Lesson 2:

Relational Algebra

2
Learning points
1. Introduction to relational algebra
2. Set operators
3. Relational operators: Projection, Selection, Rename, Join
4. Common extensions

3
Learning objectives
• Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to:
• Understand relational algebra operators
• Write relational algebraic expressions

4
Keywords and descriptions
Keyword Description

Is data representation format as a table of values, each row in the table represents a collection
Relational data model
of related data values

Set Is collection of Object

Is a special token that represent computations

Expression Is a expression built up from operators and operands

5
Database Schema
student(student_id, first_name, last_name, dob, gender, address, note, clazz_id)
clazz(clazz_id, name, lecturer_id, monitor_id)
subject(subject_id, name, credit, percentage_final_exam)
enrollment(student_id, subject_id, semester, midterm_score, final_score)
lecturer(lecturer_id, first_name, last_name, dob, gender, address, email)
teaching(subject_id, lecturer_id)
grade(code, from_score, to_score)

6
Database
student
clazz
student_id first_name last_name dob … clazz_id
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20160001 Ngọc An Bùi 3/18/1987 …
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20160002 Anh Hoàng 5/20/1987 … 20162101
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
20160003 Thu Hồng Trần 6/6/1987 … 20162101
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 5/20/1987 … 20162101
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 … 20172201

enrollment
subject
midterm_ final_
percentage_ student_id subject_id semester
subject_id name credit score score
final_exam
20160001 IT1110 20171 9 8.5
IT1110 Tin học đại cương 4 60
20160001 IT3080 20172 8
IT3080 Mạng máy tính 3 70
20160001 IT3090 20172 6 9
IT3090 Cơ sở dữ liệu 3 70
20160001 IT4857 20172 7.5 9
IT4857 Thị giác máy tính 3 60
20160001 IT4866 20172 7 9
IT4866 Học máy 2 70
20160002 IT3080 20172 9
20160003 IT1110 20171 7 6
20160004 IT1110 20171 6 5

7
1. Introduction to relational algebra
• Relational algebra providing a theoretical foundation
for relational databases, particularly query languages for
relational databases.
• Relational algebra expression is composed of one or several
relational algebraic operators:
• Operator: represent computations
• Input: one or two relation
• Output: a relation
• Unary operator (one input) vs. binary operator (two inputs)

8
2. Set operators
2.1. Union
2.2. Intersection
2.3. Difference
2.4. Cartesian product

9
2.1. Union
• Combining the tuples from two union-compatible relation inputs
(having the same set of attributes).

R1
R1  R2 R2


result
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001

10
2.2. Intersection
• Keeping only common tuples from 2 input union-compatible
relations.

 R1
R1 R2 R2


result
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20162101 CNTT1.02-K61
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001

11
2.3. Difference
• Containing tuples occurred in the first relation but not in the
second.

R
R1 \ R2 R2
clazz
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61 \
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62 result
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001

12
2.4. Cartesian Product
• The concatenation of every tuple of one relation with every tuple
of the other relation.

a x
a y
a
x b x
b

X y b y
c
d c x
c y
d x
d y

13
3. Relational algebra operators
3.1. Selection
3.2. Projection
3.3. Rename
3.4. Join
3.5. Division

14
3.1. Selection
• Choose from R each tuple where the condition holds.

  condition  (R )
R1
R2 R2
R3 R3
R4
clazz
clazz_id
20162101
name
CNTT1.01-K61
lecturer_id
02001
monitor_id
20160003
lecturer_id != null (clazz)
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001 result
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62 clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001

15
3.2. Projection
• Choose some attributes.

 A1, A 2 ,... (R)

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C2 C5

clazz
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id clazz_id, name (clazz)
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001 result
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62 clazz_id name
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62

16
3.3. Rename
• Result is identical to R except that the b attribute in all tuples is
renamed to an a attribute.

a|b(R)
clazz
clazz_id
20162101
name
CNTT1.01-K61
lecturer_id
02001
monitor_id
20160003
name of class | name(clazz)
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
clazz
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
clazz_id Name of class lecturer_id monitor_id
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62

17
3.4. Join
• Combine attributes from 2 tables.

R1   join _ condition  R 2

a r r x a r xr x
b r s y b r xr x
c v t z

18
3.4. Join
Student clazz
student
student_id first_name last_name … clazz_id
20160001 Ngọc An Bùi
20160002 Anh Hoàng 20162101
20160003 Thu Hồng Trần 20162101
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 20162101 result
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 20172201 student_id first_name last_name name
20160002 Anh Hoàng CNTT1.01-K61
clazz 20160003 Thu Hồng Trần CNTT1.01-K61
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id 20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn CNTT1.01-K61
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003 20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn CNTT2.01-K62
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62

19
3.5. Division
• Divides a dividend relation R1 or degree m+n by a divisor
relation R2 of degree n, and produces a quotient relation of
degree m.

