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Distributed Temperature Sensing

Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems use fiber optic cables to continuously measure temperature along their length. DTS works by sending laser pulses through the cable and analyzing the backscattered light, allowing the system to determine the location and temperature within 1 meter. DTS provides economical, low-maintenance monitoring over long distances compared to traditional discrete temperature sensors. The measurement technique can be optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) or optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR).

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Jean Pier Snyder Espinoza Miranda
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67 views

Distributed Temperature Sensing

Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems use fiber optic cables to continuously measure temperature along their length. DTS works by sending laser pulses through the cable and analyzing the backscattered light, allowing the system to determine the location and temperature within 1 meter. DTS provides economical, low-maintenance monitoring over long distances compared to traditional discrete temperature sensors. The measurement technique can be optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) or optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR).

Uploaded by

Jean Pier Snyder Espinoza Miranda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISTRIBUTED TEMPERATURE SENSING

Distributed Temperature Sensing System


Distributed temperature sensing systems (DTS) are fiber optic based optoelectronic instruments which measure
temperature along the length of the fiber optic sensing cable. The unique feature of a distributed temperature sensing
system is that it provides a continuous (or distributed) temperature profile along the length of the sensing cable and
not at discrete sensing points which must be pre-determined.

Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor How It Works


DTS systems contain a pulsed laser which sends in an approximately 1m pulse (equivalent to a 10ns time) into the fibre
optic. As the pulse travels along the length of the fiber optic, it interacts with the glass. Due to small imperfections in the
glass, a tiny amount of the original laser pulse is reflected back to towards the DTS sensing system. By analysing the
reflected light the DTS is able to calculate the temperature of the event (by analysing the power of the reflected light)
and also the location of the event (by measuring the time it takes the backscattered light to return) to typically within a
metre.

Distributed Temperature Sensing Cable

Typically DTS technology uses a standard telecoms fiber optic cable and specialised cables or sensing points are only
required if measurements are required at temperatures greater than 100°C. The sensing fiber is typically based on
multimode fibers for shorter ranges (up to 40km) and single mode fiber for long ranges (40-100km).

Fiber Optic Temperature Measurement Specification For DTS

Distributed temperature sensing systems can typically locate the temperature to within a distance of 1m (this is known
as spatial resolution) with accuracy to within ±1°C and with a sensing resolution down to 0.01°C. However, there is an

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inverse relationship with measurement resolution, range and sampling time i.e. the temperature resolution degrades
with range and improves the longer time you acquire data for a specific measurement.

Temperature resolution performance of the Bandweaver T-Laser DTS

Distributed Temperature Sensing – Raman Measurement Principle

Fiber optics are made from doped quartz glass and when laser light is transmitted in a fiber optic an interaction occurs
between the light particles (photons) and the electrons of the molecule. At a particular frequency in the electromagnetic
spectrum (known as the Stokes and anti-Stokes bands), light scattering, also known as Raman scattering, occurs in the
fiber optic. The intensity of the so-called anti-Stokes band is temperature-dependent, while the so-called Stokes band is
practically independent of temperature. The local temperature of the optical fibre is derived from the ratio of the anti-
Stokes and Stokes light intensities.

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Profile with Rayleigh and Stokes Bands

Measuring Principle – OTDR And OFDR Technology

There are two basic principles of measurement for distributed sensing technology, Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
(OTDR) and Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR).
OTDR was developed more than 20 years ago and has become the industry standard for telecom loss measurements. The
principle for OTDR is quite simple and is very similar to the time of flight measurement used for radar. Essentially a
narrow laser pulse generated either by semiconductor or solid state lasers is sent into the fibre and the backscattered
light is analysed. From the time it takes the backscattered light to return to the detection unit it is possible to locate the
location of the temperature event.

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Alternative DTS evaluation units deploy the method of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR). The OFDR
system provides information on the local characteristic only when the backscatter signal detected during the entire
measurement time is measured as a function of frequency in a complex fashion, and then subjected to Fourier
transformation.

The vast majority of distributed temperature sensing systems available today is based on OTDR technology.

Advantages Of DTS Systems


Some of the unique features of distributed temperature sensing systems include:
 Excellent economies of scale. A system designer/integrator does not have to worry about the precise location of
each sensing point hence the cost for designing and installing a sensing system based on distributed fibre optic
sensors is greatly reduced from that of traditional sensors.
 Low maintenance and operation costs. The sensing cable has no moving parts and design lives of 30 years +, the
maintenance and operation costs are considerably less than for conventional sensors.
 DTS sensing cables are immune to electromagnetic interference, vibration

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 Safe for use in hazardous zones (the laser power falls below the levels that can cause ignition), thus making
these sensors ideal for use in industrial sensing applications.

Fiber Optic Sensing Cable Design


The fibre optic cable is passive in nature and has no individual sensing points and therefore can be manufactured based
on standard telecoms fibres and in many cases using standard telecoms fiber optic cable packaging.

In some cases specialised fiber optics are required and, similarly, specialised cable packaging. Some of the considerations
which need to be taken into account when designing a distributed temperature sensing cable include:
 Temperature: Standard telecoms fiber optics and cable materials operate up to 100°C. Above this you will
require specialised glass and cable materials. For example oil wells quite often exceed 200°C
 Mechanical Protection: Depending on the specific monitoring environment there might be high vibration or
potentially crushing forces which will require additional layers of cable to provide protection to the sensing fiber
 Protection against hydrogen: In some environments there will be high levels of hydrogen which can cause the
fiber optic to deteriorate (or darken). Some protection can be provided by using hydrogen scavenging gels –
however for longer duration it is necessary to uses a specialised fiber optic itself which has specialised
properties (dopants) within the core and cladding of the fiber optic.

Laser Safety And Operation Of System


When operating a system based on optical measurements such as optical DTS, laser safety requirements need to be
considered for permanent installations. Many systems use low power laser design, e.g. with classification as laser safety
class 1M, which can be applied by anyone (no approved laser safety officers required). Some systems are based on
higher power lasers of a 3B rating, which although safe for use by approved laser safety officers, may not be suitable for
permanent installations.

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