Introductory Surveying

(GEO100/SUG100)
LINEAR MEASUREMENT

Department of Surveying Science and

Geomatics
Universiti Teknologi MARA
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Types of Distance
• Method of Making Linear Measurement
• Basic Principles
• Terminology
• Equipment
• Measurement on Sloping Ground
• Field work procedures
• Obstacles
• Electronic Distance Measurement
Introduction

• Most elementary and basic

operation in surveying
• Simplest surveying method
• Only determine distance
between 2 points on the surface
of the earth.
• Limited area / flat area.
Types of distance

• Horizontal Distance
• Slope Distance
• Vertical Distance
 Horizontal Distance

HD

B
 Slope Distance

B
 Vertical Distance

A
VD

B
Method of Making Linear
Measurement

 Direct Measurement
- Using Chain and Tape
Indirect / Optical Measurement
- Using theodolite
Electronic Distance Measurement
(EDM)
- Electromagnetic wave
BASIC PRINCIPLES

• Triangle shape
• Trilateration Method
• All Side of triangle are
measured

Distance
TERMINOLOGY

• Station
• Chain Line / Survey Line
• Baseline
• Check line
• Offset line
TERMINOLOGY (CONT..)
TERMINOLOGY (CONT..)
OFFSET LINE
• Perpendicular • Oblique

Building
Chaining and Ranging
• Ranging
Chaining and Ranging

• Chaining
EQUIPMENT

• Chains • Tape
EQUIPMENT (Cont ..)

• Ranging Pole
2m

20 cm
EQUIPMENT (Cont ..)

• Arrows
EQUIPMENT (Cont ..)

• Optical Square
EQUIPMENT (Cont ..)

• Pegs

2.5 cm
15 – 20 cm 2.5 cm
EQUIPMENT (Cont ..)

• Abney Level • Theodolite

Measurement on Sloping
Ground
• DIRECT OR STEP MEASUREMENT

• INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
Direct or Step Measurement

D
HD = A+B+C+D

DISTANCE
Indirect Measurement

Vertical Angle (θ)

Horizontal Distance (HD)

HD = SD COS θ
 FIELD WORK
PROCEDURES
• Reconnaissance
• Observation and Measurement
• Plotting and Presentation
Reconnaissance

• To get the overview about the

project site
• To decide the best layout.
• To make a planning efficiently.
• Marking the stations
Reconnaissance
Criteria of good station
• Few survey lines
• Well conditional triangle
• Long Baseline
• Less obstruction
• Short Offset line
• Check line
• Stability
• Intervisibility
OBSERVATION AND
MEASUREMENT
• Chain Lines
• Baseline
• Offset lines
• Check lines
OBSERVATION AND
MEASUREMENT
Short Line Measurement

Short line measurement

Distance = number of links x length of one link

Long Line Measurement
Long Line Measurement
(Cont..)

Total distance= number of arrows used x length of the chain (or

tape) + distance between the last arrow and peg B
Perpendicular Offset
Line Measurement
• The 3,4,5 Method
Perpendicular Offset Line
Measurement (Cont..)
• The Rope Method
Perpendicular Offset Line
Measurement (Cont..)
• Optical Square
Oblique Offset Line
Measurement (Cont..)
Offset

A
Recording
• All measurement must be record in field book.
• Field book usually with double line ruled up at
the middle of each page
• Additional item should be include in field record
• Name and location
•
Description and reference number
• Date
• Name of survey team or party
• Sketch
•
Booking must be accurate and clear
• Start new page for every survey line
• Recording must be start at bottom to up.
Recording (Cont..)
Recording (Cont ..)

Building
B

Pond

A
Recording (Cont ..)

Building
B

Pond

A
Recording (Cont..)
B
100

0
A
Recording (Cont..)

Building
BC B

Pond
x

A
Recording (Cont..)
B
100

BC
X
10 m 30 link

0
A
Recording (Cont..)

Building
BC
B

Pond

A
Recording (Cont..)
B
100

BC 18 m

13 m

BC
X
10 m 30 link

0
A
Recording (Cont ..)

Building
BC
B

p
Pond

A
Recording (Cont..)
B
100

P
y
5m
60 link
P
10 m
BC
P
10 m
18 m

BC
13 m

BC
X
10 m 30 link

0
A
Recording (Cont ..)

Building
B

Pond

A
Recording (Cont..)
B
100

Z P

70 link 7m
P
y
5m
60 link
P
10 m
BC
P
10 m
18 m

BC
13 m

BC X
10 m 30 link

0
A
PLOTTING

• Selection of scale
• Position of the survey plot
• Baseline
• Triangles
• Offsets
• Detail drawing
 DEGREE OF ACCURACY
The limits of error under different conditions are as follows:

 For ordinary measurement on fairly level ground

with reasonable care : 1 in 1000
 Under average condition : 1 in 500
 Rough or undulated ground: 1 in 250.

