Bull – uncastrated male beef/dairy animal

Bullock/ Steer – male bovine castrated after developing secondary

physical characteristics of a bull.

Calf – young beef/dairy animal either male or female.

Heifer – female beef/dairy animal that has not had a calf. (Usually
less than 18-24 months of age).

Calving – the act of parturition in cattle.

Cow – female beef/dairy animal that has had a calf.

Casting: It is throwing down the animal for various purposes.

Teaser: Bull used to detect the heat or estrus of female cow.

Springer – a female bovine showing signs of advanced pregnancy.

Sire: The male parent (Father) of the Calf.

Dam: The female parent (Mother) of the Calf.

Free martin: When twin calves of different sexes are born, the bull calf is
normal whereas the heifer calf is sterile. Sterile heifer calf is called
freemartin.
 Conception: Conception rate is a measure of a cow’s fertility at service or the
successful union of male and female in reproduction process.

Service: This term indicates the process in which mature male covers the female.

Service Period: It is the period between date of calving and date of successful
conception. For cattle the optimum service period is 60-90 days.

Gestation: It is the process or period of developing inside the womb between

conception and birth. This is applicable to any group of animals.

Lactation period: This indicates the duration or time the female animal produces
the milk after giving birth. This period also varies from animal to animal.
• Mammogenesis - Development of milk gland to a
functional state.
• Lactogenesis: Synthesis and secretion of milk from the
mammary gland.
• Galactokinesis: Ejection of milk outside the mammary
glands.
• Galactopoiesis: Maintenance of lactation.
• Involution: stage during which a cow's uterus resumes
its regular size after calving
Inbreeding: A system of breeding between very closely related animals. (Types:
Close Breeding and Line breeding)
Out Crossing: It is a practice of breeding the farm animals which are not closely
related within the same breed.
Rotational crossing: Mating of a hybrid to two or three established breeds in a
rotational manner (AFO 2021)
Cross breeding: A system of breeding between two established breeds.

Grading up: Systems of breeding in which pure bulls are used for improvement
in non-descript females for several generations.
Outbreeding: Breeding of the unrelated animals which may be between individuals of
the same breed but no common ancestors, or between different breeds or different species.
Back Crossing: The cross bred females obtained by crossing two breeds are
mated to males from one of the two parental breeds.
Test Cross: Breeding of the dominant phenotype with the homozygous recessive
phenotype (parent) is known as a test cross.
Term Related To
Bovine Cattle
Porcine Pigs
Ovine Sheep
Caprine Goat
Equine Horses
Poultry Chicken, Duck, Turkey
 Animals Meat Name
Cattle (cow or bull) Beef
Calf (young cow) Veal
Pig Pork
Meat Names
Sheep (Ram or Ewe) Mutton

Pigeon Squab
Goat Chevon
Chicken Chicken
Turkey Turkey
Terminology
(Poultry)
• Rooster – Adult male (uncastrated) chicken.
• Cock/Cocks - Adult male (uncastrated) chicken.
• Capon – castrated male chicken.
• Hen – female chicken.
• Pullet – Young female chicken
• Broiler – young chickens raised for meat
• Layers – chickens developed to produce large numbers
of eggs.
• Roasters – mature chickens used for meat.
• Laying – act of parturition in chickens.
• Brood: This indicates a group of chicks of same age
raised in one batch.
• Brooding: This is a process of rearing the young
chickens from 1 day old stage to 5 to 6 weeks of age
during which, heat is to be provided.
• Brooder: Basically, this is a device for providing
artificial heat.
• Moulting: It is the process of shading old feathers.
• Culling: It is nothing but removing unwanted birds (sick
or diseased or useless) from the flock.
 Overall
TERMINOLOGY
Detail Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Horse
Species Bovine Bovine Ovine Caprine Swine or Equine
sus
Group Herd Herd Flock Flock/band Drove/Her Pack
d/
Stock
Adult Male Bull Buffalo Bull Ram/Tup Buck Boar Stallion
Adult Cow She Buffalo Eve Doe Sow (AFO- Mare
Female 2020)
Young Male Bull calf Buffalo bull Ram lamb/ Buckling/ Boarling Colt
calf Tup lamb Male Kid
Young Heifer calf Buffalo Eve Lamb/ Goalting Gilt Filly
Female Heifer calf Gimmer
Lamb
New-born Calf Buffalo calf Lamb Kid Piglet/Pigli Foal
ng
Detail Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Horse

