SET THEORY: Types of Functions,

LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: DOMAIN & RANGE of ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION 

Determine the domain & range of each function.
1. f(x) = |x + 5|
Domain: {x:x is any real number} or Domain: (–,)

Range: {y:y > 0} or Range: [0, )

2. f(x) = 2|–4x + 5| – 4
Domain: {x:x is any real number} or Domain: (–,)

Range: {y:y > –4} or Range: [–4, )

3. f(x) = – |7x + 1| + ½
Domain: {x:x  R} or Domain: (–,)

Range: {y:y < 1/2 } or Range: (–, ½]

4. f(x) = |–x – 8| + 5
Domain: {x:x  R } or Domain: (–,)

Range: {y:y > 5 } or Range: [5, )

5. f(x) = –3 |3x + 11| – 1

Domain: {x:x  R } or Domain: (–,)

Range: {y:y < –1 } or Range: (–1, ]

11. SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION is function which is neither even nor odd and is increasing at
interval (0, )
REMEMBER…
1. The intercept of its graph is at (0, 0)
2. Its domain and range are the set of non – negative real numbers
3. In general, a square root function is of the form f(x) =  g(x) where g(x) is a polynomial

Determine the domain & range of each function.

1. f(x) = 3x – 2 2. f(x) = – x + ¾
Solve for x: Solve for x:
3x – 2 3x = 2 x+¾ x = –¾
x = 2/3
Domain: {x:x > 2/3} Domain: {x:x > –¾}
Range: {y:y > 0} or Range: [0, ) Range: {y:y < 0} or Range: (–, 0]
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: DOMAIN & RANGE of SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION 

Determine the domain & range of each function.
3. f(x) = – 6 – 7x 4. f(x) = –x – 3
Solve for x: Solve for x:
6 – 7x 7x = 6 –x – 3 x=–3
x = 7/6
Domain: {x:x < 2/3} Domain: {x:x < –3}
Range: {y:y < 0} or Range: (–, 0] Range: {y:y > 0} or Range: [0, )

12. RATIONAL FUNCTION is a function of the form f(x) = p(x), where p(x) and q(x) are
polynomials in x q(x)
REMEMBER…
1. The domain of a rational function consists of the values of x for which the denominator is
not equal to zero [q(x) ≠ 0]
2. For rational function in lowest terms, the zeros, if any, of the numerator are the
intercepts of the graph the function
3. ASYMPTOTE of a GRAPH is a line to which the graph becomes arbitrarily close as /x/
or /y/ increases without no bound
4. Asymptotes of Rational Functions
A rational function has at most one horizontal or oblique asymptote, and possibly many
vertical asymptotes.
Vertical asymptotes occur only when the denominator is zero. In other words, vertical
asymptotes occur at singularities, or points at which the rational function is not defined.
Vertical asymptotes only occur at singularities when the associated linear factor in the
denominator remains after cancellation.

 HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE

o the vertical asymptote, if any, of a rational function are found by factoring the
denominator q(x) and setting each factor equal to zero
 Suppose x – a is a factor of the denominator and x – a = 0, then x = a, which means that
the line x = a is a vertical asymptote.
 To find the horizontal asymptote, one need to find the behavior of the function as the
values of x becomes smaller or larger
 If a rational function is proper, i. e. the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of
the denominator, then the values of the function approaches zero, consequently, the line
y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote
 If a rational function is improper, use the long division to write a rational function as the
sum of a polynomial f(x) plus a proper rational function r(x) that is, f(x) = p(x) = f(x) + r(x)
q(x)
where f(x) is a polynomial and r(x) is a proper rational function

Domain: {x:x ≠ 0}

Range: {y:y ≠ 0}
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: RATIONAL FUNCTION 

REMEMBER:
Existence of horizontal asymptote depends on the degree of polynomial in the numerator ( n)
and degree of polynomial in the denominator (m). There are three possible cases:

1. If n > m, then there is no horizontal asymptote (However, if n = m + 1, then there exists a

slant asymptote).
f(x) = x2 – x – 6 There is NO horizontal asymptote but
x–3 there is a slant asymptote

2. If n < m, then the x–axis is a horizontal asymptote (that is, the line y = 0 is a horizontal
asymptote)
f(x) = x + 1__ The horizontal asymptote is at y = 0.
x2 + x – 2

3. If n = m, then a horizontal asymptote exists, and the equation is: y = Coefficient of

highest power term in numerator (that is, the line y = an/bn is a horizontal asymptote)
f(x) = x + 4 The horizontal asymptote is y = 1.
x–4

4. When the numerator of a rational function has degree exactly one greater than the
denominator, the function has an oblique (slant) asymptote. The asymptote is the
polynomial term after dividing the numerator and denominator, and is a linear
expression.

