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Palaeoenvironmental significance of allochthonous vs. autochthonous Late

Quaternary ostracodes from Imaruí Lagoon and d'Una River, southern Brazil

Article  in  Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia · December 2006

DOI: 10.4072/rbp.2006.3.04

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 Rev. bras. paleontol. 9(3):295-302, Setembro/Dezembro 2006
© 2006 by the Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia

PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ALLOCHTHONOUS VS.

AUTOCHTHONOUS LATE QUATERNARY OSTRACODES FROM IMARUÍ
LAGOON AND D’UNA RIVER, SOUTHERN BRAZIL
JOÃO CARLOS COIMBRA
Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, UFRGS, Cx.P. 15001, 91501-970, Porto Alegre,
RS, Brazil. [email protected]

KAREN BADARACO COSTA

Laboratório de Paleoceanografia do Atlântico Sul, Instituto Oceanográfico, USP, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191,
05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. [email protected]

GERSON FAUTH
Laboratório de Micropaleontologia, PPGeo, UNISINOS, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-000, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
[email protected]

S
ABSTRACT – Late Quaternary ostracodes collected from 15 cores in two adjacent localities, Imaruí and D’Una

A
River, both in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, were analyzed. Among the 12 identified species, only three are
left in open nomenclature. The population age-structure was studied in order to distinguish between allochthonous
vs. autochthonous ostracodes in each sample. Two typically mixohaline species, Cyprideis multidentata Hartmann

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and C. salebrosa Bold, are the most abundant autochthonous fossils in the cores. The taphonomic analysis and the
sedimentological evidences allow the inference of a permanent lagoonal palaeoenvironment in the 15 cores.
Micropalaeontological and geological data suggest that the marine species were transported into the lagoonal

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palaeoenvironment, reworked with the autochthonous mixohaline fauna and deposited along the lagoonal border.

Key words: Late Quaternary, ostracodes, palaeoenvironments, taphonomy, southern Brazil.

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RESUMO – Foram analisados os ostracodes recuperados de 15 perfurações realizadas em duas áreas adjacentes,
o município de Imaruí e a região do Rio D’uma, ambas no Estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Dentre as 12
espécies identificadas apenas três foram deixadas em nomenclatura aberta. O estudo da estrutura populacional,

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realizado em cada amostra, permitiu a diferenciação entre fauna alóctone vs. autóctone. As espécies mixohalinas
Cyprideis multidentata Hartmann e C. salebrosa Bold são os fósseis autóctones mais abundantes nos testemunhos
investigados. A análise tafonômica e as evidências sedimentológicas indicaram um paleoambiente tipicamente
lagunar ao longo das 15 perfurações. Tanto a microfauna quanto os dados advindos da geologia sugerem que as
espécies marinhas foram transportadas para o ambiente lagunar, retrabalhadas juntamente com a fauna mixohalina
e depositadas ao longo da borda da laguna.

Palavras-chave: Neoquaternário, ostracodes, paleoambientes, tafonomia, sul do Brasil.

INTRODUCTION point of view, especially concerning micromolluscs (Pitoni,

1993; Mendes, 1993) and foraminifers (Thiesen et al., 1993).
The coast of Santa Catarina State, southern of Brazil, is The previous palaeontological studies were mainly taxonomic
characterized by extensive sedimentary coastal plains with ones included some data about palaeoecology. Using
mineral deposits. The region has a large deposit of calcareous sedimentological analysis Caruso Jr. (1995a, 1995b) dated the
shells with economic relevance and great significance in an shell deposits in the Imaruí region to the Holocene.
evolutionary perspective of the coastal plain. The southern
coast of this State has some lagoons and coastal lakes being STUDY AREA
the Mirim, Imaruí and Santo Antônio lagoons complex the main
regional aquatic body, which has been object of geological, Studies carried out on the coast of the State of Santa
sedimentological and morphological studies (Caruso Jr., 1995a). Catarina have revealed large oscillations of the sea level during
The shell deposits have been studied from a palaeontological the Quaternary (Suguio et al., 1985, 2005; Martin & Suguio,

295

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 296 REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PALEONTOLOGIA, 9(3), 2006

