. Who can trace to its first beginnings the love of Damon for Pythias, of David for Jonathan, of Swan for
Edgar?
B. Similarly with men.
C. There is about great friendships between man and man a certain inevitability that can only be compared with
the age-old association of ham and eggs.
D. One simply feels that it is one of the things that must be so.
E. No one can say what was the mutual magnetism that brought the deathless partnership of these wholesome
and palatable foodstuffs about.

34. A. Luckily the tide of battle moved elsewhere after the American victory at Midway and an Australian victory
over Japan at Milne Bay.
B. It could have been no more than a delaying tactic.
C. The Australian military, knowing the position was hopeless, planned to fall back to the south-east in the hope of
defending the main cities.
D. They had captured most of the Solomon Islands and much of New Guinea, and seemed poised for an invasion.
E. Not many people outside Australia realize how close the Japanese got.

35. A. Call it the third wave sweeping the Indian media.

B. Now, they are starring in a new role, as suave dealmakers who are in a hurry to strike alliances and
agreements.
C. Look around and you will find a host of deals that have been inked or are ready to be finalized.
D. Then the media barons wrested back control from their editors, and turned marketing warriors with the brand as
their missile.
E. The first came with those magnificent men in their mahogany chambers who took on the world with their mighty
fountain pens.

36. A. The celebrations of economic recovery in Washington may be as premature as that “Mission
Accomplished” banner hung on the USS Abraham Lincoln to hail the end of the Iraq war. (CAT 2003)
B. Meanwhile, in the real world, the struggles of families and communities continue unabated.
C. Washington responded to the favourable turn in economic news with enthusiasm.
D. The celebrations and high-fives up and down Pennsylvania Avenue are not to be found beyond the Beltway.
E. When the third quarter GDP showed growth of 7.2% and the monthly unemployment rate dipped to 6%,
euphoria gripped the US capital.

37. A. In the west, Allied Forces had fought their way through southern Italy as far as Rome.
B. In June 1944 Germany’s military position in World War Two appeared hopeless.
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C. In Britain, the task of amassing the men and materials for the liberation of northern Europe had been
completed.
D. The Red Army was poised to drive the Nazis back through Poland.
E. The situation on the eastern front was catastrophic.

38. A. The two neighbours never fought each other.

B. Fights involving three male fiddler crabs have been recorded, but the status of the participants was unknown.
C. They pushed or grappled only with the intruder.
D. We recorded 17 cases in which a resident that was fighting an intruder was joined by an immediate neighbour,
an ally.
E. We therefore tracked 268 intruder males until we saw them fighting a resident male.

39. A. Experts such as Larry Burns, head of research at GM, reckon that only such a full hearted leap will allow
the world to cope with the mass motorisation that will one day come to China or India. (CAT 2004)
B. But once hydrogen is being produced from biomass or extracted from underground coal or made from water,
using nuclear or renewable electricity, the way will be open for a huge reduction in carbon emissions from the
whole system.
C. In theory, once all the bugs have been sorted out, fuel cells should deliver better total fuel economy than any
existing engines.
D. That is twice as good as the internal combustion engine, but only five percentage points better than a diesel
hybrid.
E. Allowing for the resources needed to extract hydrogen from hydrocarbon, oil, coal or gas, the fuel cell has an
efficiency of 30%.

40. A. But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians’ only preoccupation.
B. Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
C. Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are monuments of the rich like pyramids
and tombs.
D. Houses in which ordinary Egyptians lived have not been preserved, and when most people died they were
buried in simple graves.
E. We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do about the ordinary people, as most
monuments were made for the rich.

41. A. Similarly, turning to caste, even though being lower caste is undoubtedly a separate cause of disparity, its
impact is all the greater when the lower-caste families also happen to be poor.
B. Belonging to a privileged class can help a woman to overcome many barriers that obstruct women from less
thriving classes.
C. It is the interactive presence of these two kinds of deprivation — being low class and being female — that
massively impoverishes women from the less privileged classes.
D. A congruence of class deprivation and gender discrimination can blight the lives of poorer women very severely.
E. Gender is certainly a contributor to societal inequality, but it does not act independently of class,

42. A. When identity is thus ‘defined by contrast’, divergence with the West becomes central.
B. Indian religious literature such as the Bhagavad Gita or the Tantric texts, which are identified as differing from
secular writings seen as ‘western’, elicits much greater interest in the West than do other Indian writings,
including India’s long history of heterodoxy.
C. There is a similar neglect of Indian writing on non-religious subjects, from mathematics, epistemology and
natural science to economics and linguistics.
D. Through selective emphasis that point up differences with the West, other civilizations can, in this way, be
redefined in alien terms, which can be exotic and charming, or else bizarre and terrifying, or simply strange and
engaging.
E. The exception is the Kamasutra in which western readers have managed to cultivate an interest.

