List of medical triads, tetrads, and pentads

A medical triad is a group of three signs or symptoms, the result of injury to three organs, which
characterise a specific medical condition. The appearance of all three signs conjoined together in another
patient, points to that the patient has the same medical condition, or diagnosis. A medical tetrad is a group
of four, while a pentad is a group of five.

Contents
Triads
Tetrads
Pentads
See also
References

Triads
Name Triad Disease

Abdominal aortic aneurysm Abdominal aortic

hypotension, pulsatile abdominal mass, flank pain
rupture Triad aneurysm

increased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone,

Achalasia Triad Achalasia
decreased LES relaxation, aperistalsis

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis), Allergic

Allergic Triad
Rhinitis, bronchitis || Atopy or Atopic Triad

Ochronotic arthritis, Ochronotic pigmentation, Urine

Alkaptonuria Triad Alkaptonuria
darkens on standing

Amyand's Triad Amyand's hernia, Appendicitis, Undescended testis

Esophageal rupture
Subcutaneous emphysema, rapid respirations, and
Anderson Triad (likely intra-
abdominal rigidity
abdominal)

Pneumonia, Endocarditis, Meningitis (all caused by

Austrian syndrome Triad Austrian syndrome
Streptococcus pneumoniae)

Muffled heart sound, Distended neck veins,

Beck's triad Cardiac tamponade
Hypotension

Budd–Chiari
Budd–Chiari syndrome abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
syndrome

Charcot's cholangitis triad Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Fever, Jaundice Ascending cholangitis

Charcot's neurologic triad scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus Multiple sclerosis

Triad of congenital chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial Congenital

toxoplasmosis calcifications toxoplasmosis

cataracts, patent ductus arteriosus, sensorineural

Triad of congenital rubella Congenital rubella
hearing loss

Congestive heart
Congestive Heart Failure Triad Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Tender hepatomegaly
failure
Cushing's triad of Increased
Bradycardia, Bradypnea, Hypertension Head injuries
Intracranial Pressure

hyperesthesia of the skin, exquisite tenderness and

Dieulafoy's triad Acute appendicitis
guarding over McBurney's point

Renal colic, swelling in loin which disappears after

Dietl's crisis Hydronephrosis
urination

Fanconi syndrome triad Aminoaciduria, Proteinuria, Phosphaturia Fanconi syndrome

eating disorders, amenorrhoea, decreased bone Relative energy

Female athlete triad
mineral density deficiency in sport

Sixth cranial n. Palsy, Persistent ear discharge,

Gradenigos Triad Gradenigo's syndrome
Deep seated retro orbital pain

Graves Disease Triad Goiter, exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema Graves' disease

Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, CNS

Triad of opioid overdose Opioid overdose
depression

Focal necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas

Triad of granulomatosis with Granulomatosis with
in the lung and upper airway, necrotizing
polyangiitis polyangiitis
glomerulonephritis

Normal pressure
Hakim Triad[1] (Adams Triad) Urinary incontinence, Gait disturbance, Dementia
hydrocephalus

Triad (Triad of Sandblom) Malena, Obstructive jaundice, Biliary colic Hemobilia

Triad of Meigs' Syndrome ascites, pleural effusion, benign ovarian tumor Meigs' syndrome

Hemolytic–Uremic Syndrome Anaemia, Thrombocytopenia, Kidney failure (But Hemolytic–uremic

Triad see Pentad of TTP below) syndrome

Horner's Syndrome Triad ptosis (eyelid), miosis, anhydrosis Horner's syndrome

Hutchison's teeth, Interstitial keratitis, Nerve

Hutchinson's triad Congenital syphilis
deafness

Triad of bronchiectasis, Recurrent sinusitis, and,

Kartagener Syndrome Triad Kartagener syndrome
Situs inversus,
Triad of bilateral hip, thigh, and buttock
claudication, impotence, and symmetric atrophy of
Leriche's syndrome Triad Leriche's syndrome
the bilateral lower extremities due to chronic
ischemia

Mackler's triad vomiting, pain and subcutaneous emphysema Boerhaave syndrome

Three C's of Measles cough, coryza, conjunctivitis Measles

Meltzer's triad purpura, arthralgias, weakness/myalgias Cryoglobulinemia

Urethritis, conjunctivitis and anterior uveitis,

Triad of Reactive arthritis Reactive arthritis
arthritis

Saint's Triad Gall stones, Diverticulosis, Hiatus hernia

Samter's triad (also known as

Acetylsalicylic acid triad or Aspirin exacerbated
Aspirin sensitivity, Nasal polyps, Asthma
Widal's triad or Francis' triad or respiratory disease
Aspirin triad)