1986; Martin et al., 1988; Gré et al., 1993). During that interval, Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia of the
the evolution of the southern Brazilian continental margin Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).
was driven by global changes affecting climate and sea level
oscillations, due to the geode response to the variations of FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION
the ice masses and surface water distribution. In particular,
the sea level changes exerted the strongest influence on the The ostracode assemblages studied in both areas are
construction of the coastal plains, and marine sediments represented by mixohaline species (Cyprideis multidentata,
deposited on the continental deposits were repeatedly Cyprideis salebrosa, Perissocytheridea kroemmelbeini),
reworked by transgressions/regressions (Caruso Jr., 1995a, eurihaline species (Loxoconcha bullata, Callistocythere
1995b, 1999; Villwock & Tomazelli, 1995; Carreño et al., 1999; litoralensis) and marine species (Orionina similis,
Caruso Jr. et al., 1999). This allowed the accumulation of Ruggiericythere dimorphica, Argenticytheretta laevipunctata,
coastal marine and eolic deposits which, in some cases, Neocaudites triplistriatus, Paracypris sp., Cytherella sp. and
originated bars that isolated coastal lagoons. The shell Bairdopillata sp.). The most abundant mixohaline, euryhaline
deposits have an irregular distribution along the coastal plain and marine species are C. multidentata, L. bullata and R.
probably associated to a palaeolagoonal environment dimorphica, respectively (Table 1, Figure 2).
occurring at 5100 B.P. during the maximum of the Holocene Except by one sample, all the analyzed material from D’Una
transgression. As a result, an extensive lagoonal zone was River and Imaruí show the dominance of C. multidentata
created with a much larger distribution of sand than found at and C. salebrosa. A low occurrence of L. bullata, C.
the present day (Caruso Jr., 1992). litoralensis, R. dimorphica and P. kroemmelbeini it is also
recorded, but always more abundant in D’Una River. In both
MATERIAL AND METHODS

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The material analyzed originates from drilling cores carried
out in the southeastern region of the coastal zone of the
State of Santa Catarina and designated by prefix LI-01, IM
areas instars of C. multidentata and C. salebrosa were found
even if with a very high A:J ratio. On the contrary, a large
number of instars of these two mixohaline species is present
in the samples of the LI-01 core (Table 1).

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and D. The core LI-01 is located in the central part of the TAPHONOMY AND PALAEOENVIRONMENTS
Imaruí Lagoon, 4.5 km from the coast margin, while IM cores
are situated in the district of the municipality of Imaruí, 12 km Ostracodes are an important tool for making

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from the coast. The core D are located in the D’Una River palaeoecological interpretations, inclusive from ancient
between Imaruí and Imbituba, about 8 km from the coast marginal marine environments. Slack et al. (2000), studying
(Figure 1). This study concerns the analysis of 73 samples: samples from Lake Manzala, considered the most abundant
29 samples from the Imaruí area were collected from six and mixohaline species Cyprideis torosa (Jones) as noise

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sediment-cores (IM-03, IM-06, IM-09, IM-34, IM-40, and IM-
102) drilled between the SC-437 highway and the edge of the
north of the Imaruí Lagoon; 44 samples from the D’Una River
came from eight sediment-cores (D-133, D-200, D-236, D-315,
D-323, D-412, and D-434) drilled along the flood plains of the
D’Una River; finally nine samples came from the core LI-01
(Figure 1).
which had masked the signal of rare species. However, our
analyses on both D’Una River and Imaruí reveal that the
marine species should be considered as noise and the
abundant mixohaline Cyprideis as a strong environmental
signal. Additional taphonomical and palaeoecological
analyses based only on marine taxa, demonstrate that these
taxa have an allochthonous population structure and should
The sediment-cores were obtained through the courtesy be considered as environmental noise.
of the company Inducal, with the aim of defining the Studies using Recent and Quaternary ostracodes
calcareous shell reserves and spatial distribution of the beds demonstrated that the population age structure analysis of
in the studied localities. Sondeq equipment was used for each species included in the ostracod assemblages is useful
probing to recover 15 m of sediments, and the samples were to discriminate between biocenoses and thanatocenoses
taken at intervals of 60 cm. The core LI-01 was sampled at (Wagner, 1957; Whatley & Wall, 1969). This technique has
intervals of 1 m, except for the two superficial samples, which also been used for fossil faunas and leads to recognize the
were 5 m spaced. The material was sieved and dried into energy levels which characterised the palaeoenvironment
three different size fractions: 0.250, 0.177 and 0.074 mm. (Whatley, 1983, 1988; van Harten 1986; Brouwers, 1988;
The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, equitability and Whatley & Boomer, 1995). During their life cycle the ostracodes
dominance were calculated in level of genera by means of the moults eight times until reaching the adult stage. Thus, in a
Paleontological Statistics (PAST) program (Table 1). It is low energy environment, one individual could leave 18 valves
important to record that only the genus Cyprideis is in the sediment. The ideal preservation of the real populational
represented by more than one species, C. salebrosa and C. age structure will produce an average of adult:juvenile valves
multidentata, and both have the same ecological (A:J ratio) of 1:8, where the ninth and last stage is counted as
requirements. All the figured specimens (Figure 2, Appendix adult. As many early ontogenetic stages are destroyed, mainly
1) were illustrated using SEM and they are housed at the by taphocoenotic factors, the A:J ratio will be modified from
Ostracoda section (MP-O) in the collection of the the ideal 1:8 to an interval near 1:5 or 1:6, but even intervals