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43. A. This is new orthodoxy to which I subscribe - up to a point.
B. It emerged from the mathematics of chance and statistics.
C. Therefore the risk is measurable and manageable.
D. The fundamental concept: Prices are not predictable, but the mathematical laws of chance can describe their
fluctuations.
E. This is how what business schools now call modern finance was born.

44. A. In America, highly educated women, who are in stronger position in the labour market than less qualified
ones, have higher rates of marriage than other groups. (CAT 2007)
B. Some work supports the Becker thesis, and some appears to contradict it.
C. And, as with crime, it is equally inconclusive.
D. But regardless of the conclusion of any particular piece of work, it is hard to establish convincing connections
between family changes and economic factors using conventional approaches.
E. Indeed, just as with crime, an enormous academic literature exists on the validity of the pure economic
approach to the evolution of family structures.

45. A. Personal experience of mothering and motherhood are largely framed in relation to two discernible or
“official” discourses: the “medical discourse” and “natural childbirth discourse”. Both of these tend to focus on
the “optimistic stories” of birth and mothering and underpin stereotypes of the “good mother”.
B. At the same time, the need for medical expert guidance is also a feature for contemporary reproduction and
motherhood. But constructions of good mothering have not always been so conceived - and in different contexts
may exist in parallel to other equally dominant discourses.
C. Similarly, historical work has shown how what are now taken-for-granted aspects of reproduction and mothering
practices result from contemporary “pseudoscientific directives” and "managed constructs . These changes
have led to a reframing of modern discourses that pattern pregnancy and motherhood leading to an acceptance
of the need for greater expert management.
D. The contrasting, overlapping, and ambiguous strands within these frameworks focus to varying degrees on a
woman’s biological tie to her child and predisposition to instinctively know and be able to care for her child.
E. In addition, a third, “unofficial popular discourse comprising “old wives” tales and based on maternal
experiences of childbirth has also been noted. These discourses have also been acknowledged in work
exploring the experiences of those who apparently do not “conform” to conventional stereotypes of the “good
mother”.

46. A. Indonesia has experienced dramatic shifts in its formal governance arrangements since the fall of
President Soeharto and the close of his centralized, authoritarian “New Order” regime in 1997.
B. The political system has taken its place in the nearly 10 years since Reformasi began. It has featured the active
contest for political office among a proliferation of parties at central, provincial and district levels; direct elections
for the presidency (since 2004); and radical changes in centre-local government relations towards
administrative, fiscal, and political decentralization.
C. The mass media, once tidily under Soeharto’s thumb, has experienced significant liberalization, as has the legal
basis for non-governmental organizations, including many dedicated to such controversial issues as corruption
control and human rights.
D. Such developments are seen optimistically by a number of donors and some external analysts, who interpret
them as signs of Indonesia’s political normalization.
E. A different group of analysts paint a picture in whi^h the institutional forms have changed, but power relations
have not. Vedi Hadiz argues that Indonesia’s “democratic transition” has been anything but linear.

47. A. I had six thousand acres of land, and had thus got much spare land besides the coffee plantation. Part of
the farm was native forest, and about one thousand acres were squatters’ land, what the Kikuyu called their
shambas.
B. The squatters’ land was more intensely alive than the rest of the farm, and was changing with the
seasons the year round. The maize grew up higher than your head as you walked on the narrow hard-trampled
footpaths in between the tall green rustling regiments.
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C. The squatters are Natives, who with their families hold a few acres on a white man’s farm, and in return have to
work for him a certain number of days in the year. My squatters, I think, saw the relationship in a different light;
for many of them were born on the farm, and their fathers before them, and they very likely regarded me as a
sort of superior squatter on their estates.
D. The Kikuyu also grew the sweet potatoes that have a vine like leaf and spread over the ground like a dense
entangled mat, and many varieties of big yellow and green speckled pumpkins.
E. The beans ripened in the fields, were gathered and thrashed by the women, and the maize stalks and coffee
pods were collected and burned, so that in certain seasons thin blue columns of smoke rose here and there all
over the farm.

48. A. The moral will arises when, for the reasons we saw earlier, this negation has to be negated; the individual
moral will understands that it is the existence of the universal will, which is therefore internal to it.
B. This constitutes a negation, because the individual will is understood not to be the existence of the universal
will.
C. This says that in abstract right, as we have just seen, the individual will takes its freedom (the universal will that
has being in itself) to exist independent of (that is, in opposition to) itself and its particular contents.
D. Rather, the universal will is though^ to exist outside any individual will, in the contracts that bind a number
of property-owning wills together, and in the punishments that enforce breaches of those contracts.