Note : However, if the measurements are done with a steel

tape, the accuracy of 1 in 2000 can be achieved.
ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
• Gross error or mistake
 Displacement of arrows or stations marks
 Miscounting tape lengths
 Misreading the tape
 Wrong booking.

• Systematic, cumulative or constant errors

 Wrong length of tape
 Poor ranging
 Poor straightening
 Slope
 Temperature

• Random error
 Holding and marking
 Variation in tension.
OBSTACLES

• Obstacles obstructing ranging

but not chaining
• Obstacles obstructing chaining
but not ranging.
• Obstacles obstructing both
ranging and chaining.
Obstacles obstructing ranging
but not chaining
When both ends are visible from intermediate points on the line

Stn A and Stn B cannot be ranged directly because of

A the rising ground.
B
When both ends are visible from intermediate points on the line

C1
d1
C1 and D1, approximately on the line, both
terminal stations can be seen from both points
A B

C1
d1

A B
When both ends are visible from intermediate points on the line

C1
d1

C2

A B

d1

C2
d2

A B
When both ends are visible from intermediate points on the line

C2

C3 d2

A B

d2
C3
A d3 B

A C D B
Obstacles obstructing
chaining but not ranging
• Obstacles, which can be chained around (example pond)

A
B
 Obstacles obstructing
chaining but not ranging
• Obstacles, which can be chained around (example pond)

X
 • Obstacles, which can be chained around (example
pond)

Y
• Obstacles, which can be chained around (example
pond)

Y
AX = BY
XY = AB
Obstacles which cannot be chained around

RIVER

A
Obstacles which cannot be chained around

RIVER

A
p
Obstacles which cannot be chained around

RIVER

q
A
p Aq = qp
Obstacles which cannot be chained around

RIVER

q
A
p
AB = pr

r
Obstacles obstructing both
ranging and chaining

x y

B
z

Bz = xy
Bx = zy

A
Obstacles obstructing both
ranging and chaining

x y

B
z

Bz = xy = Aq = pr
Bx = zy = Ap = qr

q
A

p r
Obstacles obstructing both
ranging and chaining

x y

B
z

AB = zq

q
A

p r
Electronic Distance Measurement
• The common/conventional equipment
used to get these data is chain and
tape.
• Nowadays, distance can be measured
easily, quickly and with great accuracy
using Electronic Distance
Measurement(EDM).
• EDM are an intergral part of Total
Stations and this is the usual mode of
operation.
The use of EDM/Total Stations
in Engineering Surveying
• To improve an accuracy of distance
measurement compared to other method
(pacing, taping, optical).
• More practical to use for large-scale route & site
surveys (1:10,000 & larger)
• For quicker detail surveying with better
precision and more reliable especially when
using electronic data transfer.
• Can be used in setting out based on coordinates
in preference on construction sites.
PRINCIPLE OF EDM
 The wave is traveling along the X
axis with the velocity of 299,792.5
± 0.4 km/s (in vacuum).
 The frequency of the wave is the
time taken for one complete
wavelength.
Figure 1: Light Wave
 All properties of electromagnetic
waves are related by f = (c/) =
(1/T) whereas c=3x108 ms-1 λ=c/f
 In an EDM system, the formula is
used to identify cycle/wavelength. λ = wavelength in meters
Another symbol used is  (in
degrees º).
c = velocity in km/s = 3x108 ms-1

f = frequency in hertz
 EDM Basic Principle of Measuring
Distance
• The distance is calculated either from
• the time difference between a transmitted pulse and
a return pulse (pulse transit time) or
• the phase difference between a transmitted and a
reflected beam of radiation.
• When distance is measured with an EDM, an
electromagnetic wave or pulse is use for measurement.
• An electromagnetic is propagated through the atmosphere
from transmitter to receiver and back during the
measurement.
• EDM instruments consist of a transmitter, set up at one
end of the length to be measured, sending out a
continuous wave to the receiver at the other end. This
wave, termed the carrier wave, is then modulated and
the length determined.
Introductory Surveying
(GEO100/SUG 100)
Thank You

Department of Surveying Science and

Geomatics
Universiti Teknologi MARA