TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Session : 2023-2024 Submitted by : Submitted to : Name : YASHIDIXIT Mr. Sujeet Kumar Dwivedi Class: XII-A Roll No :CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this "Physics Investigatory Project" on the topic "TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION" has been successfully completed by YASHI DIXIT class XII under the guidance of MR SUJEET DWIVEDI in particular fulfillment of the curriculum of Central Board Of Secondary Education[CBSE] leading to the award of annual examination of the year 2023-2024. INTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL EXAMINERENT In the accomplishment of this project successfully many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time Uam utilizing to thanks all the people who have concerned with phusics project... Primarily | would thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then | would like to thank my principal MRS MANISHA SONI and physics teacher MR SUJEET DWIVEDI whose valuable guidance has been ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of this project... Then | would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of this project.. Last but not the least | would like to thank all my classmates who helped me a lot.....8 Certificate nm Acknowledgement nt Index 3 Aim of Project 5 Introduction 2 Theory 4 Critical Angle 2 Conditions for Total Internal Reflection 4 Relation between Refractive Index and Critical Angle x Applications of Total Internal Reflection 5 Total Internal Reflection in Diamond 8 Totally Reflecting Prism 5 Examples in Everyday Life 5 Optical Fibres 0 Uses of Optical Fibres nm Mirage 5 BibliographyThe aim of my project is TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTIONINTR TION TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Is the phenomenon which occurs when the light rays travel from a more optically denser medium to a less optically denser medium. Ce | A ray of light passes from a medium of water to that of air. Light ray will be refracted at the junction separating the two media. Since it passes from a medium of a higher refractive index to that having a lower refractive index, the refracted light ray bends away from the normal. At a specific angle of incidence, the incident ray of light is refracted in such a way that it passes along the surface of the water. This particular angle of incidence is called the critical angle. Here the angle of refraction is 90 degrees. When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the incident ray is reflected back to the medium. We call this phenomenon total internal } reflectionRefracted rays The total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser medium to a less dense medium .As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also goes on increasing, till for a certain angle of incidence C, called the critical angle. When angle of incidence is greater than critical angle then total internal reflection takes place. And the angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle. The phenomenon of total internal reflection has a wide application in optical devices such as telescopes, binoculars, periscopes, etc. The formula for total internal reflection is stated as: n1/n2 = sin 61/ sin 62 where, 81 is the angle of incidence, 62 is the angle of refraction, n1 is the denser medium, & n2 is the rarer medium.The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs. The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90° is called critical angle of the denser medium and is denoted by ic. critical angle mi sin @, = nz sin 02 my, sinic sinicCONDITIONS FOR TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 1. Light must travel from an optically denser to an optically rarer medium. 2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle for the two media. RELATION BETWEEN CRITICAL AND REFRACTIVE INDEX. From Snell's Law sin sin r when i = ic , r = 90° . Therefore sin i 1 or sin90° ‘yp sir If the rarer medium is air , then u1 =1 and u2 = u 1 sin i, Thus the refractive index of any medium is equal to the reciprocal of sine of its critical angle.APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL INTER R ‘Total internal reflection is the operating function of optical fibres which are used in telecommunications and endoscope. «It is the operating principle of automotive rain sensors which automatically control the windshield wipers. Optical fingerprints devices use frustrated total internal reflection in order to record an image of a person's fingerprints without the use of ink. +Prismatic binoculars use the principle of total internal reflection to get a very clear image. Another application of the total internal reflection is spatial filtering of light.