coimbra.pmd 296 20/12/2006, 14:20

 COIMBRA ET AL. – ALLOCHTHONOUS VS. AUTOCHTHONOUS QUATERNARY OSTRACODES 297

from 1:3 to 1:6 are considered enough good to characterise core, young instars were approximately 80% of the total
authochtonous fossil species (Brouwers, 1988). population, except for the two first samples, in which the A:J
The population age structure of Cyprideis multidentata ratio is 1:1 (Table 1). These relatively low ratios could still
and C. salebrosa have been analyzed in this paper using all indicate an allochthonous fauna deposited in high energy
juveniles and adults collected in the studied cores. In the environments, but it should be pointed out that the energy
samples that came from Imaruí and D’Una River the number level recorded in the LI-01 core should has been lower than
of adult valves is much higher than the young ones (Table 1). that reported in Imaruí and D’Una River because here the A:J
According to Brouwers (1988) these high A:J ratios point to ratios are lower. The samples depth 1-2 m, 2-3 m and 6-7 m
an allochthonous concentration deposited in a high energy present ratios of 1:2, showing an asymmetrical proportion of
environment. In the Imaruí and D’Una River cores these young valves in relation to adult ones. According to Brouwers
species, it is suggested, have suffered post mortem transport (1988), this ratio characterizes those faunas that are deposited
processes in high energy environments. in low energy environments. The samples depth 3-4 m, 4-5 m,
At the LI-O1 core, it was observed that the C. 5-6 m and 7-8 m present ratios comprised between 1:3 and 1:6,
multidentata and C. salebrosa population age structure is thus recorded authochtonous fauna, which did not suffer
opposite to that shown in Imaruí and D’Una River. In this transport post-mortem (Table 1).

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Figure 1. Location map of the study area: A, A-A’ transversal section with the core LI-01; B, location of D’Una River area and cores
studied; C, location of Imaruí Lagoon and studied cores.

coimbra.pmd 297 20/12/2006, 14:20

 298 REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PALEONTOLOGIA, 9(3), 2006

Table 1. Ecological and sedimentological data and the A:J ratio of Cyprideis in each fossiliferous sample. For the methodology used to
calculate the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, equitability and dominance see the text. Total of specimens = 8284; OM = organic matter.

A. laevipunctata

C. multidentata
kroemmelbeini

R. dimorphica

N. triplistriatus
Paracypris sp.

C. litoralensis
Bairdoppilata

Cytherella sp.

C. salebrosa
Dominance

Equitability
Shannon-

(juveniles)
Cyprideis
O. similis
L. bullata
Depth (m)

