Data-Driven Apprehension of Cyber and Physical Anomalies in Distribution System
Data-Driven Apprehension of Cyber and Physical Anomalies in Distribution System
2022 IEEE 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Energy, Signal Processing and Cyber Security (iSSSC) | 978-1-6654-9056-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/iSSSC56467.2022.10051628
$QRPDOLHVLQ'LVWULEXWLRQ6\VWHP
'LY\DQJLQL*\DQL
6RQDO6RXUDY.XPDU6DKX'HERPLWD*KRVK3DQNDM0LVKUD'HHS6KHNKDU$FKDU\D
%LUOD,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\0HVUD5DQFKL%LUOD,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\0HVUD2IIFDPSXV'HRJKDU
$EVWUDFW²7KHPRGHUQL]DWLRQRIWKHSRZHUV\VWHPQHWZRUN KDVQRZJUDGXDOO\VWDUWHGWREHXQLWHGZLWKFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
ZLWK WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI LQWHUQHW RI WKLQJV ,R7 KDV OHG WR WKH V\VWHP FRQYHUWLQJ LW LQWR F\EHU SK\VLFDO SRZHU V\VWHP
WKUHDWRIGDWDEDVHDWWDFNDORQJZLWKWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOSK\VLFDO SRSXODUO\ NQRZQ DV &336 &336 FRPSULVHV UHDO WLPH
DQRPDOLHV VXFK DV /*////*///* IDXOWV ,I WKHVH LQIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH QHWZRUN VWRUHG LQ FORXG GDWDEDVH RU
DEHUUDWLRQVDUHQRWSURSHUO\FODVVLILHGLWPD\OHDGWRLQFRUUHFW
SK\VLFDO VWRUDJHV EXW DUH YXOQHUDEOH WR F\EHUDWWDFN 7KH\
GHFLVLRQV IRU UHVWRUDWLRQ ,Q WKLV SDSHU D EXV V\VWHP DQG
UHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPLVGHYHORSHGLQ V\PEROL]H DV D FULWLFDO FRPSRQHQW RI WKH PRGHUQ HUD DQG
7\SKRRQ+,/UHDOWLPHVLPXODWRUWRFUHDWHD GDWDEDVHIRUDOO KHQFH DUH DW D KLJK WDUJHW RI F\EHUDWWDFN LQ GHYHORSLQJ
SRVVLEOH W\SHV RI DEHUUDWLRQV ZKLFK PD\ H[LVW LQ GLVWULEXWLRQ QDWLRQV>@7KHVPDUWGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPKDVEHHQH[SRVHG
V\VWHP +HWHURJHQHRXVV\QFKURSKDVRUGDWDVHWVREWDLQHGIURP WRVHYHUDODWWDFNVPRUHLQWKHUHFHQWWLPHV+HQFHWKHWKUHDW
WKHUHDOWLPHVLPXODWRUDUHXVHGIRUDQDFFXUDWHDSSUHKHQVLRQ RIF\EHUDWWDFNLVDOVRDPDMRULVVXHLQWKHSUHVHQWGD\DORQJ
RIGDWDLQWRIDXOWVGDWDEDVHDWWDFNDQGKHDOWK\FRQGLWLRQRIWKH ZLWK SK\VLFDO DEHUUDWLRQV ZLWKLQ WKH QHWZRUN >@>@
V\VWHP QHWZRUN 7KH WHVWHG PRGHO LV DOVR FRPSDUHG ZLWK +RZHYHUWKHF\EHUDWWDFNFDQVRPHWLPHVEHPLVLQWHUSUHWHG
H[LVWLQJVXSHUYLVHGPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJWHFKQLTXHVWRYDOLGDWHLWV DVDIDXOWRULWPLJKWEHWUHDWHGDVDQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQ7KXV
HIILFDF\
WKH QHHG RI DFFXUDWH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI SK\VLFDO IDXOWV
.H\ZRUGV²'LVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP LQWHUQHW RI WKLQJV ,R7 GDWDEDVH DWWDFND W\SH XQGHU F\EHUDWWDFN DQG KHDOWK\
V\QFKURSKDVRUGDWDGDWDEDVHDWWDFNSK\VLFDOIDXOWVVXSHUYLVHG QHWZRUN FRQGLWLRQ LV LQHYLWDEOH &RQWLQXRXV PRQLWRULQJ RI
PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ 60/ VLWXDWLRQDO DZDUHQHVV KDUGZDUH LQ V\VWHP UHTXLUHV WLPHVWDPSHG V\QFKURSKDVRUV IRU DQ
ORRS+,/ LPSURYHG 6$ >@ 6\QFKURSKDVRU PHDVXUHPHQWV SHUPLW
LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI UHDO WLPH G\QDPLF SRZHUV\VWHP HYHQWV
$EEUHYLDWLRQVDQG$FURQ\PV +RZHYHU ODUJH YROXPHV RI GDWD DUH FUHDWHG GXH WR ODUJH
PHDVXUHPHQW IUHTXHQF\ >@ 8VLQJ V\QFKURSKDVRU GDWD
ॖ̴Յ 1XPHULFYDOXHRIWKHFODVV XQDLGHG LV QRW VXIILFLHQW WR VSRW DQ\ DQRPDOLHV ZLWKLQ WKH
ሺै͎ ሻటǡక &RQIXVLRQPDWUL[IRUɗURZVDQGߦFRORXPQV QHWZRUN )RU LQVWDQFH F\EHUDWWDFN FDQ LPLWDWH WKH
ॎॖ̴Յ ǡ ृॖ̴Յ 7UXH)DOVHSRVLWLYHUDWHRIPDWUL[IRUFODVVॖ̴Յ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRISK\VLFDOIDXOWSULPDULO\E\LQGXFLQJIDOVH
िॖ̴Յ $FFXUDF\RIFRQIXVLRQRIॖ̴ՅFODVV PHDVXUHPHQWV DQG WKHQ OHDGLQJ WR WULSSLQJ RI UHOD\
Զ ୡ ǡ Թୡ 3RZHUDQG5HDFWDQFHYDULDWLRQLQGH[ 6\QFKURSKDVRU GDWD DORQH FDQQRW GHWHFW VXFK PLPLFU\ >@
ࣣै୍ ǡ ࣰै୍ 5DWHRIFKDQJHRIFXUUHQWDQGYROWDJH +RZHYHU WKLV FUHDWHV D ZD\ LQ ZKLFK KHWHURJHQHRXV GDWD