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Answer Key - &
ENGLISH LANGUAGE Explanations
PARAJUMBLES

ePaslmrbuj
: e g aS t R n i ug 35. (ADBC) A should follow (i).
1. (DACEV) D is the first sentence and AC make a 36. (BDAC) B should follow (i).
combination (theoretical-action). 37. (DABC) D should be the first and C the last
2. (ABCDE) AB make combination, ‘it’ in E refers to sentence.
‘percentage’ in D. 38. (CBDA)DA make combination and D cannot be the
3. (DCBA) Only D can be the first sentence. B first sentence.
presents another aspect of the ‘objectives’. 39. (CADB) C should be the first sentence and B last.
4. (NA) You can find it difficult to select the first 40. (ABDC)AC make combination (Planet-it) and BD
sentence, so find a group of two sentences. make combination (some-others).
5. (ABCD) 41. (ABCD) C should be the last sentence.
6. (ABCD) Other sentences than a requires one 42. (DACB) After DA the next sentence is B because it
sentence each before them and thus, cannot be the is the response to father’s question.
first sentence. 43. (ACDB)D should be the first sentences.
7. (DCAD) Only B can be the first sentence. 44. (DBAC)Taking about ‘critical’, D should come after
8. (DBCA) Only D can be the first sentence. AB.
9. (CABD) C introduces the topic. 45. (ACBD) After AC (this philosophy) B should follow.
10. (CADB) While C is the first sentences DB make 46. (ACDB) B should be the first sentence.
combination as D tells a way how to “reduce the 47. (ACBD) B is the first sentence introducing the topic;
prison population”. DA make combination (programmes-Project).
11. (CABD) While C stands as the introductory 48. (ACBD) A should be the first sentence.
sentence, BD make a combination (goals). 49. (ABDC) After the first sentence A the next group
12. (CBAD) BA make combination. should be CB talking about injustice of fate and
13. (NA) D or A as the first sentence? Alex’s attempt to correct it.
14. (CADB) C is the first sentence and DB form a group. 50. (CDAB)D should be the first and A should be the
15. (CDBA) last sentence.
16. (ABDC) A must be followed by B. 51. (BCAD)B is the first sentence and BD make
17. (DDCA) DCA make a group. combination (Nature, delicate balance).
18. (BADC) 52. (ABCD) C should be the first sentence.
19. (CADBE)DB make combination. 53. (BCDA) DC make combination (shampoo mixture).
20. (DACB)The passage starts with D. AC make 54. (ABCD) BA make combination.
combination. 55. (ADEBC) Sentences ABE make a group.
21. (DCDA) BC make combination. 56. (ABCED) E should be the first sentence.
22. (DCDA) DA not AD. 57. (DABC)
23. (CADBE)C stands as the first sentence and E 58. (CEADB) C is the first sentence and B last.
qualifies as the last one talking about a different
thing (campaign). erisEcx - 2
24. (BACDE) B is the first sentence and DE make gTinka fO
combination. 1. (DBECA) Between D and B the former is the first
25. (CABED)C is the first sentence and ED make sentence because B and E are the explanations of
combination. D.
26. (ADBCE) A introduces the topic. 2. (DBEAC) BE make combination. AC make a
27. (CDBA) BA make combination (Darwin-He). D combination because “lofty adventure” refers to “to
cannot be the first sentence. seize constructive opportunity”.
28. (EDACB) E stands as the first sentence. 3. (BACD)This view (c) refers to the thought
29. (ABCD) A is the first sentence. discussed in A.
30. (BACD) B is the first sentence. 4. (NA) Difficult to find the first sentence; try to make
31. (CBAD) C is the first sentence. a combination of two sentences.
32. (CADB) C is the first sentence. 5. (BCDA) BC make combination talking about
33. (ADCB) A is the first sentence. equilibrium or balance; DA talking about women
34. (DCBA) D is the first sentence. form a combination. Paragraph should begin with B