TRY THESE…
Determine the asymptote (if there is any) of each function below:

1. f(x) = 6x2 – 3x + 4 Since n = m (both on the 2 nd degree), then the asymptote is

2x2 – 8 at y = 6/2 = 3 (HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE). y=3

2. f(x) = x2 – 9_ Since n > m, then there is NO horizontal asymptote.

x + 10 There is an oblique/slant asymptote.

3. f(x) = x – 12___ Since n < m, then the horizontal asymptote is at y = 0.

2x3 + 5x – 3

4. f(x) = 5x3___
x – 4x + 2
2

5. f(x) = 3x2 – x + 12
2x2 – 6x + 7

6. f(x) = 7x – 2
x+3

7. f(x) = 4x – 7_
6x2 – 5

8. f(x) = 8x2 – 5x + 1
4x2 – 3
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: SKETCHING the GRAPH of a RATIONAL FUNCTION 

Sketch the graph of each function and determine its asymptote, if there is any.

EXAMPLE 1. f(x) = 3x + 6
x–1
So, we’ll start graph off with the intercepts.
The y–intercept is f(0) = 3(0) + 6 = –6 (0, –6)
0–1
The x–intercept is 3x + 6 = 0
3x = –6
x = –2 (–2, 0)

Now, we need to determine the asymptotes. Let’s first find the vertical asymptotes.
x–1=0 x=1

So, we’ve got one vertical asymptote. This means that there are now two regions of x’s.
They are x < 1 and x > 1.

Now, the largest exponent in the numerator and denominator is 1 and so by the fact that there
will be a horizontal asymptote at the line y = 3/1 = 3

Now, we just need points in each region of x’s. Since they y–intercept and x–intercept are
already in the left region, we won’t need to get any points there. That means that we need to get
a point in the right region. It doesn’t really matter what value of x we pick here, we just need to
keep it fairly small so it will fit onto our graph.
f(2) = 3(2) + 6 = 12 (2, 12)
2–1

Putting all these together gives the following graph:

Note that the asymptotes are shown as dotted lines (BLUE LINES).
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: SKETCHING the GRAPH of a RATIONAL FUNCTION 

Sketch the graph of each function and determine its asymptote, if there is any.
EXAMPLE 2: f(x) = 9__
x2 – 9

We need to find the intercepts:

y–intercept: f(0) = 9__ = –1 (0, –1)
0–9
x–intercept: The numerator is a constant, so there won’t be any x–
intercepts since the function can never be zero.

We need to find the vertical asymptote:

x2 – 9 = x = +3

So, in this case, we will have 3 regions to our graph,

1. x < –3
2. –3 < x < x
3. x > 3

Also, the largest exponent in the denominator is 2 and since there are no x’s in the numerator,
the largest exponent is 0. So, the x–axis will be the horizontal asymptote.

We now need to find points. We use the following points:

f(–4) = 9/7 (–4, 9/7)
9
f(–2) = – /5 (–2, 9/5)
f(2) = – /5
9
(2, –9/5)
9
f(4) = /7 (4, 9/7)

Notice that along with the y–intercept, we actually have 3 points in the middle region. This is
because there a couple of possible behaviors in this region and we will need to determine the
actual behavior.

Here is the graph:

 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: SKETCHING the GRAPH of a RATIONAL FUNCTION 

Sketch the graph of each function and determine its asymptote, if there is any.
EXAMPLE 3: f(x) = x2 – 4_
x2 – 4x

We need to find the intercepts:

y–intercept: There is no y – intercept for this graph since if we let x = 0,
then we get an undefined result.

x–intercept: x2 – 4 = 0 x = +2 So we got 2 x–intercepts.

We must find the vertical asymptote:

x2 – 4x = x(x – 4) x = 0 and x = 4

So we’ve got two again and the 3 regions we’ve got are:
x<0 0<x<4 x>4

Now, the largest exponent on both numerator and denominator is 2, so the horizontal asymptote
on the line is y = 1/1 = 1.