Sediment

A:J ratio
Wiener
Core

sp.
P.
LI-01 0,0-0,5 clay - 1 - 2 3 01:01
LI-01 0,5-1 clay 0.31 0.83 0.44 5 49 52 01:01
LI-01 1-2 clay 0.26 0.86 0.38 4 44 6 111 01:02
LI-01 2-3 clay - 1 - 67 26 232 01:02
LI-01 3-4 clay 0.04 0.98 0.06 1 108 32 862 01:06
LI-01 4-5 clay 0.05 0.98 0.04 2 2 402 152 2508 01:05
LI-01 5-6 clay 0.08 0.97 0.12 1 46 14 225 01:03
LI-01 6-7 clay 0.65 0.63 0.6 1 4 16 1 37 01:02
LI-01 7-8 clay 0.03 0.99 0.05 1 135 49 621 01:03
IM-03 1,2-1,8 clay + OM - 1 - 5 5 01:01
IM-03 4,2-4,8 clay - 1 - 29 17 43 01:01
IM-03 4,8-5,4 clay 0.29 0.88 0.21 1 2 6 44 89 27 05:01
IM-03 6,6-7,2 clay + OM 0.69 0.5 1 2 2
IM-03 9,6-10,2 clay + OM - 1 - 2
IM-06 4,8-5,4 clay + sand - 1 - 12 24 5 07:01
IM-06 5,4-6,0 clay + sand 0.44 0.79 0.32 7 1 2 27 53 38 02:01
IM-06 7,2-7,6 clay + sand 0.64 0.55 0.92 1
IM-06 8,4-9,6 clay + sand - 1 - 3
IM-06 9,6-10,8 clay + sand - 1 - 3
IM-09 3,6-4,2 clay + sand - 1 - 12 11 7 03:01
IM-09 4,2-4,8 clay + sand - 1 - 1 3
IM-09 4,8-5,4 clay + sand 0.16 0.93 0.23 2 4 46 14 03:01

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IM-09 6,0-6,6 clay + sand 0.16 0.93 0.23 2 2 49 10 05:01
IM-34 1,2-1,8 clay + sand - 1 - 63 1 18 04:01
IM-34 1,8-2,4 clay + sand - 1 - 13 5 02:01
IM-34 2,4-3,0 clay + sand - 1 - 59 2 18 03:01
IM-34 3,0-3,6 clay + sand 0.51 0.68 0.72 1 2 2
IM-34 3,6-4,2 clay + sand - 1 - 1 3

A
IM-34 4,2-4,8 clay + sand - 1 - 2
IM-34 4,8-5,4 clay + sand - 1 - 1
IM-40 6,0-6,6 clay - 1 - 1 1
IM-40 6,6-7,2 clay - 1 - 8 5 6 02:01

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IM-40 7,2-7,8 clay 0.45 0.72 0.65 2 2 8
IM-40 7,8-8,4 clay 0.13 0.95 0.19 1 37 44 6 13:01
IM-40 8,4-9,0 clay - 1 - 15 131 4 36:01
IM-102 1,8-2,4 clay + OM - 1 - 22
IM-102 2,4-3,0 clay + OM - 1 - 22 6 15 02:01
IM-102 3,6-4,2 clay - 1 - 3

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IM-102 4,2-4,8 clay - 1 - 1
IM-102 4,8-5,4 clay + OM 0.69 0.5 1 1 1
D-133 0,6-1,2 clay - 1 - 2
D-133 1,2-1,8 clay + sand 1.06 0.36 0.96 6 4 4 4
D-133 1,8-2,4 clay 1.12 0.40 0.80 2 1 2 4 3

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D-133 2,4-3,0 clay - 1 - 1 3 01:03
D-133 3,0-3,6 clay - 1 - 2
D-133 3,6-4,2 clay - 1 - 2
D-200 1,8-2,4 clay 0.51 0.73 0.46 2 10 13 51 2 32:01
D-200 2,4-3,0 clay 0.44 0.79 0.40 4 2 12 33 5 09:01