ऀࣹ ॗࣹ &XUUHQWEHIRUHIDXOWGXULQJIDXOW VRXUFHV FDQ EH IUDPHG DQG XWLOL]HG DV D FODVVLILHU 'XH WR
ଶ ǡ ଵ
ऀࣹ ॗࣹ
ঔଶ ǡ ঔଵ 3UHIDXOW3RVWIDXOWWLPHLQVWDQW SRZHU V\VWHPV G\QDPLF QDWXUH VOLJKW GLVFUHSDQFLHV LQ
ऀࣹ ॗࣹ V\VWHP VWDWH KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG IRU NQRZQ
आଶ ǡ आଵ 9ROWDJHEHIRUHIDXOWǡGXULQJIDXOW
VFHQDULRV0RUHRYHUGDWDVHWVIURPXWLOLWLHV KDYHDOVREHHQ
ǡ ஜ 3RZHU6WDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQDQGPHDQRIWKHV\VWHP REWDLQHGZKLFKFRPSUHKHQGFHUWDLQVFHQDULRV7KLVOHDGVWR
ोॖ̴Յ ǡ ॰ॖ̴Յ 3UHFLVLRQDQGGHWHFWLRQUDWHIRUॖ̴ՅFODVV GDWDVHW RI OLPLWHG GLYHUVLW\ 6RPH UDUH SRZHU V\VWHP
Ըॖ̴Յ ǡ ԋॖ̴Յ 5HFDOODQG)VFRUHRIॖ̴ՅFODVV FRQGLWLRQVH[LVWRQHRIZKLFKLVF\EHUDWWDFN>@+HQFHLWLV
॒ ǡ ॒ஒ 0D[LPXPPLQLPXPUHDFWDQFHRIWKHOLQH QHHGHG WR FRPSUHKHQG WKH UHDOOLIH VFHQDULRV LQ WKH
୧ &KDQJHLQSRZHUGXHWRFKDQJHLQUHDFWDQFH VLPXODWLRQ ZRUOG VR WKDW DFFXUDWH DSSUR[LPDWLRQ DQG LWV
FRUUHFWLYH DFWLRQ FDQ EH GHVLJQHG ,Q >@ UHDOWLPH IDXOW
DQDO\VLV XVLQJ KDUGZDUH LQ ORRS +,/ VLPXODWLRQ LQ
, ,1752'8&7,21 WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQHV XVLQJ WKH SKDVH DQJOHV EHWZHHQ OLQH
3RZHUV\VWHPSRRUYLVLELOLW\OHDGVKHWHURJHQHRXVHYHQWVWR FXUUHQWVLVGHYHORSHG,Q>@WKHVWUDWHJ\IRUGHWHFWLRQDQG
EH PLVLQWHUSUHWHG OHDGLQJ WR D FKDLQ RI FRQWLQJHQFLHV >@ FODVVLILFDWLRQRIV\VWHPSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUVVLPXODWHGGDWD
0RQLWRULQJWKHVHGLVWXUEDQFHVLQWHQGWRLPSURYHVLWXDWLRQDO VHW RI IDXOWV IURP D UHDO WLPH GDWDEDVH DQG DFFRUGLQJO\
DZDUHQHVV 6$ LQ RUGHU WR FRQGHPQ WKH LQDFFXUDWHO\ LPSOHPHQW WULS UHODWHG GHFLVLRQ IRU GXULQJ DV ZHOO DV SRVW
SHUFHLYHG FRQWURO DFWLRQV UHODWHG WR WKHVH FRQWLQJHQFLHV SURWHFWLYH DFWLRQV ,Q >@ FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI SK\VLFDO IDXOW
'LVWXUEDQFHV VXFK DV OLQH IDXOWV LQYROYH IDVW FKDQJLQJ FRQGLWLRQVLQSRZHUV\VWHPXWLOL]DWLRQRILPDJHSURFHVVLQJ
EHKDYLRUZKLFKPD\ODVWIRUYHU\VPDOOWLPH7KHVHHYHQWV GDWDLVGRQHZKHUHDVLQ>@F\EHUDQRPDO\FODVVLILFDWLRQ
PD\ EH LPSURSHUO\ SHUFHLYHG GXH WR VORZ VSHHG KDV EHHQ GRQH H[FOXVLYHO\ +RZHYHU FROOHFWLYHO\ WKH
PHDVXUHPHQW V\VWHPV >@ :LWK WKH JURZWK RI QHZ DJH FODVVLILFDWLRQFRQVLGHULQJERWKF\EHUDQGSK\VLFDOIDXOWFODVV
DGYDQFHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\WUDGLWLRQDOSRZHUJULG LV QRW IRFXVHG 7KH ZRUN >@ SULPDULO\ GHDOV ZLWK IDXOW
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Altinbas Universitesi. Downloaded on April 04,2023 at 17:40:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
FODVVLILFDWLRQ XVLQJ D FRPELQDWLRQ RI DGDERRVW FODVVLILHU RIVXFKKHWHURJHQHRXVVFHQDULRVIDLOVGXHWRWKHH[LVWHQFHRI
ZLWKVXSSRUWYHFWRUPDFKLQH690DOJRULWKP WUDQVLHQW SKHQRPHQD LQ WKH DQDO\]HG PHDVXUHPHQWV
,Q>@H[WUHPHOHDUQLQJPDFKLQH(/0LVXVHGLQUHDOWLPH ,QFRUUHFW FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI D GLVWXUEDQFH OHDGV WR LPSURSHU
VLPXODWLRQ HQYLURQPHQW IRU FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI WKUHH FDVHV FRUUHFWLYH UHVSRQVH ZLWKLQ WKH V\VWHP +HQFH RYHUFRPLQJ
KRZHYHURQO\/*FDVHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGLQIDXOWFDWHJRU\,Q WKLV FKDOOHQJH RI GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ KHWHURJHQHRXV
>@YDULRXVVFHQDULRVKDYHEHHQFUHDWHGZKLFKLQFOXGHIDXOW V\QFKURSKDVRUGDWDIURPPLFURSKDVRUPHDVXUHPHQWXQLWȝ
UHSOD\DWWDFNXVLQJWKH/*IDXOWV$FRPELQDWLRQRI-BULSSHU 308 DSSOLFDEOH WR GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP LV QHHGHG WR
DQG DGDERRVW DOJRULWKPV +RZHYHU WKH GDWD XVHG LQ WKH DFFXUDWHO\GLVFHUQHDFKW\SHRIVFHQDULR)RUGLVWLQJXLVKLQJ
V\VWHPLVQRWUHDOWLPHGDWDDQGKHQFHDFFXUDWHFODVVLILFDWLRQ WKH KXJH V\QFKURSKDVRU GDWDVHW WKH FRQIXVLRQ PDWUL[ LV
FDQ EH GRQH LI UHDO WLPH GDWD LV XVHG )URP DOO WKH DERYH DWWDLQHG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI ZKLFK WUXH SRVLWLYHV 73 IDOVH