Now, one of the x–intercepts is in the far left region, so we don’t need any points there. The
other x–intercept is in the middle region. So, we need a point in the far right region.
f(1) = 1 (1, 1)
f(3) = –5/3 (3, 5/3)
f(5) = /5
21
(5, 21/5)

So, here is the graph of the function:

Note that this time, the middle region doesn’t have the saw behavior at the asymptote as we
saw in the previous example. This can and will happen fairly often. Sometimes, the behavior of
the two asymptotes will be the same as in the previous example and sometimes it will have the
opposite behavior at each asymptote as we see in this example. Because of this, we will always
need to get a couple of points in these types of regions to determine just what the behavior will
be.
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: DOMAIN & RANGE of a RATIONAL FUNCTION 

Find the DOMAIN & RANGE of each function.
EXAMPLE 1. f(x) = 2x + 5_
x–6
Solutions:
Solving for x
y = 2x + 5
x–6 Let x–6=0
x=6 DOMAIN = {x:x ≠ 6}
Solving for f(x):
y = 2x + 5
x–6
2x + 5 = y(x – 6) Determine f(x) using cross multiplication

2x + 5 = xy – 6y
2x – xy + 5 = – 6y Transposition and combining similar terms
2x –xy = – 6y – 5 Removing common factor
x(2 – y) = –6y –5
x= –6y – 5___ Dividing both sides by (–y + 4)
2–y
Solving for y:
2 –y
y=2 RANGE = {y:y ≠ 2}

EXAMPLE 2: f(x) = 7___

2 – 1/5x

Solve for x: 2 – 1/5x = 0

1
/5x = 2
x = 10 DOMAIN = {x:x ≠ 10}

Find f(x):
y= 7___
2 – 1/5x
7 = 2y – 1/5xy
1
/5xy = 2y – 7
x = 2y – 7
1
/5y
1
Solve for y: /5y = 0
y=0 RANGE = {y:y ≠ 0}
TRY THESE…Determine the Range and the Domain
1. f(x) = 4__ 2. f(x) = x + 5
x+3 7 – 2x
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

13. CUBIC FUNCTION is an odd function and increasing on the interval (,)
NOTE: Its domain and range are the set of all real numbers and the intercept of its graph is at (0, 0)
f(x) = x3 DOMAIN: {x/x is a real number} RANGE: {y/y is a real number}
The "basic" cubic function, f(x) = x3, is graphed below.

The function of the coefficient a in the general equation is to make the graph "wider" or
"skinnier", or to reflect it (if negative):

The constant d in the equation is the y -intercept of the graph.

A cubic function may have one, two or three x–intercepts, corresponding to the real roots of the
related cubic equation.
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: CUBIC FUNCTION

The effects of b and c on the graph are more

complicated. However, if you can factor the right
side of the equation, you can find one or more x-
intercepts, and use these to sketch the graph.
(Some cubic functions, however, cannot be
factored.)

EXAMPLE 1: f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 11x – 6

a. Find y–intercepts of the graph of f.
b. Find all zeros of f and their multiplicity.
c. Find the domain and range of f.
d. Use the y intercept, x intercepts and other properties of the graph of to sketch the graph
of f.
SOLUTIONS:
a. y–intercept: f(0) = 2(0)3 + 3(0)2 – 11(0) – 6 = –6 (0, –6) is the y-intercept
b. zeros of the function:
Since d = 6 then its factors are (1, 2, 3, 6). Use these to find if f(x) = 0.
f(1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 – 11(1) – 6 = –12
f(–1) = 2(–1)3 + 3(–1)2 – 11(–1) – 6 = 6
f(2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 – 11(2) – 6 = 0
Since f(2) = 0, hence x = 2 is the first root. Find the other roots using the Synthetic
Division with x – 2 as divisor.
x–2=0 x=2

2 2 3 –11 –6 2x2 + 7x + 3 Quotient

4 14 6
2 7 3 0

Factors: (x + 2)(2x2 + 7x + 3)
(x + 2)(2x + 1)(x + 3) Factoring (2x2 + 7x + 3)
Hence, the roots of the function are: x = 2, x = –½ and x = –3
c. DOMAIN = {x:x  R} RANGE = {y:y  R}
d.
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: CUBIC FUNCTION