Castrated Bullock/ Buffalo Wether/ Castrated Hog/Stag/ Gelding/

Male Steer bullock Wedder Barrow Geld

Sterilised- Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed Spayed

Female

Female with Calf at Calf at foot Suckling Suckling Suckling Foal at foot
its offspring foot

Parturition Calving Calving Lambing Kidding Farrowing Foaling

(AFO-
2021)
Mating Serving Serving Tupping Serving Coupling Covering
Gestation Period, Oestrous
Cycle, Heat Period
 Animal Age of Gestation Oestrous Heat
Puberty (In period cycle period
months)
Cow 24- 30 285 21 Days 18 hours
Buffalo 28-30 310 21 Days 24 hours
(AFO-2020)

Sheep 9-14 145-150 15-18 Days 1-3 Days

Goat 8-10 150-152 20 Days 2-3 Days
Camel 36-48 391 10 Days 3-5 Days
Swine 8-10 114 21 Days 1-5Days
 Symptoms of Heat
The animal will be
excited condition. The animal will
The animal will be
The animal will be reduce the intake
in restlessness and bellow frequency.
of feed.
nervousness.
The animals which
are in heat will lick The animals will
other animals and try to mount other
smelling other animals
animals.
 Symptoms of Heat
The animals will
standstill when other
animal try to mount. Frequent urination Swelling of the vulva
This period is known as will be observed. will be seen.
standing heat. This
extends 14-16 hours.

On Palpation
The tail will be in Milk production will (टटोलना) uterus will
raised position. be slightly decreased.
be turgid.
 Oestrous cycle
Proestrus: 2 days

Oestrum: 1 day

Metoestrum: 4 days

Diestrum: 14 days
 Oestrous cycle
Follicular Phase Luteal Phase
Phase (Follicle) (CL)

Hormone Estrogen Progesterone

Stage Proestrus Oestrum Metoestrum Diestrum

Proestrus:(2 days) Period of building up growth of
graffian/ovarian Follicle which helps for the nourishment of ovum
fluid contains hormone called oestrogen. It causes changes in uterus,
blood supply.
Oestrus: (1 day) during which the female is ready to receive
male. Ovulation usually occurs during estrus (cows ovulate
during metestrus.
Metoestrus:(4 days) Implantation of the embryo takes place.
Prevents the growth of graffian follicle thereby arrests oestrus
cycle. (RRB SO-2018)
Diestrus: (14 days) further development of uterus takes
place. If the animal has not conceived involution of uterus
take place.
 •Pro estrus: 2 or 3 days,
•Estrus: 12 to 18 hours,
•Ovulation: 12 to 16
Estrus hours after end of
estrus
Period •Estrous cycle: 21± 3
days
 Ear tattooing: It is one of the permanent methods of
Tattooing identification system.

Ear tagging: Most popular method of identification

Tagging system.