GLVFXVVLRQWKHFODVVHVRIIDXOWDQGQRUPDOV\VWHPFRQGLWLRQ SRVLWLYHV)3WUXHQHJDWLYHV71DQGIDOVHQHJDWLYHV)1
JHWVFODVVLILHGKRZHYHUWKHSUREOHPRIGLVWLQJXLVKLQJF\EHU DUH FDOFXODWHG >@ >@ 7KH FODVVLI\LQJ SDUDPHWHUV DV
IDXOWDQGKHDOWK\FDVHVXWLOL]LQJWKHGDWDVHWIURPUHDOWLPH VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH , DUH FDOFXODWHG IURP WKH YDOXHV REWDLQHG
VLPXODWRU ZLWK KLJK SUHFLVLRQ VWLOO UHPDLQV DQ DUHD WR EH IURPFRQIXVLRQ PDWUL[DQGWKHVXSHUYLVHG PRGHOLVWUDLQHG
UHVHDUFKHGLQWR DQG WHVWHG 7KHVH SDUDPHWHUV VKRZ WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG
• 'HYHORSPHQWRIUHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVDQGEXV JUDGLHQWLQWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHWHVWHGUHVXOWV
GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP IRU VWXG\ RI F\EHU DQG SK\VLFDO 7KH SURSRVHG IORZFKDUW DV LQ )LJ VKRZV WKH SURFHVV RI
DQRPDOLHV FODVVLI\LQJWKHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIDEQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQV7KH
• +LJKUHVROXWLRQGDWDFROOHFWLRQIRUF\EHUDQGSK\VLFDO 7DEOH,&ODVVLI\LQJSDUDPHWHUVIRUDQRPDO\GHWHFWLRQ
DQRPDOLHV &RQIXVLRQ ሺै͎ ሻଵǡଵ ڮሺै͎ ሻଵǡక
PDWUL[ሺै͎ሻటǡక ሺै͎ሻటǡక ൌ ቌ ڭ ڰ ڭ ቍIRU
• $QDO\VLV RI UHDOWLPH KHWHURJHQHRXV VFHQDULRV IURP
ሺै͎ ሻటǡଵ ڮሺै͎ ሻటǡక
V\QFKURSKDVRU GDWDVHW IRU DFFXUDWH SUHGLFWLRQ DQG
߰ǡ ߦ ܰ א
DSSUHKHQVLRQ E\ H[WUDFWLQJ IHDWXUHV RI QRUPDO
QHWZRUNFRQGLWLRQGDWDEDVHDWWDFNDQGIDXOWFROOHFWHG 735ሺिՅ ሻ ሺै͎ሻ̴Յ σటୀଵǡటஷ̴Յ σకୀଵǡకஷ̴Յሺै͎ሻటǡక ሻ
िՅ ൌ
IURPGHYHORSHGQHWZRUNVLQUHDOWLPHGLJLWDOVLPXODWRU σటୀଵ σకୀଵሺै͎ሻటǡక ሻ
HQYLURQPHQW )35ሺॲॖՅ ሻ
σటୀଵǡటஷॖ̴Յ σకୀॖ̴Յሺሺै͎ ሻటǡక ሻ
ॲॖՅ ൌ
• (VWLPDWH DQG LPSURYLVH WKH DFFXUDF\ XVLQJ IHDWXUH σటୀଵǡటஷॖ̴Յ σకୀଵǡకஷॖ̴Յሺሺै͎ ሻటǡక ሻ
VHOHFWLRQDQGDOWHUDWLRQRIKLGGHQOD\HUV 'HWHFWLRQUDWH σటୀଵǡటஷॖՅ σకୀଵǡకஷॖՅ ሺሺै͎ ሻటǡక ሻ െ
॰ॖՅ ॰ ॖՅ ൌ
• &RPSDUDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWZLWKRWKHU0/WHFKQLTXHVWR σ σ
టୀଵǡటஷॖՅ ሺሺै ሻ
కୀଵǡకஷॖՅ ሻ
͎ టǡక
YDOLGDWH WKH HIILFDF\ RI $11 IRU WKH SURSRVHG ZKHUH1 σటୀॖ̴Յ σకୀଵǡకஷॖ̴Յሺሺै͎ ሻటǡక ሻ
SUREOHP 3UHFLVLRQोॖ̴Յ ሺै͎ ሻॖ̴Յǡॖ̴Յ
ोॖ̴Յ ൌ
ሺै͎ ሻॖ̴Յǡॖ̴Յ σటୀଵǡటஷॖ̴Յ σకୀॖ̴Յሺሺै͎ ሻటǡక ሻ
7KH UHPDLQLQJ SDSHU LV DOLJQHG DV IROORZV 6HFWLRQ ,, 5HFDOOԸॖ̴Յ ሺै͎ ሻॖ̴Յǡॖ̴Յ
SUHVHQWVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\IRUGHWHFWLRQRIF\EHUDQGSK\VLFDO Ըॖ̴Յ ൌ
ሺै͎ ሻॖ̴Յǡॖ̴Յ σటୀଵǡటஷॖ̴Յ σకୀॖ̴Յሺሺै͎ ሻటǡక ሻ
DQRPDOLHV 6HFWLRQ ,,, RXWOLQHV FDVH VWXGLHV DQG UHVXOWV DQG )VFRUH ोॖ̴Յ ൈ Ըॖ̴Յ
VHFWLRQ,9FRQFOXGHVWKHILQGLQJV ԋൌ ʹൈ
ोॖ̴Յ Ըॖ̴Յ
,, 0(7+2'2/2*<)25'(7(&7,212)&<%(5
$1'3+<6,&$/$120$/,(6
IORZRIWKHSURFHVVVWDUWVZLWKH[WUDFWLQJWKHV\QFKURSKDVRU
3RZHUV\VWHPVLVEHFRPLQJFRPSOH[GXHWRDQLQFUHDVHG
GDWDIURPWKHUHDOWLPHVLPXODWLRQXVLQJ7\SKRRQ+,/>@
LQFOXVLRQ RI QHZ DGYDQFHPHQWV XQGHU WKH XPEUHOOD RI
>@7KHGDWDLVLQLWLDOO\SUHSURFHVVHGE\IL[LQJDVSHFLILF
LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV :LWKLQ WKH VDPSOLQJUDWH7KHGHSHQGHQWIHDWXUHVDUHFDOFXODWHGZLWKWKH
V\VWHP WKH FUXFLDO OLQN IRU SRZHU GHOLYHU\ OLHV ZLWK WKH REWDLQHG GDWD DIWHU ZKLFK IHDWXUH VHOHFWLRQ LV SHUIRUPHG
GLVWULEXWLRQ VLGH ZKLFK DOVR GHSHQGV RQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ 'RPLQDQW IHDWXUH VHOHFWLRQ LV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW VWHS LQ WKH
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV WR SURYLGH TXDOLW\ SRZHU WR WKH FXVWRPHUV SUHSURFHVVLQJRIGDWDDVWKHIHDWXUHVPD\EHGHSHQGHQWRU
+HQFHWKHGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPLVH[SRVHGWRD PXOWLWXGHRI LQGHSHQGHQW7KHW\SHRIIHDWXUHVHOHFWLRQPD\EHGLIIHUHQW
WKUHDWV DJDLQVW XQIDYRUDEOH HYHQWV VXFK DV V\VWHPLF IRU YDULRXV VFHQDULRV ,Q WKLV ZRUN DOO WKH UDZ IHDWXUHV DUH
GLVWXUEDQFHV DQG F\EHUDWWDFNV 7KHUHIRUH WR DYRLG WDNHQDORQJZLWKWKHGHSHQGHQWIHDWXUHVGHVFULEHGLQࣣैூ HT
XQQHFHVVDU\ ORVV WKH YLVXDOL]DWLRQ RI GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP ࣰैூ HT Թ HT Զ HT UHVSHFWLYHO\ WR REWDLQ