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D-200 3,0-3,6 clay 0.99 0.44 0.71 8 33 4 22 41 9 07:01
D-200 3,6-4,2 sand 0.45 0.72 0.65 5 1
D-200 4,2-4,8 sand 0.94 0.43 0.85 1 5 3
D-200 4,8-5,4 sand - 1 - 2
D-200 5,4-6,0 clay 1.4 0.3 0.81 7 2 1 2 2 11
D-236 2,4-3,0 clay 0.19 0.91 0.27 2 11 30 3 14:01
D-236 3,6-4,2 clay - 1 - 2 9 4 03:01
D-236 4,2-4,8 clay 0.50 0.68 0.72 1 2 2
D-236 4,8-5,4 clay 0.50 0.68 0.72 1 4
D-236 6,0-6,6 clay 0.64 0.55 0.99 1 2
D-236 6,6-7,2 clay - 1 - 1
D-315 2,4-3,0 clay - 1 - 49 2 25:01
D-315 3,0-3,6 clay 0.49 0.72 0.45 1 9 52 3 18:01
D-315 3,6-4,2 clay 0.60 0.60 0.86 5 2
D-315 4,2-4,8 clay - 1 - 14
D-315 4,8-5,4 clay - 1 - 2
D-315 5,4-6,0 clay - 1 - 3
D-323 3,6-4,2 clay 0.64 0.69 0.46 5 6 2 5 56 6 10:01
D-323 4,2-4,8 clay 0.69 0.50 0.99 11 9 1 09:01
D-323 5,4-6,0 clay 1.02 0.44 0.73 9 20 4 2 50 3 17:01
D-323 7,2-7,8 clay - 1 - 2
D-325 4,2-4,8 clay 0.86 0.50 0.79 10 12 1 4 40 9 05:01
D-325 4,8-5,4 clay 1.23 0.35 0.69 8 36 2 2 2 30
D-325 5,4-6,0 clay 0.62 0.63 0.56 1 8 30 2 15:01
D-325 7,8-8,4 clay - 1 - 3
D-412 1,2-1,8 clay - 1 - 49 1
D-412 1,8-2,4 clay - 1 - 4 5 2 04:01
D-412 2,4-3,0 clay 0.29 0.84 0.42 4 12 30
D-412 3,0-3,6 clay 1.02 0.44 0.73 2 8 2 5 13 5 04:01
D-412 3,6-4,2 clay 0.5 0.68 0.72 2 8
D-412 4,8-5,4 clay - 1 - 1 4
D-434 2,4-3,0 clay - 1 - 34 27 7 09:01
D-434 3,0-3,6 clay - 1 - 4 12 3 05:01
D-434 3,6-4,2 clay - 1 - 6
D-434 4,2-4,8 clay - 1 - 5 9 6 02:01
D-434 4,8-5,4 clay - 1 - 5 25 3 10:01
D-434 5,4-6,0 clay - 1 - 28 49 4 19:01
Total 20 83 191 6 4 4 2 6 6 29 1600 1386 4947

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 COIMBRA ET AL. – ALLOCHTHONOUS VS. AUTOCHTHONOUS QUATERNARY OSTRACODES 299

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Figure 2. A, Callistocythere litoralensis, MP-O-1976, female carapace left valve; B, Argenticytheretta laevipunctata, MP-O-1977, female
right valve; C, Orionina similis, MP-O-1978, left valve; D, Ruggiericythere dimorphica, MP-O-1979, male right valve; E, Cytherella sp., MP-
O-1980, right valve; F-G, Cyprideis multidentata: F, MP-O-1981, female right valve; G, MP-O-1982, male right valve; H-K, Cyprideis
salebrosa: H, MP-O-1983, female left valve; I, MP-O-1984, male right valve; J, MP-O-1985, female left valve; K, MP-O-1986, female right
valve; L, Perissocytheridea kroemmelbeini, MP-O-1987, male left valve; M, Neocaudites triplistriatus, MP-0-1988, male left valve; N,
Loxoconcha bullata, MP-O-1989, female left valve; O, Bairdoppilata sp., MP-O-1990, right valve; P, Paracypris sp., MP-O-1991, left valve.
Scale bar = 100 μm.

coimbra.pmd 299 20/12/2006, 14:20

 300 REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PALEONTOLOGIA, 9(3), 2006

Studying the micromolluscs in the same region, Mendes 5-6 m and 7-8 m) recorded autochthonous ostracode
(1993) and Pitoni (1993) suggested that the large majority of assemblages. These conclusions are in agreement with Caruso
the studied species were autochthonous. Pitoni (1993) Jr. (1995b, 1999) statement that the regional calcareous shell
reported that Imaruí’s micromolluscs were characteristics of deposits were formed by high energy environmental
shallow bay or inlet marine environments, with high and low processes.
energy areas more influenced by the sea than by the Thus, the ostracode data have provided a very different
continental processes. On the other hand, based on a detailed palaeoenvironmental interpretation from those drawn from
geological study, Caruso Jr. (1995b) proposed another origin micromolluscs. In fact, the present study suggests that the
of the calcareous shells found in this region, to which the marine ostracodes were moved, after death, into the lagoonal
ostracodes and micromolluscs are associated, suggesting system, as no juvenile ontogenetic stages of these species
that the region was characterized by a large lagoonal body were found and the adults are represented by few specimens
formed during the maximum Holocene transgression. It is (Table 1). Morover, the mixohaline ostracode fauna which
pointed out that the micromollusc shells are accumulated lived in a lagoonal environment, underwent post-mortem
and concentrated by high energy processes due to the transport into the lagoon itself, being reworked together with
presence of levels with gradational layering and a mixing of the marine ostracodes, and then redeposited.
lagoonal mixohaline and marine fauna. According to Caruso Based on the above data and the sedimentary structures
Jr. (1995b, 1999), the intensity of the winds over the lagoons observed by Caruso Jr. (1995a, 1999), it is assumed that the
was able to produce waves that generate coastal currents ostracodes and micromolluscs, typical of shallow marine
eroding and depositing sediments along their margins, environments, were transported inside the lagoons through
reworking old deposits, generating beaches, and building