Branding Branding: It is one of the permanent method

Ear notching: Commonly used in pigs and in beef

Notching cattle.
 Methods
• Burdizzo method: It is also known as bloodless castration. The
Burdizzo castrator is used to crush the spermatic cord and thus
stopping the blood to the testes.
• Open or surgical method: Scrotum is opened and testicles are
removed, aseptically and the wound is treated with antiseptics.
• Rubber ring or elastrator method: A strong and tight rubber ring
placed around the cord at an early age of calf. Elastrator rings are
very painful to the animal and so it is not usually recommended.
Optimum age: below 3 months.
Disbudding
• Disbudding means arresting the horn growth at
an early age, when the horn root is in the bud
stage.
• Optimum Age: 15-20 days
 Methods
• Hot iron method: A specially designed electric dehorner is used for
this purpose. This is bloodless method it may be used at any season.
Rod with 500 degree c temperature applied for 10 seconds.
• Elastrator: A specially made thick rubber ring applied to the base of
the horn. Small buds drop off in 3 to 6 weeks and large horns may take
even 2 months.
• Chemical method: Caustic potash or caustic soda is the common
chemical used for dehorning. Rub the chemical over the buds until
bleeding occurs.
• Dehorning saw or clippers: When older cattle are to be dehorned a
specially designed clippers or saw are used.
Dentition and Ageing of Cattle and
Buffalo
The age of an animal can be estimated from
• The date of birth available in registers or by
• Dentition
• Horn rings
• Number of young one produced by the animal.
Cattle - Dentition
• Temporary dentition: 0/4 0/0 3/3 0/0
• Permanent dentition: 0/4 0/0 3/3 3/3
 Horn rings
• In horned breeds of cattle a rough estimate of age
can usually be made by counting the number of
rings round the bases of the horns.
• The first ring appears at about 2 years and
thereafter one ring is added annually.
 Deworming
• Deworming should be started from the first week of calf.
• A single oral dose of 10 g piperazine adepate is
recommended for the calves preferably in the first week of
life to control neonatal ascariasis especially in buffalo
calves.
• Deworming should be done every month for first 6 months,
thereafter once in three months.
ANIMAL BREEDS
 CATTLE
❖The genus Bos, is classified into Bos indicus (Tropical, humped cattle)
and Bos taurus (temperate, hump-less cattle)
❖Milch Breeds / Milk Breeds: The cows of these breeds are high milk
yields and the male animals are slow or poor work animals. The milk
production of milk breeds is on the average more than 1600 kg per
lactation (1500-2500)
❖Dual Purpose Breeds: The cows in these breeds are average milk yielder
(500 kg to 1500 kg) and male animals are very useful for work.
❖Draught Breeds: The male animals are good for work and Cows are poor
milk yielder (less than 500 kg per lactation). A pair of bullocks can haul
1000 kg. Net with an iron typed cart on a good road at walking speed of 5
to 7 km per hour and cover a distance of 30 - 40 km per day.
➢ Average life of cow and buffalo is: 18 years
➢ Highest lactation length: Holstein Friesian (Exotic), Sahiwal & Gir
(Indigenous)
➢ Sweetest Milk: Sahiwal
➢ Best draught capacity: Hallikar
➢ Highest milk production: Sahiwal, Holstein Friesian (Exotic)
➢ Highest disease resistency: Gir
➢ Best dual-purpose breed: Haryana(AFO-2017)
➢ Smallest of the dairy types of cattle (Exotic): Jersy
➢ Largest dairy breed: Holstein Friesian(AFO-2015)
➢ Most dwarf breed of cattle is: Vechur (Smallest is jersey)
Milch purpose Dual purpose Draft purpose

Sahiwal Ongole Amritmahal

Red sindhi Haryana (Nabard-2021) Nagori
Gir Kankrej Khillari(AFO-2020)
Deoni Gaolao Kangayam
Tharparkar Hallikar
Mewati Malvi
Dangi Siri
Nimadi (RRB SO-2021) Purnea
Rathi Alambadi
Nimari Ponwar
Nellore & Rathi Burgur
Bachur
Kherigarh
Umbalachery
S. Breed Origin Famous Character Milk AFC Calving
No Name Yield (months Interva
) l (Days)
1. Sahiwal Pakistan, Best indigenous breed-Loose 1400- 37-48 430-580
Haryana, Punjab, skin & reddish dun or pale red 2500
Rajasthan colour

2. Gir Gujarat Half-moon appearance 1200- 45-54 515-600

1800
3. Red Sindhi Pakistan Red colour, thick horns with 1850 39-50 425-540
blunt points
4. Deoni Hyderabad Resembles Gir in most of the 1000- 35 447
characters 1200
5. Amritmah Karnataka Grey colored and very active
al famous for power of endurance
S. No Breed Name Origin Famous Character Milk AFC Calving
Yield (months) Interval
(Days)

6. Kangayam Tamilnadu Famous for Jallikattu game in 40

Tamilnadu

7. Siri Sikkim and Long hairs on the hump 50

Bhutan

8. Hallikar Karnataka Excellent drought breed 55-60

9. Malvi Madhya Also known as breed of zebu 900- 36-42
Pradesh cattle 1200

10. Nagori Rajasthan Famous for pulling tanga 900- 36-48

1200
S. Breed Origin Famous Character Milk AFC Calving
No Name Yield (mont Interval
hs) (Days)

11. Tharparkar Pakistan Lyre shaped horn 1800- 36-48

2600
12. Haryana Haryana, Punjab, Best dual-purpose breed(AFO-
UP 2017)
13. Kankrej Gujarat Sawai-chal