EHKDYLRXUZLWKKLJKDFFXUDF\DQG6$LVYLWDO EHVW IHDWXUHV IRU WKH PRGHO $IWHU SHUIRUPLQJ IHDWXUH
0HDVXUHPHQWV PRQLWRULQJ DQG VWDWXV RI QHWZRUNV¶ VHOHFWLRQDWL ZKHUHLLVWKHQXPEHURIKLGGHQOD\HUVWKH
FRPSRQHQWVREWDLQHGIURPUHDOWLPHV\QFKURQL]HGGDWDZLWK GDWDFROOHFWHGLVWKHQIHGLQWRWKHWUDLQLQJGDWDVHWZKLFKLV
KLJK VSHFLILFLW\ LV WKXV LQHYLWDEOH 7KLV FRQWLQXRXV VWDWH RIWKHWRWDOGDWDDQGWKHPRGHOLVFUHDWHG7KHUHPDLQLQJ
PRQLWRULQJ LV LPSRUWDQW WR H[WUDFW V\VWHP GLVWXUEDQFH GDWD LQ WKH IRUP RI YDOLGDWLRQ DQG WHVWLQJ
SDWWHUQVDQGLWVEHKDYLRUUHODWHGWRDOOVFHQDULRVSHUWDLQLQJ GDWDVHWLV IHGWRWKH PRGHO)URPWKHFRQIXVLRQ PDWUL[WKH
WR DQ DPDOJDPDWLRQ RI YDULRXV W\SHV RI GLVWXUEDQFHV DQG V\VWHPSURFHVVHVWKHGDWDDQGGHWHUPLQHVWKHFODVVLQZKLFK
F\EHUDWWDFNV +RZHYHU WR SUHFLVHO\ DEVWUDFW SDWWHUQV RI WKHSDUWLFXODUGDWDEHORQJV)XUWKHUFODVVLILFDWLRQSDUDPHWHUV
F\EHUDWWDFNVDQGV\VWHPGLVWXUEDQFHVWKHUHDOWLPHDQDO\VLV RIHDFKFODVVYL]WUXHSRVLWLYHUDWH735GHWHFWLRQUDWHሺ॰
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Altinbas Universitesi. Downloaded on April 04,2023 at 17:40:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
UHFDOO Ը SUHFLVLRQ ो )VFRUH ԋ IDOVH SRVLWLYH UDWH XVHGWRGHYHORSWKHPRGLILHGIHDWXUHVLHUDWHRIFKDQJHRI
)35IDOVHDODUPUDWHLVFDOFXODWHG7KHUHVXOWLVFRPSDUHG FXUUHQW 52&2, ሺࣣैூ HT UDWH RI FKDQJH RI YROWDJH
ZLWK(ZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHLGHDOUHVXOWVZKLFKLVXQLW\ 52&29ሺࣰैூ ሻHTUHDFWDQFHYDULDWLRQLQGH[Թ HT
IRU735॰ोԸDQGԋǡZKLOHLWLV]HURIRU)35IDOVHDODUP DQGSRZHUYDULDWLRQLQGH[Զ HTUHVSHFWLYHO\
UDWH ,I WKH UHVXOWV DUH RSWLPXP WKHQ WKH SURFHVV HQGV ॗࣹ
భ ିమ
ऀࣹ
ॗࣹ
DQG݅ଵ LVWKHFXUUHQWGXULQJIDXOWFXUUHQWYDOXHVGXULQJWKH
ॗࣹ
WLPHঔଵ >@
ॗࣹ ऀࣹ
आ െ आଶ
ࣰैூ ൌ ଵॗࣹ ऀࣹ
ሺʹሻ
ঔଵ െ ঔଶ
6LPLODUO\WKHUDWLRLQHTGHQRWHVWKHFKDQJHLQWKHYDOXHV
ऀࣹ
RI WKH YROWDJH ZKHUH आଶ LV WKH YROWDJH RI WKH SUHIDXOW
ऀࣹ ॗࣹ
LQVWDQWঔଶ DQGLVआଵ WKHGXULQJIDXOWYROWDJHYDOXHVGXULQJ
ॗࣹ
WKHWLPHঔଵ >@
॒ड़ െ ॒ן
Թ ൌ ሺ͵ሻ
॒ ןെ ॒ఉ
7KH HTXDWLRQ GHILQHV WKH SDUDPHWHU UHDFWDQFH YDULDWLRQ
LQGH[ Թ ZKHUH WKH UHDFWDQFH RI WKH OLQH YDULHV GXH WR
GDWDEDVH DWWDFN 7KH UDWLR YDULHV VLQFH WKH PD[LPXP DQG
7DEOH,,,QSXWIHDWXUHVXVHGIRUIHDWXUHVHOHFWLRQ
)HDWXUHV 'HVFULSWLRQ
9ROWDJH3KDVRU 3KDVH$%&LQVWDQWDQHRXVYROWDJH
0HDVXUHPHQWGDWD PDJQLWXGH
9D9E9F 3KDVH$%&YROWDJHDQJOH
&XUUHQW3KDVRU 3KDVH$%&LQVWDQWDQHRXVFXUUHQW
0HDVXUHPHQWGDWD PDJQLWXGH
,D,E,F 3KDVH$%&FXUUHQWDQJOH
,QVWDQWDQHRXV&XUUHQW
3KDVH$%&DYHUDJHFXUUHQW
,D,E,F
,QVWDQWDQHRXV9ROWDJH
3KDVH$%&DYHUDJHYROWDJH
9DQ9EQ9FQ
,$,%,&B506 3KDVH$%&506FXUUHQW
9$9%9&B506 3KDVH$%&506YROWDJH
ܲ $FWLYH3RZHURIWKHVSHFLILHGQRGH
ܲఓ 0HDQSRZHURIDOOWKHQRGHV
ܲఙ 6WDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRISRZHU
)UHT )UHTXHQF\
)DXOW5D )DXOWUHVLVWDQFH
5HVLVWDQFHDQG5HDFWDQFHYDU\LQJ
5DQG;
IDFWRURIOLQH
6XPRIUHDFWDQFHDQGUHVLVWDQFHRIDOO
6XP;L6XP5L
WKHOLQH
)LJ3URSRVHGIORZFKDUWIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQRIF\EHU ;PD[;PLQ5PD[ 0D[LPXPDQGPLQLPXPRIWKH
QRUPDODQGIDXOWFDVHV 5PLQ UHDFWDQFHDQGUHVLVWDQFHRIOLQH
52&2, 5DWHRIFKDQJHRIFXUUHQW
GGPLQ ZKHUHGLVWKHGLIIHUHQFHRIYDOXHVRIFODVVLILFDWLRQ 52&29 5DWHRIFKDQJHRIYROWDJH
SDUDPHWHUVDWLDQGLLQVWDQW 39, 3RZHUYDULDWLRQLQGH[
7DEOH ,, VKRZV DOO WKH IHDWXUHV OLVWHG DQG XVHG IRU IHDWXUH 59, 5HDFWDQFHYDULDWLRQLQGH[
VHOHFWLRQ7KHUDZIHDWXUHVDUHH[WUDFWHGRQOLQHGLUHFWO\IURP
ȝ308V ZKLFK LQFOXGHV SKDVRU PHDVXUHPHQW YROWDJH PLQLPXP YDOXHV UHPDLQ WKH VDPH DQG WKH FKDQJH LQ
PDJQLWXGH DQG DQJOH 9D9F SKDVRU PHDVXUHPHQW FXUUHQW UHDFWDQFHYDOXHLVHDVLO\PRQLWRUHG>@
PDJQLWXGH DQG DQJOH ,D,F DYHUDJH DQG UPV FXUUHQW DQG ܲ െ ܲఓ ॒ड़
Զ ൌ כ ሺͶሻ
YROWDJH VLJQDO DFWLYH SRZHU RI DOO WKH QRGHV IUHTXHQF\ ܲఙ ᅹ॒ड़
:KLOH IDXOW UHVLVWDQFH UHVLVWDQFH DQG UHDFWDQFH YDU\LQJ 6LPLODUO\ WKH HTXDWLRQ GHILQHV WKH SDUDPHWHU SRZHU
IDFWRU RI WKH OLQH PHDQ DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI DFWLYH YDULDWLRQ LQGH[Զ >@,W PRQLWRUV WKH FKDQJH LQ YDOXH RI
