Get Key words in Chapter seven that plays a Crucial role on how the human brain Interpret

and transmit language. Define the key words and their functions.

Term Definition

Amygdala: The amygdala is a small almond-shaped structure in the brain that plays a key role
in processing emotions and triggering the body's stress response.

Anterior speech cortex : It refers to the region of the brain involved in the production and
understanding of speech.

Aphasia: Is a language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate and understand
language.

Autonomous nervous system: Is a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls and
regulates involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, respiration, blood
pressure, and body temperature.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an

individual's social interaction, communication skills, and behavior. It is typically diagnosed in
early childhood, although some individuals may not receive a diagnosis until later in life.

Biochemicals: Biochemicals in the brain encompass a diverse array of molecules, such as

neurotransmitters, hormones, and enzymes, that regulate and influence the complex
functioning of the central nervous system.

Brain: Is the complex and highly organized central organ of the nervous system responsible for
processing information, controlling bodily functions, and enabling cognition and consciousness.

Brain lateralization : Refers to the division of cognitive functions between the left and right
hemispheres of the brain, each specializing in certain tasks and processing information
differently.
Brain plasticity: Also known as neuroplasticity or neural plasticity, refers to the brain's ability
to change and adapt throughout an individual's life. It is the brain's remarkable capacity to
reorganize its structure, function, and connections in response to various experiences,
environmental stimuli, learning, and injury.

Brain stem: Is a crucial part of the central nervous system, located at the base of the brain and
connecting the brain to the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in regulating and controlling many
basic functions necessary for survival.

Brain vocalization: Refers to the process of expressing or articulating thoughts, ideas, or inner
monologues using the brain without the involvement of audible speech.

Broca's area: Is a region of the brain that is involved in language processing and production. It
is named after Pierre Paul Broca, a 19th-century French physician and anatomist who first
discovered its importance.

Cells : Is the basic building blocks of life. They are the smallest units of living organisms and are
capable of carrying out the fundamental processes necessary for life.

Cell body: The cell body, also known as the soma, is the main part of a neuron that contains the
nucleus and other organelles essential for the cell's functioning.

Central nervous system (CNS): Is a complex network of specialized cells and tissues that play a
crucial role in coordinating and controlling the activities of the body. It consists of two main
components: the brain and the spinal cord.

Cerebellum : Is a part of the brain located at the back of the skull, beneath the cerebrum. It
plays a crucial role in motor control, coordination, and balance.

Cerebral cortex: Is the outermost layer of the brain and is responsible for many of the brain's
complex functions, including sensory perception, motor control, language processing, memory
formation, and higher cognitive functions such as thinking, reasoning, and decision-making.
Cingulate gyrus: The cingulate gyrus is a part of the brain that is involved in emotional
regulation, cognitive processing, and decision-making.

Cranial nerves: it links the brain with the head and neck, the cranium being part of the skull,
which encloses the brain.

Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH): A theory in the field of linguistics that suggests there is an
optimal period during which language acquisition occurs most effectively and easily.

Cognitive process: Refers to the mental activities and operations involved in acquiring,
processing, storing, and using information. These processes enable individuals to perceive,
think, learn, remember, problem-solve, and communicate.

Corpus callosum: A band of fibres that connects the cerebral hemispheres in the brain.

Facial nerves: The facial nerve is a cranial nerve responsible for controlling the muscles of facial
expression and conveying taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Forebrain: is the largest and most developed part of the brain in vertebrates, including
humans. It is responsible for many complex functions, including sensory processing, thinking,
reasoning, problem-solving, and controlling voluntary movement.

Frontal lobe: An area of the brain that carries most of the weight of our thinking and reasoning
abilities as well as memory.

Glossopharyngeal: The glossopharyngeal nerve is a cranial nerve that innervates the tongue,
pharynx, and other structures, playing a crucial role in functions such as taste, swallowing, and
the reflex control of blood pressure.

Hindbrain: Is responsible for several vital functions and plays a crucial role in coordinating
motor activities, maintaining balance and posture, and regulating basic life-sustaining
processes.

The hippocampus is a region in the brain responsible for the formation and consolidation of
new memories, as well as spatial navigation and emotional regulation.
Hypothalamus: Is a small region in the brain that plays a critical role in regulating and
coordinating the control center for the automatic nervous system.

Hypoglossal nerve: The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve responsible for
controlling the movements of the tongue.

Language: Is a system of communication consisting of words, sounds, and gestures used by

humans to convey meaning and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas.

Language disorder: Refers to a condition that affects an individual's ability to understand, use,
and/or produce language. It is a communication disorder that can impact various aspects of
language, including spoken and written language skills.

Language facility: Refers to the ability to effectively and proficiently understand, communicate,
and utilize a particular language.

