1.

1 The Study of Chemistry

Why Study Chemistry?

Five Main Branches of Chemistry

1. Organic chemistry
2. Inorganic chemistry
3. Analytical chemistry
4. Physical chemistry
5. Biochemistry
 1.1 The Study of Chemistry
Why Study Chemistry?
Agrochemistry Hydrogenation chemistry Petrochemistry
Astrochemistry Immunochemistry Pharmacology
Atmospheric chemistry Marine chemistry Photochemistry
Chemical biology Materials chemistry Physical organic chemistry
Chemical engineering Materials science Phytochemistry
Chemo-informatics Mathematical chemistry Polymer chemistry
Computational chemistry Mechanochemistry Quantum chemistry
Cosmochemistry Medicinal chemistry Radiochemistry
Electrochemistry Molecular biology Solid-state chemistry
Environmental chemistry Molecular mechanics Sonochemistry
Femtochemistry Nanotechnology Supramolecular chemistry
Flavor chemistry Natural product chemistry Surface chemistry
Flow chemistry Neurochemistry Synthetic chemistry
Geochemistry Nuclear chemistry Theoretical chemistry
Green chemistry Oenology Thermochemistry
Histochemistry Organometallic chemistry
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
Why Study Chemistry?
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
Why Study Chemistry?
 1.1 The Study of Chemistry
The Atomic & Molecular Perspective

In this science we
study matter,
its properties,
and its behavior.
What is Matter?
Matter is anything
that has mass and
occupies space.
 1.1 The Study of Chemistry
The Atomic & Molecular Perspective

Chemistry explains Non-chemist

properties & behavior
of matter based on
structure & events at
the Chemist

Atomic
&
Molecular levels.
 1.1 The Study of Chemistry
The Atomic & Molecular Perspective

Sodium chloride

 Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

 A molecule is made of two or more atoms joined
together.
1.2 Classifications of Matter
States of Matter
 Substances can exist in the solid, liquid,
or gas state.

Try to envision the motion of atoms/molecules in

solids, liquids, and gases (video)
 1.2 Classifications of Matter
States of Matter
 Any substance can exist in the solid, liquid, or gas
state.
 1.2 Classifications of Matter
States of Matter
 Any substance can exist in the solid, liquid, or gas
state.
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Pure Substances

 Pure Substances  Mixtures (1 or more

Can be: substances)
 Elements  Homogeneous
 Compounds  Heterogeneous

 Molecules (More on the definition

of mixtures later)
Examples:
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Pure Substances

 Elements, compounds & molecules have

definite compositions, and each has a set
of properties that are unique.

Examples: Substance Melting Point

oxygen (O2) −219°C
propane (C3H8) −188°C
potassium (K) 63°C
glucose (C6H12O6) 146°C
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Elements

 Elements, if not mixed with other elements, are

considered pure substances and are composed
of only one type of atom.
 Examples:
 Iron metal (Fe)
 Sulfur (S8 or Sn)
 Oxygen (O2)
 Bromine (Br2)
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Elements

 Know the element names and symbols for

the first 36 elements. We will add a few
more to this list in subsequent chapters.
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Elements
 1.2 Classifications of Matter
Compounds

 Compounds are combinations of atoms of more than

one type of element.
Examples:
 Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
 Ammonia (NH3)
 Water (H2O)
 Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
 1.2 Classifications of Matter
Compounds

 Compounds are combinations of atoms of more than

one type of element.

Law of Constant Composition (Definite Proportions)

 1.2 Classifications of Matter
Compounds
 Compounds are combinations of atoms of more than
one type of element.
Molecules
 Molecules are groups of atoms (two or more) bonded
chemically.
 Not all molecules are compounds:

H2 (not a compound)
NH3 (compound)
O2 (not a compound)
CH4 (compound)
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Mixtures
 1.2 Classifications of Matter
Mixtures
 Homogeneous Mixtures (also called solutions)
 Constant composition throughout
Examples: air, salt water, metal alloys

 Heterogeneous Mixtures
 non-uniform composition
Examples: potting soil, oil and water, iron and
sulfur
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Mixtures
Mixtures: 2 or more pure substances that exist
together but are not combined chemically.
 Components of a mixture (homogeneous or
heterogeneous) can be separated by physical
processes – more on this later
 1.3 Properties of Matter

 Physical Properties…
 Can be observed without changing a substance
into another substance.
◦ Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
 Chemical Properties…
 Can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance.
◦ Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.
1.3 Properties of Matter

 Intensive Properties…
 Are independent of the amount of the
substance that is present (useful for
identifying substances).
◦ Density, boiling point, color, etc.
 Extensive Properties…
 Depend upon the amount of the substance
present.
◦ Mass, volume, energy, etc.
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes

 Physical Changes
 These are changes in matter that do not
change the composition of a substance.
◦ Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
 Chemical Changes
 Chemical changes result in new substances.
◦ Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes

Changes of state (phase changes)

 Boiling (vaporization/evaporating)
 Condensing Gas (g)

 Melting Liquid (l)

 Freezing
Solid (s)
These are physical changes.
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes

 Sublimation physical change

 Deposition

gas

solid
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes
Rusting 2Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(s)
These are chemical changes
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes
chemical change
Combustion of hydrogen:
2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g)
Evidence:
Gas generated
Heat evolved/absorbed
Color change
In the course of a chemical change, the reacting
substances are converted to new substances.
 1.3 Properties of Matter
Separation of Mixtures

 Components of a mixture can be separated

by physical processes.

Distillation separates
water (H2O) from salt (NaCl)

What’s another way you

could isolate salt from
sea water?