SRZHU VXP RI UHVLVWDQFH DQG UHDFWDQFH RI DOO WKH OLQH SRZHU GXH WR FKDQJH LQ UHDFWDQFH RI OLQH GXH WR GDWDEDVH
PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP YDOXH RI UHDFWDQFH DQG UHVLVWDQFH DWWDFN,WWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWERWKWKHIDFWRUVLHWKHFKDQJH
DUH PDQXDOO\ FRPSXWHG IHDWXUHV 6RPH RI WKH IHDWXUHV DUH LQ WKH SRZHU YDULDWLRQ IDFWRU DQG WKH UHDFWDQFH YDULDWLRQ
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Altinbas Universitesi. Downloaded on April 04,2023 at 17:40:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IDFWRU+HQFHWKHIRXUPRGLILHGIHDWXUHVDORQJZLWKUDZ UHFRQILJXUHG ,((( EXV GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP UHVSHFWLYHO\
IHDWXUHVDUHXVHGIRUGLIIHUHQWLDWLQJWKHGDWDEDVHDWWDFNDQG 7KHYDULDWLRQRIGDWDIRUWKHIDXOWLVWDNHQIRUIDXOWUHVLVWDQFH
SK\VLFDO IDXOW IURP WKH QRUPDO YDOXHV >@ $ WRWDO RI 5 LQ VWHSV RI $ ZLGH YDULHW\ RI IDXOW
IHDWXUHVDUHXVHGIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQDVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH,, UHVLVWDQFHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGLQRUGHUWRFRYHUDOOW\SHVRIIDXOWV
7KH GDWD DUH FRPSLOHG IRU DOO WKH W\SHV RI IDXOWV ZKLFK
,,, 5(68/76$1'',6&866,216 LQFOXGHV $1 %1 &1 $% %& $& $%1 $&1 %&1
1HWZRUN PRGHOOLQJ IRU ERWK EXV WHVW V\VWHP DQG $%&1 )RU GDWDEDVH DWWDFN FDVHV WKH OLQH UHDFWDQFH DQG
UHFRQILJXUHG ,((( EXV GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP SUHVHQWHG LQ UHVLVWDQFHDUHFKRVHQDVSDUDPHWHUVZKLFKWKHLQWUXGHUVPD\
)LJLVSHUIRUPHGXVLQJ7\SKRRQ+,/UHDOWLPHVLPXODWRU DOWHUDQGDFFRUGLQJO\GDWDVHWVDUHFDSWXUHG7KHOLQHUHDFWDQFH
$WRWDORI*%GDWDVHWLVREWDLQHGDIWHUZKLFKWKHGDWDLV DQGUHVLVWDQFHIRUHDFKOLQHZLWKDYDULDWLRQRI
IURP
LQLWLDOO\VFUHHQHGDQGSUHSURFHVVLQJRIWKHGDWDLVGRQHIURP WR LV FRQVLGHUHG ZLWK D GLIIHUHQFH RI >@ 7KH
ZKLFK DQG GDWD DUH FROOHFWHG IRU EXV DQG YDULRXVUDZIHDWXUHVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH,,DUHPRQLWRUHGIRU
WKHFRQVLGHUHGFDVHV
)LJ7\SKRRQ+,/EDVHGPRGHOOLQJRIEXVWHVWV\VWHPDQGUHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHP
)LJ+HDWPDSIRUFRUUHODWLRQPDWUL[DIWHUIHDWXUHVHOHFWLRQRIUHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHP
7KH GDWD REWDLQHG DUH IHG LQWR WKH IHDWXUH H[WUDFWLRQ KLJKO\FRUUHODWHGIHDWXUHVDVLWDGGVWRWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKH
PRGHO3HDUVRQ¶V FRHIILFLHQWPHWKRGLV XVHG IRUSLFNLQJ XS PRGHO DQG WKH DFFXUDF\ LV UHHVWLPDWHG 7KH IHDWXUHV ZLWK
KLJKO\UHODWHGIHDWXUHV7KHVTXDUHFRUUHODWLRQPDWUL[IRUPHG JUHDWHU WKDQ FRUUHODWLRQV YDOXH DUH UHPRYHG DV LW
DIWHUVHOHFWLRQRIIHDWXUHVIURPWKHUDZIHDWXUHVDUHHYDOXDWHG FRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHIHDWXUHVKDYLQJVDPHFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKH
DVLQ)LJ,Q)LJWKHFRUUHODWLRQFRUUHVSRQGVWRYHU\ORZ UHVXOWV $V VKRZQ LQ )LJ WKH KHDW PDS RI WKH IHDWXUHV LV
FRUUHODWLRQZKHUHDV]HURFRUUHVSRQGVWRQRFRUUHODWLRQDQG WDNHQIRUDOOWKHILQDOO\VHOHFWHGIHDWXUHV7KHGLDJRQDOEURZQ
FRUUHVSRQGVWRYHU\KLJKFRUUHODWLRQ7KHXSSHU WULDQJOH OLQHV LQGLFDWH WKH SHUIHFWO\ FRUUHODWHG IHDWXUHV ZKLFK LV
DQGWKHORZHUWULDQJOHRIWKHPDWUL[GHQRWHVWKHVDPHYDOXHV REYLRXV EXW DSDUW IURP WKDW DOO RWKHU IHDWXUHV VKRZQ ZLWK
7KHWRWDOQXPEHURIIHDWXUHVDUHLQLWLDOO\IHGWRWKHPRGHOIRU VXFK KLJK FRUUHODWLRQ IDFWRU PLJKW EH GURSSHG 7KH )LJ
ZKLFK WKH FRUUHODWLRQ PDWUL[ LV REWDLQHG IURP ZKLFK WKH VKRZV WKDW WKH VHOHFWHG IHDWXUHV YDOXHV DUH QRW KLJKO\
UHGXQGDQW IHDWXUHV DUH UHPRYHG 7KH PRWWR LV WR ILOWHU RXW FRUUHODWHG ZLWK HDFK RWKHU 6LPLODUO\ IRU EXV WKH VDPH
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Altinbas Universitesi. Downloaded on April 04,2023 at 17:40:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
SURFHVVZDVIROORZHGDQGWKHVDPHQXPEHURIIHDWXUHVZHUH V\VWHPIRUUHFHLYHURSHUDWLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHREWDLQHG,Q