Lateralisation: Refers to the division of functions between the two hemispheres of the brain.
The human brain is divided into two hemispheres: the left hemisphere and the right
hemisphere.

lesion: Is an abnormality or damage in the structure or function of tissues or organs in the

body. It can refer to a wide range of conditions, including injuries, infections, tumors, or other
pathological changes.

limbic system: Is a complex network of structures located within the brain that is involved in
various functions, including emotions, memory, and motivation. It is often referred to as the
"emotional brain" because it plays a critical role in regulating and experiencing emotions.

Linguistic abilities: Refer to an individual's capacity to understand, use, and manipulate

language effectively for communication and expression.

Linguistic development: Refers to the process through which individuals acquire and develop
language skills, including speaking, understanding, and using language effectively.
Left hemisphere: Also known as the left cerebral hemisphere, is one of the two hemispheres
that make up the human brain. In most individuals, the left hemisphere is responsible for
controlling the right side of the body and is associated with various cognitive functions.

Localisation theory: A theory that suggests that man's linguistic abilities have identifiable
locations in the brain.

Medulla: Is the innermost part of an organ or structure, often referring to the medulla
oblongata in the brainstem, responsible for vital autonomic functions.

Messages: Messages with the brain refer to the exchange of information or communication
that occurs through neural pathways and processes within the human or animal brain

Midbrain: Is the region that connects the forebrain with the hindbrain and controls certain
reflexes connected with sight and hearing.

Motor nerves: Are a type of nerves in the peripheral nervous system that transmit signals from
the central nervous system (CNS) to the muscles, allowing for voluntary movement and control.

Muscles : Are a type of soft tissue in the human body that are responsible for movement,
stability, and support. They work in coordination with the skeletal system to allow us to
perform various actions such as walking, running, lifting, and even facial expressions.

Nerves: Are part of the body's intricate nervous system, which is responsible for transmitting
signals and information between different parts of the body and the brain.

Neurons: Are specialized cells that are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They
are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information through electrical and
chemical signals.

Neurologist: Is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing

disorders and diseases of the nervous system.

Neurotransmitters: Are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in transmitting signals
between neurons in the nervous system.
Nervous system: Is a complex network of cells and tissues that coordinate and control the
functions of the body. It is responsible for receiving and transmitting information between
different parts of the body.

Occipital lobe: An area of the brain concerned with integrating and making sense of various
visual inputs.

Parasympathetic division: Is a branch of the autonomic nervous system that promotes rest,
digestion, and relaxation by conserving energy and reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

Parietal lobe: An area of the brain that recognizes various sensations of touch.

Peripheral nervous system: Is the network of nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal
cord that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, facilitating
communication and control.

Physiological Impulses: In biology and neuroscience, impulses are electrical signals that travel
along nerve fibers, allowing communication between different parts of the body and facilitating
various bodily functions.

Pons Varolii: Is a portion of the brainstem that serves as a bridge between the medulla
oblongata and the midbrain, playing a vital role in relaying information between different parts
of the central nervous system.

Receptors: Are specialized proteins or structures in cells that detect and respond to specific
signals or stimuli, such as hormones or neurotransmitters.

Reticular activating system (RAS): Is a network of interconnected neurons in the brainstem

that plays a crucial role in regulating wakefulness, arousal, and attention.

Right hemisphere: Is the cerebral hemisphere of the brain that is primarily responsible for
processing and integrating information related to creativity, spatial awareness, and emotional
expression.
Sensory nerves: Are a type of peripheral nerves that transmit information from sensory
receptors to the central nervous system, allowing us to perceive and respond to various stimuli
in our environment.

Septum: The septum refers to a thin partition or dividing wall that separates two cavities or
structures within an organ, such as the nasal septum that separates the left and right nasal
passages.

Signals: Are observable variations or disturbances in physical quantities or data that convey
information or transmit messages.

Somatic nervous system: is the division of the peripheral nervous system responsible for
controlling voluntary muscle movements and processing sensory information from the body.

Speech: is the verbal expression of language through the use of articulate sounds, enabling
communication and conveying meaning.

Speech comprehension: refers to the ability to understand and interpret spoken language,
including its meaning, context, and nuances.

Speech production: refers to the process by which an individual generates and articulates
sounds, words, and sentences to communicate meaning orally.

Spinal cord: Is a long, cylindrical bundle of nerves that extends from the base of the brain
down the vertebral column, transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

Spiral accessory nerve: The spiral accessory nerve is a branch of the vestibular nerve that
innervates the spiral organ of Corti in the cochlea, playing a crucial role in auditory perception.

Stimuli : Refer to external factors or events that elicit a response or reaction from an organism,
typically involving sensory perception.

Sympathetic division: Is a branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for
"fight or flight" responses by increasing heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and mobilizing
energy reserves.
Temporal lobes: An area in the brain hemisphere that recognizes various sights and sounds and
also with long term storage.

Tissues: Are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions in the body.

Vagus nerve: The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, is a long, meandering
nerve that extends from the brainstem to various organs in the body, playing a vital role in
regulating many essential functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory control.