Tetany in Children - Triad Stridor, Carpopedal spasm, Convulsions Tetany

Trauma triad of death Coagulopathy, Hypothermia, Acidosis Death

Black locks, Occulo-cutaneous Albinism, Deafness

Triad of Albinism Albinism
of sensorineural type
 Sensorineural deafness, Progressive kidney failure,
Triad of Alport Syndrome Alport syndrome
Ocular anomalies

Triad of Behcet's Syndrome Recurrent oral ulcers, Genital ulcers, Iridocyclitis Behçet's disease

Triad of Causes of Biotin

Glossitis, Alopecia, Dermatitis Biotin deficiency
Deficiency

Triad of Henoch–Schönlein Palpable purpura on buttock/legs, arthralgias,

IgA vasculitis
purpura abdominal pain

Triad of Hypernephroma Pain, hematuria, renal mass Hypernephroma

Triad of Kwashiorkor Growth retardation, Mental changes, Edema Kwashiorkor

Triad of Plummer–Vinson Iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, esophageal Plummer–Vinson

syndrome webs syndrome

Triad of Renal cell carcinoma hematuria, palpable abdominal mass, flank pain Renal cell carcinoma

Triple Test (for diagnosis of

Estimation of hcg, Estriol, and AFP Down's Syndrome
downs syndrome)

Conductive deafness, Immobility of homolateral Nasopharyngeal

Trotter's triad
soft palate, Trigeminal neuralgia carcinoma

Unhappy Triad (Also known as

Injury to the ACL, MCL, and meniscus (either
O'Donoghue's triad or a blown Knee Injury
medial or lateral)
knee)

Virchow's triad Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Vessel injury Venous thrombosis

Triad of Wernicke Wernicke

Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
encephalopathy encephalopathy

Hypoglycaemia during attacks, resolution of

Whipple's Triad symptoms upon correction of blood glucose, Insulinoma
symptoms brought about by low glucose states.

Triad of Aortic stenosis Chest pain, Heart failure, Syncope Aortic stenosis

Murphy's triad Pain-> Vomiting -> Fever Acute appendicitis

soft fluctuant swelling in umbilical region, swelling
Tillaux's triad moves perpendicular to messentery, zone of Mesenteric cyst
resonance all around swelling

small bowel obstruction, a gallstone outside the

Rigler's triad Gallstone ileus
gallbladder, and air in the bile ducts

Wilkie's syndrome (SMA Chronic peptic ulcer, chronic appendicitis and gastro-vascular
syndrome) chronic calcular cholecystitis disorder

Tetrads
Name Tetrad Disease

Tetralogy of pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, Tetralogy of
Fallot overriding aorta Fallot

Ménière's Ménière's
vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating low frequency hearing loss, aural fullness
disease disease
{zoonotic tetrad || scrub typhus, chiggers, rodents and birds, scrub vegetation|}

Pentads
Name Pentad Disease

Remembered by the mnemonic "FAT RN" (or alternatively

Thrombotic
"ART FaN"); Fever, Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic
Pentad of TTP thrombocytopenic
anemia), Thrombocytopenia, Renal failure, Neurologic
purpura
disturbances

Omphalocele, Anterior diaphragmatic hernia, Sternal cleft, Thoracoabdominal

Pentalogy of Cantrell
Ectopia cordis, Intracardiac defect. syndrome

Fallot's tetralogy with a patent foramen ovale or Atrial

Pentalogy of Fallot
septal defect.

Pentad of Primary "Stones", "Bones", "Abdominal groans", "Thrones", Primary

hyperparathyroidism "Psychiatric overtones" hyperparathyroidism

Right Upper Quadrant Abdominal pain, Fever, Jaundice, Acute suppurative

Reynold's Pentad
Shock and Depression of central nervous system function cholangitis

See also
Medical eponyms
Pathognomonic
List of eponymously named medical signs

References
1. Wallenstein, Matthew B.; McKhann, Guy M. (July 2010). "Salomón Hakim and the discovery
of normal-pressure hydrocephalus". Neurosurgery. 67 (1): 155–159, discussion 159.
doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000370058.12120.0e (https://doi.org/10.1227%2F01.neu.0000370058.
12120.0e). ISSN 1524-4040 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1524-4040). PMID 20568668 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20568668).

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