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE - PARAJUMBLES
as D takes about an analogy between matter 36. (ABCD)CD make combination and C cannot be the
(sexes) and mind (natural forces). first sentence.
6. (BCAD)B introduces the topic. AD talking about “ 37. (ACBD) After B the next sentences should be C as
what should be done” make combination. it is the extension of “feeling frustrated ”,
7. (BDCA)BD make combination as B exemplifies 38. (ABCD) D should come before (vi) - vast segment,
“this de-emphasis on academics” of D. movement of life it starts marching.
8. (CDBA) CDB make combination taking about ‘self- 39. (DBCA) BA make combination talking about
worth’ and ‘losing status’. influence.
9. (DABC) DA make combination because the other 40. (BADC) A should be the first sentence. After the
two sentences exempli the problem introduced in A. Director, the reactions f the managers should follow
10. (DBCA) While D introduces the topic BC make (c) and then Mitch’s.
combination as they explore other option than being 41. (DBAC)A is the first sentence; CD make
‘authoritative’. combination (purpose-evil).
11. (NA) Solve from the last! 42. (ABCD) C stands as the first sentence because the
12. (BCAD) CA make combination. concept of reasoning given in it has been explained
13. (CDEAB) CDE make combination (curve graph, in A. So CA make combination.
officers-they). 43. (ACBD) AD make combination (political model) and
14. (NA) DB or BD. Which one continues the thought they cannot be the last group because the basic
for latter sentences. theories of this model has been discussed in other
15. (BCAD) B introduces the topic. BC make sentences.
combination (home delivery). 44. (DBCA) DC make combination as C explains D. But
16. (NA) C talking about a different topic from other they cannot come after (i).
sentence can either be the first or the last sentence. 45. (BECDA) A should be the first sentences; the AE
Could B come before DA (d). (basic information, that information), CB (confined)
17. (DBCA) D is a factor of which the other three are make combinations.
explanations. CA make combination. 46. (DECBA)DE make combination as E explains how
18. (DBCA)After the first sentence D, the next logical technological progress can escalate costs. A
sentence is B as both talk about ‘file sharing’. cannot be the first sentence.
19. (CABD)D is the last sentence and AB should come 47. (ABCD) In between D and F, the latter qualifies to
together as they both talk about IT. be the first sentence as it talks about the broader
20. (ADBC)DBC make combination. concept of ‘defence’. After this D should follow.
21. (CBADE) C has to be the first sentence. 48. (FDEBAC) After the first sentence E the next
22. (DBCA) DB form combination (brothers, cousins- sentences should be C as the other sentences are
they). explanations of the symptoms detailed in C.
23. (CBAD)C is the first sentence. AD make 49. (EADBFC) After the first sentences A the next
combination (Key elements-equally important). sentence should be D (branded, many stores -
24. (ACBD) After A D cannot come. branded, particular store).
25. (DCAB) DCA make combination (structures, 50. (ADBCEF) AD make combination.
processes etc. - all levers - organization design). 51. (ADBCEF) DC make combination as C explains the
26. (EBACD) EB make a combination. ambivalence.
27. (DABC) ABC make combination. 52. (BCDEA)E qualifies as the first sentence. EC make
28. (NA) C is the first sentence. Find the last one. combination (monsoon - rains).
29. (BDCA)B is the first sentence, D next and A the last. 53. (DBACE)BE make combination (question); then D
30. (CADB) C is the first sentence. should follow (to be established - one way of doing
31. (ACDB)A is the first sentence and DB make that i.e., establishing).
combination. 54. (BECAD) D is the first sentence and after this E
32. (NA) Solve by finding the last sentence. should follow because while this sentence
33. (BEDAC) B (introducing viruses) is the first introduces the point, rest other sentences depict
sentence and C is the last. reaction to fox hunting.
34. (AEBCD) DB make combination. 55. (CEADB) After E the next sentences should be CD
35. (ADCB) DC make combination (one, the other) with (correspondence, messengers, interview,
B (two). But A does not fit with B. meeting).
56. (ECDAB) DAE make combination chronologically.
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE - PARAJUMBLES
57. (DECAB) AD make combination. E cannot be the (inter- operability). Statements BD make a
first sentence because “this ghostly racist wall” combination (change).
requires a reference of‘the wall’ before it. 12. (BDCEA) The passage starts will statement B.
58. (ECADB)E stands as the first sentences. Statements EA form a group.
59. (ADEBC) AD (it) and BC (deflation and its effect) 13. (FDCABE) Since statement F makes a combination
make groups. with statement B (soil and vegetation), option a is
60. (ABCDE)After A sentence B should follow. ruled out.
61. (ACBD) A and C make combination while D should 14. (EBDAC) CED must come together
be the last sentence. (overconfidence, overestimate, may not recognize,
62. (ACDB) A and C make combination (oppose, downplay).
favour) while B provides the final verdict of the 15. (BECAD) After BEC (problems of managers, A