H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH UDZ IHDWXUHV 7KH QXPEHU RI IHDWXUHV )LJE$QLGHDOFXUYHVKRZVDOOWKHSRLQWVLQWKHXSSHUOHIW
REWDLQHG IURP )LJ LV IHG WR WKH $11 DQG WUDLQHG XVLQJ FRUQHU 7KH UHG OLQHV UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH IDXOW LV VHHQ WR EH
VFDOHG FRQMXJDWH JUDGLHQW LQ 0$7/$% 7KH QXPEHU RI SHUIHFW IRU )LJ E +RZHYHU IRU WKH F\EHU DQG QRUPDO
KLGGHQ QHXURQV DUH DOWHUHG DQG WKH UHVXOWV DUH QRWHG IRU DOO FODVVHVQHDUWRLGHDOUHVXOWVDUHVHHQ7KHDUHDXQGHUWKHFXUYH
FDVHV,QLWLDOO\WKHQXPEHURIKLGGHQQHXURQVDUHWDNHQWREH $8&52& LV D SHUIRUPDQFH PHDVXUHPHQW IRU YDULRXV
DQGVXFFHVVLYHO\WKHQHXURQVDUHFKDQJHGWRDQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ SUREOHPV $8& UHSUHVHQWV WKH GHJUHH RI
UHVSHFWLYHO\DQGWKHUHVXOWVZKLFKLVRSWLPDOLVIRXQGWREH VHSDUDELOLW\EHWZHHQWKHFODVVHV)LJEWKH$8&IRUFXUYH
IRUQHXURQV LV PD[LPXP IRU DOO WKH WKUHH FODVVHV ZLWK IDXOW KDYLQJ
PD[LPXP$8&ZKLOHGDWDEDVHDQGQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQVVKRZ
7KHYDOLGDWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHIRUKLGGHQOD\HUVLVREVHUYHG OLWWOHGHYLDWLRQIURPPD[LPXP$8&
DQG LW EHFRPHV EHVW DW HSRFK IRU EXV V\VWHP )RU
UHFRQILJXUHG ,((( EXV GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP DV VKRZQ LQ 7KH FODVVLILFDWLRQ UHVXOWV IRU GLIIHUHQW KLGGHQ OD\HUV DUH
)LJ WKH EHVW SHUIRUPDQFH YDOLGDWLRQ LV REWDLQHG DW HSRFK FRPSDUHG LQ WKH 7DEOH ,,, DQG LW LV VHHQ WKDW WKH UHVXOWV
7KH HSRFKV DUH WKH QXPEHU RI WLPHV WKH SURFHVV LV LPSURYH DV WKH QXPEHU RI KLGGHQ OD\HUV DUH FKDQJHG DQG
H[HFXWHG XQWLO D WKUHVKROG LV UHDFKHG ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH EHFRPHVVWDJQDQWDIWHUKLGGHQOD\HUV7KHSDUDPHWHUVOLNH
WKUHVKROG LV YDOLGDWLRQ HUURU ZKLFK VWDUWV LQFUHDVLQJ DV WKH '5ሺ॰ 5HFDOO Ը 3UHFLVLRQ ो DV ZHOO DV )VFRUH ԋ
PRGHOVWDUWVEHFRPLQJRYHUILWWHG7KHWUDLQLQJWHVWLQJDQG VKRXOGEHLGHDOO\QHDUWRXQLW\ZKHUHDV)35DQGIDOVHDODUP
YDOLGDWLRQGDWDUXQVDOPRVWSDUDOOHOWRHDFKRWKHUDQGVKRZV UDWHVKRXOGEH]HUR6LPLODUO\WKH)VFRUHԋIRUERWKWKH
SHUIHFW ILW RI WKH PRGHO DQG WKH V\VWHP VWRSV ZKHQ WKH GDWDEDVH DV ZHOO DV QRUPDO FDVHV LQFUHDVH DQG EHFRPH
WUDLQLQJVWDUWVEHFRPLQJRYHUILWWHG FRQVWDQW DIWHU QHXURQV DW DQG IRU EXV DQG
,Q WKH FRQIXVLRQ PDWULFHV IRU EXV V\VWHP FODVV
FRUUHVSRQGVWRGDWDEDVHDWWDFNFODVVFRUUHVSRQGVWRQRUPDO
DQGFODVVFRUUHVSRQGVWRSK\VLFDOIDXOWFODVVUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHGLDJRQDOURZVLJQLILHVWKHFRUUHFWO\FODVVLILHGLQVWDQFHV
7KH WUDLQLQJ FRQIXVLRQ PDWUL[ ZKHUH WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ
REWDLQHGIRUERWKF\EHUDQGIDXOWLVEXWIRUQRUPDOWKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ DFFXUDF\ LV 9DOLGDWLRQ PDWUL[ VKRZV
VLPLODUWUHQGV7HVWLQJPDWUL[VKRZRSWLPXPDFFXUDF\UHVXOWV
IRUDOOWKHWKUHHFODVVHV7KHDOOFRQIXVLRQPDWUL[RIGDWD
LVFKHFNHGIRUEXVV\VWHP'DWDEDVHFODVVLILFDWLRQLVGRQH
FRUUHFWO\IRURXWRILQVWDQFHVZLWKLQVWDQFHVRI)3
PLVFODVVLILHGDVQRUPDO+RZHYHUSK\VLFDOIDXOWDQGQRUPDO
FRQGLWLRQV DUH FODVVLILHG SURSHUO\ IRU DOO WKH LQVWDQFHV 7KH
RYHUDOODFFXUDF\LV7KHWUDLQLQJFRQIXVLRQPDWUL[ZLWK
FODVVLILFDWLRQUHVXOWVIRUIDXOWDQGF\EHUFODVVZLWKVRPH )LJD&RQIXVLRQPDWULFHVFRQVLGHULQJKLGGHQOD\HUVIRU
UHFRQILJXUHG,(((%XVV\VWHP)LJE)35DQG735UDWHVIRU
)1VIRUQRUPDOFODVV,Q)LJDIRUUHFRQILJXUHG,((( KLGGHQOD\HUVRIUHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHP
EXVWKHRYHUDOODFFXUDF\RIUHVXOWVIRUIDXOWDVZHOOF\EHUFODVV
UHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVUHVSHFWLYHO\LQ7DEOH,,,$OVRWKH
IDOVHDODUPUDWH IRUGDWDEDVH DWWDFNLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\DERXW
DQG IRU EXV DQG UHFRQILJXUHG ,((( EXV
UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKLFK LV DOPRVW QHDU WR ]HUR EXW ZKHQ WKH
KLGGHQ OD\HUV DUH LQFUHDVHG WKHॲVWDUWV LQFUHDVLQJ WR
DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ 6LPLODUO\ WKH ॰ IRU SK\VLFDO IDXOW
LQFUHDVHVDQGLVEHVWIRUKLGGHQOD\HUVDWIRUEXV
DQGIRUUHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVUHVSHFWLYHO\KRZHYHU
ZKHQ WKH KLGGHQ OD\HUV DUH FKDQJHG WR WKH॰EHFRPHV
FRQVWDQWDWIRUEXVDQGGHFUHDVHVDWUHVSHFWLYHO\
+HQFHIRURXUSXUSRVHKLGGHQOD\HUVKDVEHHQWDNHQVLQFH
WKH YDOXHV GR QRW VLJQLILFDQWO\ FKDQJH DIWHU OD\HUV DV
VKRZQLQ7DEOH,,,)RUGDWDEDVHDWWDFNWKHोLVYHU\ORZIRU
KLGGHQOD\HUVEXWDVWKHQXPEHURIOD\HUVLQFUHDVHVWKH
)LJ3HUIRUPDQFHYDOLGDWLRQDWKLGGHQOD\HUVRIUHFRQILJXUHG SUHFLVLRQEHFRPHVVWDJQDQWDWDQGIRUEXVDQG
,(((EXVGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPIRUDQRPDO\FODVVLILFDWLRQ UHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVUHVSHFWLYHO\IRUKLGGHQOD\HUV
DVVKRZQLQ7DEOH,,,
DQGIDXOWFODVVLVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\EXWDFFXUDF\
RIQRUPDOFODVVLVZKLFKLQGLFDWHVPLVFODVVLILFDWLRQRI )XUWKHUPXOWLSOH0/PHWKRGVZKLFKLQFOXGHV&XELF690
GDWDEDVH DWWDFN LQVWDQFHV DV WKH QRUPDO FODVV 7KH RYHUDOO &RDUVH.11DQG&RDUVH*DXVVLDQ690DUHFRPSDUHGDORQJ
DFFXUDF\RILVDFKLHYHGIRUKLGGHQOD\HUV+HQFHDQ ZLWK$11DSSOLHGLQWKLVZRUNLVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH,97KH
HIIHFWLYH FODVVLILFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ DOO WKH WKUHH FODVVHV LV YDOLGDWLRQ DFFXUDF\ DV ZHOO DV WHVWLQJ DFFXUDF\ LV EHVW IRU
VXFFHVVIXOO\ FDUULHG RXW 7KH 735 YV )35UDWHV RI WKH $11 7KH 735 DV ZHOO DV ॰ DQG RYHUDOO ॲ LV EHVW LQ
KLGGHQ OD\HUV RI UHFRQILJXUHG ,((( EXV GLVWULEXWLRQ FRPSDULVRQWRRWKHU0/WHFKQLTXHV
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Altinbas Universitesi. Downloaded on April 04,2023 at 17:40:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
7DEOHჟ,&RPSDULVRQRILQGLFDWLQJSDUDPHWHUVIRULGHQWLI\LQJRSWLPXPKLGGHQOD\HUVRIUHFRQILJXUHG,(((%XVV\VWHP
'DWDEDVH$WWDFN 3K\VLFDO)DXOW +HDOWK\QHWZRUN
3DUDPHWHUV
1XPEHURIKLGGHQOD\HUV 1XPEHURIKLGGHQOD\HUV 1XPEHURIKLGGHQOD\HUV
)DOVHDODUPUDWH
'HWHFWLRQUDWH॰ሻ
3UHFLVLRQोሻ
5HFDOOሺԸሻ
)VFRUHሺԋሻ
&RQIHUHQFH RQ $GDSWLYH 6FLHQFH 7HFKQRORJ\ ,&$67 $XJ
SS±
7DEOH,9&RPSDUDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWRI0/WHFKQLTXHVIRUDSSUHKHQVLRQ >@ <4&KHQ2)LQNDQG*6DQVDYLQL³&RPELQHG)DXOW/RFDWLRQ
RIDQRPDOLHVLQUHFRQILJXUHG,(((%XVV\VWHP DQG&ODVVLILFDWLRQIRU3RZHU7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQHV)DXOW'LDJQRVLV
:LWK ,QWHJUDWHG )HDWXUH ([WUDFWLRQ´ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ
*DXVVLDQ &RDUVH &XELF ,QGXVWULDO(OHFWURQLFVYROQRSS±-DQ
3DUDPHWHUV $11
690 .11 690 >@ 6=KDQJ<:DQJ0/LXDQG=%DR³'DWD%DVHG/LQH7ULS
9DOLGDWLRQDFFXUDF\ )DXOW 3UHGLFWLRQ LQ 3RZHU 6\VWHPV 8VLQJ /670 1HWZRUNV DQG
7HVWLQJDFFXUDF\ 690´,((($FFHVVYROSS±
>@ $GH6RX]D*RPHV0$&RVWD7*$GH)DULDDQG:0
3UHGLFWLRQ
&DPLQKDV ³'HWHFWLRQ DQG &ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI )DXOWV LQ 3RZHU
VSHHGREVVHF
7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQHV8VLQJ)XQFWLRQDO$QDO\VLVDQG&RPSXWDWLRQDO
)DOVHDODUPUDWH ,QWHOOLJHQFH´,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ3RZHU'HOLYHU\YROQR
'HWHFWLRQUDWH SS±-XO
3UHFLVLRQ >@ '*XWLHUUH]5RMDV,7&KULVWRX''DQWDV$1DUD\DQDQ3+
5HFDOO - 1DUGHOOL DQG < <DQJ ³3HUIRUPDQFH HYDOXDWLRQ RI PDFKLQH
)VFRUH OHDUQLQJIRUIDXOWVHOHFWLRQLQSRZHUWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV´.QRZO,QI
6\VWYROQRSS±0DU
>@ $ 6DLI $OJKDZOL ³&RPSXWHU 9LVLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ IRU )DXOW
'HWHFWLRQ 6\VWHPV 8VLQJ ,PDJH 3URFHVVLQJ´ &RPSXWHUV
,9 &21&/86,21 0DWHULDOV &RQWLQXDYROQRSS±
,QWKLVZRUNWKHKHWHURJHQHRXVV\QFKURSKDVRUGDWDEDVHG >@ + 0RD\\HG 0 0RKDPPDGSRXUIDUG & .RQVWDQWLQRX $
FODVVLILFDWLRQ DSSURDFK LQ UHDO ZRUOG VFHQDULR LV SUHVHQWHG 0RUDG]DGHK%0RKDPPDGL,YDWORR DQG $ 3 $JXLDU ³,PDJH
3URFHVVLQJ %DVHG $SSURDFK IRU )DOVH 'DWD ,QMHFWLRQ $WWDFNV