EXAMPLE 2: f(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 2x – 8
a. Find y–intercepts of the graph of f.
b. Find all zeros of f and their multiplicity.
c. Find the domain and range of f.
d. Use the y intercept, x intercepts and other properties of the graph of to sketch the graph
of f.
SOLUTIONS:
a. y-intercept: f(0) = (0)3+ 5(0)2 + 2(0) – 8 = –8 (0, –8) is the y-intercept
b. Since the constant d = 8, hence the factors are (1, 2, 4, 8)
Zeros of the function
f(–1) = (–1)3 + 5(–1)2 + 2(–1) – 8 = –11
f(1) = (1)3 + 5(1)2 + 2(1) – 8 = 0
f(–2) = (–2)3 + 5(–2)2 + 2(–2) – 8 = 0
f(2) = (2)3 + 5(2)2 + 2(2) – 8 = 34
f(–4) = (–4)3 + 5(–4)2 + 2(–4) – 8 = 0 Hence, the zeroes of the function are
f(4) = (4)3 + 5(4)2 + 2(4) – 8 = 144 x = 1, x = –2 and x = –4

c. DOMAIN = {x:x  R} RANGE = {y:y  R}

d. Graph of the function

TRY THESE:
Determine the zeros/roots of the function, the y-intercept and sketch the graph.

1. f(x) = x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 24 2. f(x) = 5x3 − 2x2 + 5x − 2

 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

14. RECIPROCAL FUNCTION is a function which is decreasing on the intervals (, 0) and (0, )
REMEMBER…
 It is an odd function whose domain and range are the set of all non – zero real numbers
 It is a function whose graph has no intercepts
f(x) = 1 DOMAIN: {x  R/x ≠0} RANGE: {y  R/y ≠ 0}
x

Reciprocal Function can also be written as an

exponent: f(x) = x –1

15. POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION is a function of the form f(x) = a nxn + an–1 xn–1 + … + a1x + a0,
where a is real numbers and n are non–negative integers
REMEMBER….
 The domain consists of all real n umbers
 Its graph is both smooth and continuous, such graphs will never contain sharp corners
or gaps; the graph is either above or below the x – axis, thus, the x – intercepts must
either cross the x – axis or touch the x – axis
 In general, if f is a polynomial function and r is a real number for which f(r) = 0, then r is
called a (real) zero of f or root of f. Thus, the real roots of a polynomial function f are the
x – intercepts of its graph. If the same factor x – r occurs more than once, then r is called
a repeated or multiple zero of f.
 Polynomial functions of degree 2 or more have graphs that do not have sharp corners; recall
that these types of graphs are called smooth curves. Polynomial functions also display
graphs that have no breaks. Curves with no breaks are called continuous.
Figure 3.4.13.4.1 shows a graph that represents a polynomial function and a graph that
represents a function that is not a polynomial.
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

DETERMINING the REAL ZEROS of POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS:
There is a straightforward way to determine the possible numbers of positive and negative real
zeros for any polynomial function. If the polynomial is written in descending order, Descartes’
Rule of Signs tells us of a relationship between the number of sign changes f(x) and the
number of positive real zeros.
GENERAL NOTE: DESCARTES’ RULE of SIGNS

According to Descartes Rule of Signs, if we let f(x) = a nxn + an – 1xn – 1 + . . . + a1x + a0 be a

Use the Descartes’
polynomial functionRule
withofreal
Signs to determine the possible numbers of positive and negative
coefficients:
real zeros for: number of positive real zeros is either equal to the number of sign changes of
1. The
f(x) or less than the number of changes by an even integer.
EXAMPLE2. The1: f(x) = –x4of– negative
number 3x3 + 6x2 – 4xzeros
real – 12 is either equal to the number of sign changes of
f(−x) or is less than the number of sign changes by an even integer.
a. FOR POSITIVE ROOTS f(x): Since there are 2 sign changes, hence, there are either
2 or 0 positive roots.

b. FOR NEGATIVE ROOTS f(–x): Since there are 2 sign changes, hence there are
either 2 or 0 negative roots.
f(–x) = –(–x) 4 – 3(–x)3+ 6(–x)2 – 4(–x) – 12
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
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CONTINUATION: POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

DETERMINING the REAL ZEROS of POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS:
EXAMPLE 2: f(x) = 2x4 – 10x3 + 11x2 – 15x + 12
a. FOR POSITIVE ROOTS f(x): Since there are 4 sign changes, hence, there are either
4 or 0 positive roots.