author. should follow being negative in tone.
63. (CDBA)C being introduction stands as the first 16. (DAEBC) AE make combination (By 2013, self
sentence while A should be the last explaining the imposed new deadlines).
general effect of the discovery. 17. (BCEFAD) There is a close resemblance between
64. (DCBA)D should be the first sentence. After A, B option a and option c except the position of
cannot follow because of‘however’. sentence IV. But the latter part of the sentence “its
65. (BDCA) B and D make combination. importance demands a careful reading” makes it
66. (CDAB)A and B make combination as the latter unfit to be the first sentence.
sentence intensifies the former. 18. (ADBFCE) Sentence E has to be the first sentence.
67. (AEBDC)A should be the first sentence and C last. Sentence E, C and D make a combination trying to
68. (BDAC)B is the first sentence and D cannot be the indicate ways to keep an individual motivated.
last. 19. (EDFBCA) Sentences B and C make a combination
69. (BEDCA)After B, which is the first sentence, E (because of “these ends”). This combination is
should follow. present in options b, d and e. Sentence E cannot
be the first sentence. Between B and D, option D
erisEcx - 3 stands as the clear choice to be the first sentence.
inlygF 20. (ABDCEF) Sentence A and C make a combination
1. (EABCD) EA or AE should come at the beginning because of ‘they’. Options E, F and B make a
(approval from the very beginning, in formative combination.
years). 21. (ECBDA)CB form a combination.
2. (DABC) D which should be the first sentence, must 22. (DBAC) Sentences A and C make a combination
be followed by A (advent of religious traditions). and the passage should start with D.
3. (EDCBA)E should be the first sentence and BA 23. (CDAB) Sentences C and D make a combination
make combination (problem of majority). and the passage should start with C.
4. (DECBA) BA make combination (spontaneous 24. (DABC) Starting the passage with the notion of
order/ society). D should be the first sentence operation makes the passage logically sequenced.
otherwise it will be difficult to place it in the middle. 25. (CADB)AD make combination.
5. (BAEDC)ED make combination (stimulates and 26. (CDAB) C should be the first sentence followed by
invigorates). DA (neighbours, local authorities, inspector, forced
6. (BEDAC) BE make combination (fundamental to come, their wild claims).
need, food to a starving man). A cannot be the first 27. (CABD) The passage must start with “the man”;
sentence because of ‘then’. pronouns should follow latter.
7. (DABC) Statement d is the first sentence and 28. (ADCB)A should be the first sentence, CB, make
statements b and c form a group. combination as both are related to isolationist
8. (BDAC) The passage should start with B. Options policy.
A and C make a group. 29. (ECDAB)EC make combination (photograph
9. (ADECB) Sentence A has to be the first sentence. teaching, being educated).
Sentences C and B form a group. 30. (ABCDE) C or E cannot be the first sentence. In
10. (DBFAEC) Sentence D must be the first sentence. option (a) after D, A, can never follow.
Sentences B and D make a combination. 31. (EACBD) AC make combination (accepts,
11. (CEABD) Statement C is obviously the first acknowledges) and thus E is the first sentence. The
sentence. Statements EA make a combination
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE - PARAJUMBLES
presence of‘But’ in B makes it combine suitably with 41. (EABDC) After E as the first sentence, there must
C. come A as both explain how gender and poverty
32. (ACDB) DB make combination (outsider). C should are not independent of each other in societal
precede D (some rules, approach towards inequality.
outsiders). 42. (BCEDA) BCE make combination (neglect of Indian
33. (ACEBD) CE make combination (ham and eggs, writings, exception).
these foodstuffs). A should precede C (friendships 43. (DCBEA)D should be the first sentence.
between man and man). 44. (ECBD)EC make combination (crime) as also BD
34. (EDCBA) Start from below. (some work, piece of work).
35. (AEDBC) EBD make combination (first, then, now) 45. (EDCB)ED must come after A (two discourses, third
36. (ECABD) EC make combination (GDP growth, discourses). After them C should come (modern
unemployment rate, favourable turn). After this A discourses).
should come (celebrations). The latter sentences 46. (BCDE) After A, B must follow (shift in its formal
explain why celebrations are immature. governance). D E should come together at the end
37. (BEDAC)B is the first sentence. EDA make (optimistic and negative opinions).
combination (eastern, Poland, west). 47. (CBDE) After CB which should follow A (Squatters),
38. (BEDAC) B is the first sentence. AC make D should follow as it (like B) also describes what
combination (two neighbours). kikuyu grew.
39. (CEDBA) C is the first sentence (A cannot be the 48. (CBDA) Statement A must come after statement B
first sentence because of “such”). ED make – this negation. CB make group talking about
combination. freedom of individual will.
40. (EDCBA) ED make combination as they explain
why we have more knowledge about wealthy
people than about ordinary people of Egypt.

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