6\QFKURSKDVRUGDWDEDVHGLQGLFHVDVZHOODVIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQ 'HWHFWLRQLQ3RZHU6\VWHPV´,((($FFHVVYROSS±
FDQEHXVHGDVUHIHUHQFHVWRFODVVLI\ERWKV\VWHPIDXOWVDQG
F\EHUDWWDFN UHODWHG FRQWLQJHQFLHV )RU WKH FRPSUHKHQVLYH >@ '06KDUPDDQG6.6KDQGLO\D³$QHIILFLHQWF\EHUဨSK\VLFDO
FDVHVWXGLHVEXVDQGWKHUHFRQILJXUHG,(((EXVV\VWHP V\VWHP XVLQJ K\EULGL]HG HQKDQFHG VXSSRUWဨYHFWRU PDFKLQH ZLWK
ZDV XWLOL]HG 1XPHURXV VWHSV ZHUH LQYROYHG LQ FUHDWLQJ $GDဨ%RRVWFODVVLILFDWLRQDOJRULWKP´&RQFXUU&RPSXWYROQR
6HS
GDWDVHWV XVLQJ 7\SKRRQ +,/ EDVHG F\EHUSK\VLFDO WHVWEHG >@ )5DILTXH/)XDQG50DL³(QGWRHQGPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJIRU
HQYLURQPHQW 'DWD SUHSURFHVVLQJ WUDLQLQJ YDOLGDWLRQ DQG IDXOW GHWHFWLRQ DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ LQ SRZHU WUDQVPLVVLRQ OLQHV´
WHVWLQJXVLQJ$11PRGHOVZDVSHUIRUPHGLQ0$7/$%7KH (OHFWULF3RZHU6\VWHPV5HVHDUFKYROS2FW
ZRUN RQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK RWKHU 0/ WHFKQLTXHV SURYHG LWV >@ - &DR HW DO ³$ 1RYHO )DOVH 'DWD ,QMHFWLRQ $WWDFN 'HWHFWLRQ
HIILFDF\ 0RGHORIWKH&\EHU3K\VLFDO3RZHU6\VWHP´,((($FFHVVYRO
SS±
5()(5(1&(6 >@ 8$GKLNDUL70RUULVDQG63DQ³:$06&\EHU3K\VLFDO7HVW
%HGIRU3RZHU6\VWHP&\EHUVHFXULW\6WXG\DQG'DWD0LQLQJ´
>@ */LDQJ65:HOOHU-=KDR)/XRDQG=<'RQJ³7KH ,(((7UDQV6PDUW*ULGYROQRSS±1RY
8NUDLQH%ODFNRXW,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU)DOVH'DWD,QMHFWLRQ$WWDFNV´ >@ 4:DQJ;&DL<7DQJDQG01L³0HWKRGVRIF\EHUDWWDFN
,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ3RZHU6\VWHPVYROQRSS± LGHQWLILFDWLRQIRUSRZHUV\VWHPVEDVHGRQELODWHUDOF\EHUSK\VLFDO
-XO LQIRUPDWLRQ´,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(OHFWULFDO3RZHU (QHUJ\
>@ < 621* ; /,8 = /, 0 6+$+,'(+3285 DQG = /, 6\VWHPVYROS)HE
³,QWHOOLJHQWGDWDDWWDFNVDJDLQVWSRZHUV\VWHPVXVLQJLQFRPSOHWH >@ 6 3DQ 7 0RUULV DQG 8 $GKLNDUL ³'HYHORSLQJ D +\EULG
QHWZRUN LQIRUPDWLRQ D UHYLHZ´ -RXUQDO RI 0RGHUQ 3RZHU ,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ 6\VWHP 8VLQJ 'DWD 0LQLQJ IRU 3RZHU
6\VWHPVDQG&OHDQ(QHUJ\YROQRSS±-XO 6\VWHPV´,(((7UDQV6PDUW*ULGYROQRSS±
>@ + .DULPLSRXU $ 'HKJKDQWDQKD 5 0 3DUL]L .. 5 &KRR 1RY
DQG + /HXQJ ³$ 'HHS DQG 6FDODEOH 8QVXSHUYLVHG 0DFKLQH >@ 6$/XGZLJ³,QWUXVLRQGHWHFWLRQRIPXOWLSOHDWWDFNFODVVHVXVLQJ
/HDUQLQJ6\VWHPIRU&\EHU$WWDFN'HWHFWLRQLQ/DUJH6FDOH6PDUW DGHHSQHXUDOQHWHQVHPEOH´LQ,(((6\PSRVLXP6HULHVRQ
*ULGV´,((($FFHVVYROSS± &RPSXWDWLRQDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH 66&, 1RY SS ± GRL
>@ 1 %KXVDO 0 *DXWDP DQG 0 %HQLGULV ³'HWHFWLRQ RI &\EHU 66&,
$WWDFNV RQ 9ROWDJH 5HJXODWLRQ LQ 'LVWULEXWLRQ 6\VWHPV 8VLQJ >@ 0 - 3pUH] 0ROLQD 3 (JXLD /RSH] ' 0 /DUUXVNDLQ $
0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJ´,((($FFHVVYROSS± (W[HJDUDL DQG 6 $SLxDQL]$SLxDQL] ³)DXOW GHWHFWLRQ EDVHG RQ
>@ - 9DOHQ]XHOD - :DQJ DQG 1 %LVVLQJHU ³5HDOWLPH LQWUXVLRQ URFRY LQ D PXOWLWHUPLQDO KYGF JULG´ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ DQG
GHWHFWLRQ LQ SRZHU V\VWHP RSHUDWLRQV´ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 3RZHU 4XDOLW\ -RXUQDO YRO SS ± GRL
3RZHU6\VWHPVYROQRSS±0D\ UHSTM
>@ 6 0RXVDYLDQ - 9DOHQ]XHOD DQG - :DQJ ³5HDOWLPH GDWD >@ $$QZDU$10DKPRRGDQG=6KDK³$GDWDGULYHQDSSURDFK
UHDVVXUDQFHLQHOHFWULFDOSRZHUV\VWHPVEDVHGRQDUWLILFLDOQHXUDO WRGLVWLQJXLVKF\EHUDWWDFNVIURPSK\VLFDOIDXOWVLQDVPDUWJULG´
QHWZRUNV´ (OHFWULF 3RZHU 6\VWHPV 5HVHDUFK YRO SS ± ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG .QRZOHGJH
0DU 0DQDJHPHQW3URFHHGLQJVYRO2FWSS±
>@ 5$6RZDKHWDO³'HVLJQRI3RZHU'LVWULEXWLRQ1HWZRUN)DXOW
'DWD &ROOHFWRU IRU )DXOW 'HWHFWLRQ /RFDWLRQ DQG &ODVVLILFDWLRQ
XVLQJ 0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ´ LQ ,((( WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Altinbas Universitesi. Downloaded on April 04,2023 at 17:40:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.