b. FOR NEGATIVE ROOTS f(–x): Since there is only 1 sign change, hence there is
only 1 negative root.
f(–x) = 2 (–x) 4 – 10(–x)3+ 11(–x)2 – 15(–x) + 12
f(–x) = –2x4 + 10x3 + 11x2 + 15x + 12
EXAMPLE 3: f(x) = x5 + 4x4 – 3x2 + x – 6
a. FOR POSITIVE ROOTS f(x): Since there are 3 sign changes, hence, there are either
3 or 1 positive roots.

b. FOR NEGATIVE ROOTS f(–x): Since there are 2 sign changes, hence there are
either 2 or 0 negative roots.
f(–x) = (–x) 5 + 4(–x)4 – 3(–x)2 + (–x) – 6 f(–x) = –x5 + 4x4 – 3x2 – x – 6
SOLVING for the ROOTS POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

HOW to FIND/SOLVE the ZEROS/ROOTS of a POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION f, USING

SYNTHETIC DIVISION.
1. Use the Rational Zero Theorem to list all possible rational zeros of the function.
2. Use synthetic division to evaluate a given possible zero by synthetically dividing the
candidate into the polynomial. If the remainder is 0, the candidate is a zero. If the
remainder is not zero, discard the candidate. (You can also use the Remainder the
Theorem & Factor Theorem)
3. Repeat step two using the quotient found with synthetic division. If possible, continue
until the quotient is a quadratic.
4. Find the zeros of the quadratic function. Two possible methods for solving quadratics
are factoring
Factor Theorem and
states using
that if f(c)the
= 0,quadratic
the, x – c formula.
is a factor of f(x). Conversely, if x – c is a factor of f(x),
then f(c) = 0
Remainder Theorem states that if a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – c, then the remainder is f(c)
defined by f(c) = R
Find all the rational zeros of each polynomial function:
EXAMPLE 1: f(x) = 2x4 + x3 – 19x2 – 9x + 9
Factors of 2 are (1, 2) Factors of 9 are (1, 3, 9)
4 3 2
f(–1) = 2(–1) + (–1) – 19(–1) – 9(–1) + 9 = 0
Since f(–1) = 0, then x + 1 is a factor of the given function.
(2x4 + x3 – 19x2 – 9x + 9)  (x + 1)
Using Synthetic Division

–1 2 1 –19 –9 9
–2 1 18 –9
2 –1 –18 9 0

First simplified form: (x + 1)(2x3 – x2 – 18x + 9x)

 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

SOLVING for the ROOTS POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
(x + 1)(2x3 – x2 – 18x + 9x)
f(–3) = 2(–3)4 + (–3)3 – 19(–3)2 – 9(–3) + 9 = 0
Since f(–3) = 0, then x + 3 is a factor of the given function.

–3 2 –1 –18 9
–6 21 –9
2 –7 3 0
Second Simplified form: (x + 1)(x + 3)(2x2 – 7x + 3)
Final Factors: (x + 1)(x + 3)(2x – 1)(x – 3)
Hence the roots of the polynomial function f(x) = 2x4 + x3 – 19x2 – 9x + 9 are:
x = –1, x = –3, x + 3 and x = ½

REMEMBER…
 Use only as divisors factors that will give you zero as the remainder.
 An expression is a factor of a function when the function is divided by
expression, the remainder is 0.

EXAMPLE 2: f(x) = x7 + 10x6 + 27x5 − 57x3 − 30x2 + 29x + 20

Factors of 20 are (1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20)

f(–4) = (–4)7 + 10(–4)6 + 27(–4)5 – 57(–4)3 – 30(–4)2 + 29(–4) + 20 = 0

Since f(–4) = 0, then x + 4 is a factor of the given function

–4 1 10 27 0 –57 –30 29 20
–4 –24 –12 48 36 –24 –20
1 6 3 –12 –9 6 5 0
(x + 4)(x6 + 6x5 + 3x4 – 12x3 – 9x2 + 6x + 5)

f(–5) = (–5)7 + 10(–5)6 + 27(–5)5 – 57(–5)3 – 30(–5)2 + 29(–5) + 20 = 0

Since f(–5) = 0, then x + 5 is a factor of the given function

–5 1 6 3 –12 –9 6 5
–5 –5 10 10 –5 –5
1 1 –2 –2 1 1 0
5 4 3 2
(x + 4)(x + 5)(x + x  – 2x  – 2x + x + 1)

f(–1) = (–1)5 + (–1)4 – 2(–1)3 – 2(–1)2 + (–1) + 1 = 0

–1 1 1 –2 –2 1 1
–1 0 2 0 –1
1 0 –2 0 1 0

(x + 4)(x + 5)(x + 1)(x4 – 2x2 + 1)