} Cita ang { <> From "From glass to air the critical angl to air the critical angle is about 42° but it uaries from one medium to another. The material that gives the smallest critical angle is diamond. That is why they sparkle so much! Rays of light can easily be made to ‘bounce around inside them' by careful cutting of the stone and the refraction at the surfaces splits the light into a spectrum of colours! Relatively speaking, the critical angle 24.4° for the diamond-air boundary is extremely small. This property of the diamond-air boundary plays an important role in the brilliance of a diamond gemstone. Having a small critical angle, light has the tendency to become "trapped" inside of a diamond once it enters. Most rays approach the diamond at angles of incidence greater than the critical angle (as it is so small) so a light ray will typically undergo TIR several times before finally refracting out of the diamond. This gives diamond a tendency to sparkle. The effect can be enhanced by the cutting of a diamond gemstone with a ‘strategically’ planned shape.A prism having one of the angles as between two refracting surfaces and the other two angles as is called a total reflecting prism, because the light rays that are incident normally on any of its faces, will suffer total internal reflection inside the prism. @A total reflecting prism is defined as a prism with an angle of 90° between its two refracting surfaces and the other two angles each equal to 45°. @When light is incident normally on any of the prism's faces, it suffers total internal reflection within the prism. Actions of production of totally reflecting prism are: ‘To deviate a light ray by 90°. Deviate a light ray through 180°. -Erect the inverted image without causing 7 deviation in its path.Total internal reflection can be observed while swimming, when one opens one's eyes just under the water's surface. If the water is calm, its surface appears mirror-like. One can demonstrate total internal reflection by filling a sink or bath with water, taking a glass tumbler, and placing it upside-down over the plug hole (with the tumbler completely filled with water). While water remains both in the upturned tumbler and in the sink surrounding it, the plug hole and plug are visible since the angle of refraction between glass and water is not greater than the critical angle. If the drain is opened and the tumbler is kept in position over the hole, the water in the tumbler drains out leaving the glass filled with air, and this then acts as the plug. Viewing this from above, the tumbler now appears mirrored because light reflects off the air/glass interface. This is different phenomenon from reflection and refraction. Reflection occurs when light goes back in same medium. Refraction occurs when light travels from different mediums. Here both are not happening. This is due to both and a mixture of both. Another common example of total internal reflection is a critically cut diamond. This is what gives it maximum spark. This is how a turtle experience TIR from inside water/seaCladding Optical fibre is a hair-like flexible and transparent fibre which is used for the transmission of data signals over large distances with a higher speed. Hence optical fibre is used to provide the service of internet, telephone and television etc. Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. The optical fibre is made of various glass and plastic materials. Basically the optical fibre is consist of the following components - Core - Core is a thin glass tube situated at the centre of the fibre. This is the place where the light is transmitted. Cladding - The core is surrounded by a layer which has a lower refractive index, known as cladding. During the single transmission it is responsible for reflecting the signal back to the core. Plastic coating - It is provided at the outer surface as structural cladding to protect the internal component of the fibre.OPTICAL FIBR. Medical industry - As optical fibre is very thin and flexible so it is used to view the internal part of the body. It is also used to transmit light on the interior during surgeries. Optical fibre is helpful in the dentistry application also. Communication - Optical fibre is mainly used for telecommunication purposes. Compared to the copper wires, it transmits the signal more accurately and with greater speed. As optical fibre is made of plastic and glass, it is light in weight and more flexible hence easy to handle. Defence - As we all know, in defence the security of data is more important. The optical fibre is best for this as it reduces the risk of data leakage to unwanted entities. Intemet - As the optical fibre can carry large amounts of data with very high speed so it can be used in providing the internet. Computer networking - If we use optical fibre to connect the different computers in the same building, the communication between them is greatly enhanced. Automobile industry - The modern automobile vehicle has different parts and it is controlled by ECU. There is a need to establish a fast communication system between them. The optical fibre is best suited for this purpose. It increases the safety and security of the vehicle. ® Lighting and decoration - As the optical fibre is made of transparent materials so it can also lighten the area. Because ® of this it is widely used for decoration purposes.Hot surace When light ray passes through denser to rarer media, on increasing the angle of incidence, the light ray bends in the same media after certain angle of incidence, this phenomenon of reflection is known as Total internal reflection and therefore is it considered as one of the optical illusion, know as mirage. It occurs due to atmospheric refraction. Example - As on a fine sunny day as we move on the road, We felt like water spillage over the surface of road, this is basically mirage, technically speaking, It is Total internal reflection.= Wikipedia.com = www.youtube.com = Goggle search engine = Ncert Physics of class XII = SL Arora of Physics for class XII