a x
a y
a
b
z
x
: x
z
a

c y

20
An example
• List student_id who enroll in all subjects.

enrollment
midterm_ final_
student_id subject_id semester subject
score score
20160001 IT1110 20171 9 8.5 percentage_
subject_id name credit
final_exam
20160001 IT3080 20172 8
IT1110 Tin học đại cương 4 60
20160001 IT3090 20172 6 9
IT3080 Mạng máy tính 3 70
20160001 IT4857 20172 7.5 9
IT3090 Cơ sở dữ liệu 3 70
20160001 IT4866 20172 7 9
IT4857 Thị giác máy tính 3 60
20160002 IT3080 20172 9
IT4866 Học máy 2 70
20160003 IT1110 20171 7 6
20160004 IT1110 20171 6 5

21
An example
• List student_id who enroll in all subjects.

enrollment
midterm_ final_
student_id subject_id semester subject
score score
20160001 IT1110 20171 9 8.5 percentage_
subject_id name credit
final_exam
20160001 IT3080 20172 8
IT1110 Tin học đại cương 4 60
20160001 IT3090 20172 6 9
IT3080 Mạng máy tính 3 70
20160001 IT4857 20172 7.5 9
IT3090 Cơ sở dữ liệu 3 70
20160001 IT4866 20172 7 9
IT4857 Thị giác máy tính 3 60
20160002 IT3080 20172 9
IT4866 Học máy 2 70
20160003 IT1110 20171 7 6
20160004 IT1110 20171 6 5

student_id, subject_id (enrollement) subject_id (subject)

22
An example
• List student_id who enroll in all subjects.

enrollment
midterm_ final_
student_id subject_id semester subject
score score
20160001 IT1110 20171 9 8.5 subject_id percentage_
name credit Result
final_exam
20160001 IT3080 20172 8
20160001
20160001
IT3090
IT4857
20172
20172
: 6
7.5
9
9
IT1110
IT3080
Tin học đại cương
Mạng máy tính
4
3
60
70
student_id

20160001
IT3090 Cơ sở dữ liệu 3 70
20160001 IT4866 20172 7 9
IT4857 Thị giác máy tính 3 60
20160002 IT3080 20172 9
IT4866 Học máy 2 70
20160003 IT1110 20171 7 6
20160004 IT1110 20171 6 5

(student_id, subject_id (enrollement)) : (subject_id (subject))

23
4. Common extension
4.1. Natural join
4.2. Outer join
4.3. Aggregation

24
4.1. Natural join
• Special join operation with equal join condition on their common
attributes, noted *

student clazz
student_id first_name last_name dob … clazz_id clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20160001 Ngọc An Bùi 3/18/1987 … 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20160002 Anh Hoàng 5/20/1987 … 20162101 20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
20160003 Thu Hồng Trần 6/6/1987 … 20162101 20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 5/20/1987 … 20162101 20172202 CNTT2.02-K62
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 … 20172201

results
student_id first_name last_name dob … clazz_id Name lecturer_id Monitor_id
20160002 Anh Hoàng 5/20/1987 … 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20160003 Thu Hồng Trần 6/6/1987 … 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 5/20/1987 … 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 … 20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001

25
4.2. Outer join
• Left Outer join

a r r x a r x
b r s y b r x
c v t z c v null

• Right Outer join

a r r x a r x
b r s y b r x
c v t z null s y
null t z

26
4.2. Outer join
• Example of left-outer join: List all students and class
information if any
student clazz
student_id first_name last_name dob … clazz_id clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20160001 Ngọc An Bùi 3/18/1987 … 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20160002 Anh Hoàng 5/20/1987 … 20162101 20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
20160003 Thu Hồng Trần 6/6/1987 … 20162101 20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 5/20/1987 … 20162101 20172202 CNTT2.02-K62
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 … 20172201

results
student_id first_name last_name dob … clazz_id Name lecturer_id Monitor_id
20160001 Ngọc An Bùi 3/18/1987
20160002 Anh Hoàng 5/20/1987 … 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20160003 Thu Hồng Trần 6/6/1987 … 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 5/20/1987 … 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 … 20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001

27
4.3. Aggregation
• Aggregation

G1, G2, … Gn G F1(A1), F2(A2),….Fn(An) (R)

• G1, G2, … Gn is a list of attributes on which to group F1 (A1), F2

28
4.3. Aggregation
• Example of Aggregation

Gstudent_id Gcount(subject_id) (enrollment )

enrollment
midterm_ final_ results
student_id subject_id semester
score score
20160001 IT1110 20171 9 8.5 student_id count(subject_id)
20160001 IT3080 20172 8 20160001 5
20160001 IT3090 20172 6 9 20160002 1
20160001 IT4857 20172 7.5 9 20160003 1
20160001 IT4866 20172 7 9 20160004 1
20160002 IT3080 20172 9
20160003 IT1110 20171 7 6
20160004 IT1110 20171 6 5

29
4.3. Aggregation
• Example of Aggregation

G count(student_id) (student )

student
student_id first_name last_name dob … clazz_id value not a relation
20160001 Ngọc An Bùi 3/18/1987 …
20160002
20160003
Anh
Thu Hồng
Hoàng
Trần
5/20/1987
6/6/1987
…
…
20162101
20162101
5
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 5/20/1987 … 20162101
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 … 20172201

30
Summary
• Introduction to relational algrebra
• Procedural langue
• Set operators
• Union, intersection, difference
• Relational operators
• Projection, Selection, Rename, Join
• Common extensions
• Natural join, Outer join, Aggregation

31
Thank you for
your attentions!

32