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the action of storms and tides more than by the relative sea
sandy areas. level oscillations. Inside the lagoons lived an autochthonous
fauna of mixohaline micromolluscs and ostracodes. The wind
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS action generated waves and currents inside the lagoons, that

A
Mendes (1993) and Pitoni (1993), recorded specimens that

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inhabit modern shallow marine, high and low energy
environments, associated with species typical of estuaries
and lagoons. According to those authors, the majority of
were able to rework the pre-existent deposits allowing the
fragmentation of the shells, thus mixing faunas from different
environments, and redepositing this material on the lagoon
banks.

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these species present a balanced population age structure ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
typical of an authochtonous fauna. According to Mendes
(1993), the dominant species of marine gastropods and
The present study largely benefits from the cores
bivalves are constituted mainly by fragmented, rolled and

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provided by CECO (Centro de Estudos Costeiros e
young shells (e.g. Finella dubia (d’Orbigny, 1842); Mytilidae).
Oceanográficos) at UFRGS. JCC gratefully acknowledges the
Notwithstanding these data, Mendes (1993) and Pitoni (1993),
CNPq by the financial support (grants 520309/99-5 and

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consider that marine and lagoonal micromollusc faunas did
475313/03-8). During an early stage of the project, Francisco
not suffer post-mortem transport, suggesting that they were
deposited in a shallow marine environment under some Caruso Jr., Yvonne T. Sanguinetti and Felipe Toledo made
estuarine or lagoonal influence. valuable suggestions. We are also deeply indebted to Elsa
Taking into account the ecological and palaeoecological Gliozzi and Stephen Eagar for their critical review and
preferences of C. multidentata and C. salebrosa, typically suggestions which greatly improved the manuscript.
found in mixohaline environments, it is possible to assume
that the environment where these species lived was probably
a marginal marine lagoon with some mixohaline characteristics, REFERENCES
because living specimens of C. multidentata and C. salebrosa
have a low tolerance to normal marine salinity. Whatley (1988) Brouwers, E.M. 1988. Sediment transport detected from analysis
of ostracod population structure: an example from the Alaska
records that mixohaline ostracode faunas possess low
continental shelf. In: P. de Decker, J.P. Colin & J.P.
diversities and high dominances. These characteristics are Peypouquet (eds.) Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences, Elsevier,
observed in the Imaruí, D’Una River and LI-01 samples by p. 231-244.
the majority of the assemblages (Table 1). The shallow marine Carreño, A.L.; Coimbra, J.C. & do Carmo, D.A. 1999. Late Cenozoic
(A. laevipunctata, Bairdoppilata sp., Cytherella sp., N. sea level changes evidenced by ostracods in the Pelotas Basin,
triplistriatus, O. similis, Paracypris sp. and R. dimorphica) southernmost Brazil. Marine Micropaleontology, 37:117-129.
and eurihaline (C. litoralensis and L. bullata) species are Caruso Jr., F. 1992. Geologia dos depósitos de conchas calcárias no
Estado de Santa Catarina. Geosul, 14:101-136.
represented only by very few adult specimens. Anyway, high
Caruso Jr., F. 1995a. Complexo lagunar do Mirim, Imaruí e Santo
energy environments are suggested for the Imaruí and D’Una Antônio (SC): aspectos morfológicos e sedimentológicos do
River palaeolagoons (mainly ostracode adult valves) and, fundo lagunar. In: CONGRESSO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASI-
partially, also for the central portion of the Imaruí Lagoon (LI- LEIRA DE ESTUDOS DO QUATERNÁRIO, 5, 1995. Anais,
01 core) in which only few samples (core depths: 3-4 m, 4-5 m, Niterói, UFF, p. 81-87.