 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

SOLVING for the ROOTS POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
(x + 4)(x + 5)(x + 1)(x4 –2x2 + 1)

f(–1) = (–1)4 – 2(–1)2 + 1 = 0

–1 1 0 –2 0 1
–1 1 1 –1
1 –1 –1 1 0
(x + 4)(x + 5)(x + 1)(x + 1)(x – 1)(x – x2 – x + 1)
3

f(1) = (1)3 – (1)2 – (1) + 1 = 0

1 1 –1 –1 1
1 0 –1
1 0 –1 0
(x + 4)(x + 5)(x + 1)(x + 1)(x – 1)(x2 – 1)
(x + 4)(x + 5)(x + 1)(x + 1)(x – 1)(x + 1) (x – 1)

Hence, the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = x7 + 10x6 + 27x5 − 57x3 − 30x2 + 29x + 20 are:
x = −4, x = −5, x = −1, x = −1, x = 1, x = −1 and x = 1

16. GREATEST INTEGR FUNCTION: When Greatest Integer acts on a number, the value that
represents the result is the Greatest Integer that less than or equal to the given number. There
are several descriptors in that expression. First of all, you are looking only for an integer.
Secondly, that integer must be less than or equal to the given number. Finally, of all the integers
that satisfy the first two criteria you want the greatest one. The brackets which indicate that this
operation is to be performed is shown as [ ].

EXAMPLE 1: [1.97] = 1 There are many integers less than 1.97: (1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4, …)
Of all of them, 1 is the greatest.

EXAMPLE 2: [−1.9] = −2 There are many integers less than −1.97: (−2, −3, −4, …)
Of all of them, −2 is the greatest.
 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

17. PIECE-WISE FUNCTION is a function that is defined on a sequence of interval. Semicolons

and commas are sometimes used at the end of either the left or the right column, with
particular usage apparently depending on the author. The words "if" and "for" are
sometimes used in the right column, as is "otherwise" for the final (default) case.
In other words:
A piecewise function is a function where more than one formula is used to define the output.
Each formula has its own domain, and the domain of the function is the union of all of these
smaller domains. We notate this idea like this:

f(x) = Formula 1 if x is in domain 1

Formula 2 if x is in domain2
Formula 3 if x is in domain 3
In piecewise notation, the absolute value function is

|x|= x if x > 0
–x if x < 0
For example:

It looks like this:

 SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
LOGIC & SET THEORY Their Graphs

CONTINUATION: PIECE-WISE FUNCTION

Given the function f(x) = 7x + 3 if x < 0evaluate:

7x + 6 if x > 0
1. f(1)
2. f(0)
3. f(2)
SOLUTIONS:

1. f(1) = 7(1) + 3 = 4 f(x) is defined as 7x + 3 for x = 1 since 1 < 0.

4 < 0
2. f(x) is defined as 7x + 6 for x = 0 because 0 > 0
f(0) = 7(0) + 6 = 6 6>0

3. f(x) is defined as 7x + 6 for x = 2 because 2 > 0

f(2) = 7(2) + 6 = 20 20 > 0

18. SIGNUM FUNCTION is an odd mathematical function that extracts the sign of a real
number. (Signum is a Latin word for “sign”)
REMEMBER…
For every real number x, the sign function sgn(x) is defined as:

sgn(x) = 1 if x < 0 For real this can be written as:

0 if x = 0 sgn (x) = x_
GRAPH: 1 if x > 0 /x/

DOMAIN: {x/x is a set of real number}

RANGE: {y/y = 1, 0, 1} or {1, 0, 1}
LOGIC & SET THEORY SET THEORY: Types of Functions,
Their Graphs

WEB LINK

https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functions-common.html
https://www.math24.net/functions-graphs/
https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_Mat_21A
%3A_Differential_Calculus/1%3A_Functions/1.1%3A_Functions_and_Their_Graphs
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cuny-hunter-collegealgebra/chapter/toolkit-functions/
https://www.sparknotes.com/math/algebra2/polynomials/section4/
https://www.softschools.com/math/calculus/
finding_horizontal_asymptotes_of_rational_functions/
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/alg/graphrationalfcns.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYEiF0AEeM0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4L7KxV-G4Fk