14. Ongole Andhra Pradesh Famous for beef in Brazil

15. Gaolao Maharashtra, Used for milk and transport 1000-

Madhya Pradesh, purpose 1200
Chhattisgarh
17. Karan – Developed at HF x Tharparkar 3700 30-32 425
Fries (AFO- NDRI (AFO-
2018) 2018)

18. Karan - Developed at Sahiwal x Brown Swiss 3500 45

Swiss(AFO- NDRI
2017)
19. Fries -Wal HF x Sahiwal 3800
20. Sunandini Kerala Non-descript cattle with jersey/ 2500 32 395
Brown Swiss /HF bull

21. Sujata Jersey x Sahiwal 2800

22. Phule-triveni MPKV, Combinations of HF, Jersey, 3000-

Rahuri Gir 3500
23. Holstein - Netherland Highest milk producer in the 6000- 24-27 390
Friesian world 7000

24. Jersey Jersey island Highest fat content 4000- 25-30 390-420
of France 5000

25. Brown - Switzerland Second heaviest cattle breed 5000 28-30 390-420
Swiss after HF

26. Ayrshire Scotland Most beautiful, over – active 4600 26-27 390
and difficult to manage
BUFFALO
❖Types of Buffaloes:
1. Swamp/Wild water buffalo: (Bubalus carabanesis)
• It is exotic buffalo, body colour copper and dark brown, mainly used for
drought animals e.g., karabaow, sui-new, sinhala etc.
• Swamp buffaloes are found in the south-west & south-east regions of
Asia and are powerful for carrying loads.
1. River buffalo: (Bubalus bubalis):
• It is known as Indian buffalo, Milk buffalo or water buffalo
• Indian buffalo or water buffalo are found in the plains and low hill areas
of India.
➢ Heaviest buffalo - Jafarabadi
➢ Lightest buffalo – Surti
➢ Maximum milk production – Murrah (AFO-2016)
➢ Longest gestation period - Mehsana
➢ Most prolific buffalo – Toda
➢ Sweet and fragrant milk – Toda
➢ Most beautiful buffalo - Murrah
➢ Maximum Fat – Bhadavari (AFO-2017)
➢ Sickle shaped horn: Surti (AFO-2021)
➢ Sword shaped horns: Nagpuri
Buffalo
Breeds
 Murrah
• It is the most important breed of buffaloes whose
home is Rohtak, Hisar and Jind of Haryana, Nabha
and Patiala districts of Punjab.
• This is otherwise called as Delhi, Kundi and Kali.
• Butter fat content is 7%. Average lactation yield is
varying from 1500-2500 kgs and the average milk
yield is 6.8 kgs /day. While a few individual
animals yield much as 19.1 kg/day.
• It is also used for the grading up of inferior local
buffaloes.
• The tightly
curved horn is
an important
character of
this breed.
NILI RAVI
 NILI RAVI
• This breed is found in Sutlej valley in Ferozpur district of Punjab and
in the Sahiwal district of Pakistan. (bred around Ravi river)
• The most desired character of the female is the possession of white
markings.
• The peculiarity of the breed is the wall eyes.
• The horns are small and coiled tightly. The neck is long, thin and fine.
• The milk yield is 1500-1850 kg per lactation and the inter calving
period is 500-550 days.
• Age at first calving is 45-50 months.
BHADAWARI
 BHADAWARI
• Agra and Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior
district of Madhya Pradesh.
• The body is usually light or copper coloured is a peculiarity
of this breed. Eye lids are generally copper or light brown
colour.
• Two white lines ‘Chevron’ are present at the lower side of the
neck similar to that of surti buffaloes.
• The average milk yield is 800 to 1000 kg.
• The fat content varies from 6 to 12.5 per cent
Surti
 Surti
• Also known as Deccani, Gujarati, Talabda,
Charator and Nadiadi.
• The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and
Baroda district of Gujarat.
• The peculiarity of the breed is two white collars.
• The milk yield ranges from 1000 to 1300 kgs per
lactation.
• The peculiarity of this breed is very high fat
percentage in milk (8-12per cent).
• The horns are
sickle shaped,
moderately long
and flat.
Jaffrabadi
 Jaffrabadi
• The breeding tract of this breed is Gir forests, Kutch and Jamnagar districts of
Gujarat.
• The horns are heavy, inclined to droop at each side of the neck and then turning
up at point (drooping horns).
• The udder is well developed with funnel shaped teats.
• The average milk yield is 1000 to 1200 kgs per lactation.
• The bullocks are heavy and used for ploughing and carting.
• These animals are mostly maintained by traditional breeders called Maldharis,
who are nomads.
• This is the heaviest Indian breed of buffalo.
 Mehsana
• Mehsana found in Gujarat
and adjoining Maharashtra
state.
• Body is longer than Murrah
but limbs are lighter.
• The horns are less curved
than in Murrah and are
irregular.
• Bullocks are good for
heavy work.
• The breed is evolved out of crossbreeding
between the Surti and the Murrah.
 Punjab & Murrah & Nili
Haryana Ravi
Buffalo Origin Surti, Jafrabadi,
Gujarat
Mehsana