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Caruso Jr., F. 1995b. Geologia e recursos minerais da região cos- Imbituba e Imaruí, Santa Catarina-Foraminíferos. In: CON-
teira do sudeste de Santa Catarina com ênfase no Cenozóico. GRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PALEONTOLOGIA, 13, 1993.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Livro de Resumos, São Leopoldo, UNISINOS, p. 77.
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PhD. Dissertation, 179 p. Villwock, J.A. & Tomazelli, L.J. 1995. Geologia costeira do Rio
Caruso Jr., F. 1999. Shell deposits in the Santa Catarina coastal area, Grande do Sul. Notas Técnicas, 8:1-45.
southern region of Brazil. In: L.R. Martins & C.I. Santana (eds.) Wagner, C.W. 1957. Sur les Ostracodes du Quaternarie Récent des
Non living resources of the southern Brazilian coastal zone and Pays-Bas et leur utilisation dans l’Étude Géologique des Depôts
continental margin, UNESCO/Editora da UFRGS, p. 69-79. Holocènes. Faculté des Sciences, Université de Paris, PhD.
Caruso Jr., F.; Suguio, K. & Nakamura, T. 1999. The Quaternary Thesis, 259 p.
geological history of Santa Catarina southeastern region (Brazil). Whatley, R.C. 1983. The application of Ostracoda to
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 72(2):257-270. palaeoenviromental analysis. In: R.F. Maddocks (ed.) Applications
Gré, J.C.R.; Klingebiel, A.; Horn, N.O. & Caruso Jr., F. 1993. of Ostracoda, University of Houston Press, p. 51-77.
Morphologie, structure et evolution du cadre géologique du Whatley, R.C. 1988. Ostracoda and Palaeogeography. In: P. De
systeme lagunaire Santo Antonio, Etat de Santa Catarina, Brésil. Decker; J.P. Colin & J.P. Peypouquet (eds.) Ostracoda in the
Bulletin de l’Institut Géologique du Bassin d’Aquitaine, Earth Sciences, Elsevier, p. 103-123.
53(1):159-167. Whatley, R.C. & Boomer, I. 1995. Autochthonous and allochthonous
van Harten, D. 1986. Use of ostracodes to recognize downslope Quaternary Ostracoda from ODP Site 893, Santa Barbara Basin.
contamination in paleobathymetry and a preliminary In: J.P. Kennett; J.G. Baldauf & M. Lyle (eds.) Proceedings of
reappraisal of the paleodepth of the Prasás Marls (Pliocene), the Ocean Drilling Program, Houston, p. 251-255 (Scientific
Crete, Greece. Geology, 14:856-859. Results 146).
Hartmann, G. & Puri, H.S. 1974. Summary of neontological and Whatley, R.C. & Wall, D.R. 1969. A preliminary account of the

S
paleontological classification of Ostracoda. Mitteilung ecology and distribution of Recent Ostracoda in the South Irish
Zoologisches Museum Institut, 70:7-73. Sea. In: J.W. Neale (ed.) Taxonomy, morphology and ecology of
Horne, D.; Cohen, A. & Martens, K. 2002. Taxonomy, morphology Recent Ostracoda, Oliver and Boyd, p. 268-288.
and biology of Quaternary and living Ostracoda. In: J.A.

A
Holmes & A. Chivas (eds.) The Ostracoda: applications in Received in June, 2006; accepted in October, 2006
Quaternary research, Washington, American Geophysical

V
Union, p. 5-36 (Geophysical Monograph 131).
Martin, L. & Suguio, K. 1986. Excursion route along the coastal
plains of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina. In: Appendix 1. Ostracoda species examined in this study. We follow
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SEA LEVEL Moore & Pritat (1961) in considering the traditional classification of

O
CHANGES AND QUATERNARY SHORELINES, 1, 1986. Ostracoda to be a suitable option for the present, but note that
Field guide, São Paulo, USP, p. 1-124. some authors follow the supra-generic categories modified by
Martin, L.; Suguio, K.; Flexor, J.M. & Azevedo, A.E.G. 1988. Horne et al. (2002). However, since Hartmann & Puri (1974) the