UP Bhadavri

Central Indian Nagpuri

South Indian Toda

Housing & feeding of
animal
Types of housing
 Animal Housing
❖Types of Animal Habitat:-
1. Single Row: Maximum 12-16 animals can be kept together. The slope
of the animal shelter is kept in the opposite direction of the animal's
mouth.
2. Double row: - When the number of animals is more than 16.
(a) Tail to tail method :- Upto 28 animals
(b) Head-to-Head Method :- Upto 50 animals
FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENT
TYPE OF FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENT MAXIMUM NO.
ANIMALS (M2) OF ANIMALS
/PAN

Covered area Open area

Bulls 12.0 24 1
Cows 3.5 7.0 50
Buffaloes 4.0 8.0 50
Pregnant cows 4.0 8.0 1
Young calves 1.0 2.0 30
Old calves 2.0 4.0 30
 HOUSING SPACE RERQUIREMENT FOR CROSS BRED CATTLES
(ACCORDING TO NABARD NORMS)
AGE GROUP MANGER STANDING OPEN SPACE (sq. mtr)
SPACE OR COVERED
(METRE) AREA (sq. mtr)
4-6 months 0.2-0.3 0.8-1.0 3.0-4.0
6-12 months 0.3-0.4 1.2-1.6 5.0-6.0

1-2 years 0.4-0.5 1.6-1.8 6.0-8.0

Cows 0.8-1.0 1.8-2.0 11.0-12.0
Pregnant cows 1.0-1.2 8.5-10.0 15.0-20.0
(AFO-2018)
Bulls 1.0-1.2 9.0-11.0 20.0-22.0
Nutrition of
Animal
RAT I O N A N D F E E D
F O R A N I MA L
 What is
ration?
❖A ration is the feed allowed
for a given animal during a
day of 24 hours.
❖The feed may be given at a
time or in portion at intervals.
 Desirable characteristics of a Ration

The ration should

The food must be
Liberal Feeding Individual feeding be properly
palatable
balanced

The feed
The ration should
Variety of the feed composing the The ration should
contain enough of
in ration ration should be be fairly laxative.
mineral matter.
good and sound.
 TOTAL DRY MATTER

2/3 As Roughages 1/3 As Concentrates

2/3 Dry Roughages 1/3 Green Roughages

FEEDING SCHEDULE OF ANIMALS
FOR GROWING ANIMALS
Age (months) Approx. Concentrate Grasses (kg)
Body mixture (kg)
weight (kg)