R
Mapa geológico do Quaternário costeiro dos estados do Paraná genus Paracypris Sars, 1866 has been included within the family
e Santa Catarina. Rio de Janeiro, Departamento Nacional da Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900 as adopted below.
Produção Mineral, Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia, 40 p.
Suborder Platycopina Sars, 1866

P
(Série Geologia, 28, Seção Geologia Básica, 18).
Family Cytherellidae Sars, 1866
Mendes, I.L.V. 1993. Malacofauna, paleoecologia e bioestratigrafia
Genus Cytherella Jones, 1849
de sedimentos holocênicos da planície costeira de Imbituba e Cytherella sp.
Imaruí, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Programa de Pós-Graduação Suborder Podocopina Sars, 1866
em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Superfamily Cytheracea Bair, 1850
Ph.D. Dissertation, 309 p. Family Leptocytheridae Hanai, 1957
Pitoni, V.L.L. 1993. Moluscos cenozóicos de sub-superfície em Imaruí, Genus Callistocythere Ruggieri, 1953
Santa Catarina, Brasil: paleoecologia, transgressões e regres- Callistocythere litoralensis (Rossi de García, 1966) emend.
sões. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universida- Sanguinetti, Ornellas & Coimbra, 1991
de Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PhD. Dissertation, 269 p. Family Cytherettidae Triebel, 1952
Slack, J.M.; Kaesler, R.L. & Kontrovitz, M. 2000. Trend, signal and Genus Argenticytheretta Rossi de García, 1969 emend. Sanguinetti,
noise in the ecology of Ostracoda: information from rare species Ornellas & Coimbra, 1991
in low-diversity assemblages. Hydrobiologia, 419:181-189. Argenticytheretta laevipunctata Sanguinetti, Ornellas & Coimbra, 1991
Suguio, K.; Angulo, R.J.; Carvalho, A.M.; Corrêa, I.C.S.; Tomazelli, Family Hemicytheridae Puri, 1953
L.J.; Willwock, J.A. & Vital, H. 2005. Paleoníveis do mar e Genus Orionina Puri, 1954 emend. Coimbra & Ornellas, 1986
Orionina similis Bold, 1963 emend. Coimbra & Ornellas, 1986
paleolinhas de costa. In: C.R.G. Souza; K. Suguio; A.M.S. Oli-
Genus Ruggiericythere Aiello, Coimbra & Barra, 2004
veira & P.E. Oliveira (eds.) O Quaternário do Brasil. Associa-
Ruggiericythere dimorphica (Whatley et al., 1998) emend. Aiello,
ção Brasileira de Estudos do Quaternário, p. 130-152.
Coimbra & Barra, 2004
Suguio, K.; Martin, L.B.; Bittencourt, A.C.S.P.; Dominguez, J.M.L. Family Cytherideidae Sars, 1925
& Azeredo, A.E.G. 1985. Flutuações do nível relativo do mar Genus Cyprideis Jones, 1857
durante o Quaternário superior ao longo do litoral brasileiro e Cyprideis multidentata Hartmann, 1955
suas implicações na sedimentação costeira. Revista Brasileira Cyprideis salebrosa Bold, 1963
de Geociências, 15(4):273-286. Genus Perissocytheridea Stephenson, 1938 emend. Pinto &
Thiesen, Z.V.; Corbelini, L.M.; Mendes, I.L.V. & Pitoni, V.L.L. Ornellas, 1970
1993. Contribuição ao estudo paleoambiental da região de Perissocytheridea kroemmelbeini Pinto & Ornellas, 1970

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 302 REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PALEONTOLOGIA, 9(3), 2006

Family Trachyleberididae Sylvester-Bradley, 1948

Genus Neocaudites Puri, 1960
Neocaudites triplistriatus (Edwards, 1944) emend. Bold, 1963
Family Loxoconchidae Sars,1925
Genus Loxoconcha Sars, 1866
Loxoconcha bullata Hartmann, 1956
Superfamily Bairdiacea Sars, 1888
Family Bairdiidae Sars, 1888
Genus Bairdoppilata Coryell, Sample & Jennings, 1935
Bairdoppilata sp.
Superfamily Cypridacea Baird, 1845
Family Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900
Subfamily Paracyprididae Sars, 1923
Genus Paracypris Sars, 1866
Paracypris sp.

AS
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