6-9 70-100 1.5-1.75 5-10

9-15 100-150 1.75-2.25 10-15
15-20 150-200 2.25-2.50 15-20
Above 20 200-300 2.50-2.75 15-20
 Ruminating mammals
include cattle, goats, sheep,
List of giraffes, yaks, water buffalo,
deer, camels.
ruminant and
non-ruminant Non-Ruminant: Humans,
animals swine, equines, reptiles,
avian.
How digestive
system work
Digestive system of ruminants
• The digestive organs of ruminants
consists of mouth, oesophagus,
rumen, reticulum, omasum and
abomasum, small intestine, and
large intestine.
• The cow takes food into the
mouth. The food taken in by the
animal after mixing with saliva
enters into the rumen through
oesophagus.
 • In the rumen the feed is subjected to
microbial fermentation.
• In ruminants this enlarged part is
represented by the rumen which is
the biggest compartment in their
Rumen four-chambered stomach.
• The temperature of rumen is 38-
40°C.
• This is ideal for the growth of
micro-organisms and they flourish
as if grown in an incubator.
 •It is a smaller sac partially
separated from rumen.
•This organ has a thick wall
resembling honeycomb.
•The contents of rumen and
reticulum mix freely.
•Reticulum is connected to
omasum, the third
Reticulum compartment of stomach
through an opening on the
right side of reticulum.
 • This organ has many layers
of muscular leaves giving it
the resemblance to a book.
Omasum: • Omasum is the smallest
chamber of the ruminant's
stomach.
Abomasum:
•it is the true stomach in the ruminant.
•From this organ onwards the digestion
taking place in ruminants is similar to
that of non-ruminants.
 Body temperature, pulse rate and respiration of
different animals
Kind of Temperature Rate per minute
animal
0C 0F Pulse Respiration
Buffalo 38.3 101 44-50 15-20
Dairy cow 38.5 101.4 50-60 20-25

Goat 39.8 103.8 70-90 12-30

Sheep 39.1 102.4 70-90 12-30
Pig 39.1 102.4 70-80 10-16
Chicken 41.7 107.2 128-140 12-28

Camel 36.3 97.4 32-50 5-12

Poultry
 What is poultry
• Rearing and breeding of
domesticated fowls such
as chicken, ducks, turkey
and some varieties of
pigeon for their meat and
eggs.
 Important Points
• Chick: Young chicken
• Hen: Female chicken
• Cock: Male chicken
• Wild Chicken: Gallus Gelus
• Domesticated hen: Gallus domestica
• Incubation period (days): 21
• Chromosome number: 78
• Age at sexual maturity (weeks): 18-20
 Classification
1) Egg type- Eg. White Leghorn, Minorca, Ancona

2) Meat type- Eg. Cornish, Plymouth rock, Brahma

3) Dual purpose- Eg. Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire

4) Game bird- Eg. Aseel

5) Fancy variety- Eg. Silky, frizzled, bantams

6) Desi type- Eg. Kadaknath, Naked neck, chittagong.

 Chicken breeds
Asiatic Aseel, Kadaknath, Ghagas, Chittagong, Naked Neck, Bramha,
Cochin, Langsen. Birds of this class mature late and sit for a long
time and are lethargic.

American Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Red. The breeds of
this class are best for meat and eggs.
English Sussex, Oriponton, Austrolorp, Cornish. Breeds of this class are best
for meat production.
Mediterranean Menorca, Leghorn, Spanish. The breeds of this class are best for egg
production.
Breed Origin Special features
Rhode Island Red New England Brownish red, Long, rectangular body, Good meat

Plymouth Rock United States Good egg laying abilities

New Hampshire New Hampshire Good producer of large brown shelled eggs

Sussex England Primary table birds

Australorp Australia Good dual purpose (mainly Eggs)

Orpington England
Leghorn Italy Number one egg producer(220-280)

Minorca island of Menorca Excellent producer of large white eggs(220).

(Spain)
Cornish England Meat type breed, Male used for crossing
Different types
of poultry
houses
Brooder / chick house- It is used to brood and rear egg-type chicks from 0 to 8 weeks
of age.

Grower house- It is used to grow egg-type birds from 9 to 18 weeks of age.

Brooders cum grower house- Here, the birds are reared from 0 to 18 weeks of age
(entire brooding and growing period of egg-type chicken).

Layer house- In which birds over 18 weeks of age are reared, usually up to 72 weeks of
age.

Broiler house- In which broilers are reared up to 6 weeks of age.

Breeder house- In which both male and female breeders are maintained at appropriate
sex ratio.

Environmentally controlled (EC) house- In which, entire environment is manipulated

in such a way that is optimum for the birds growth.
Systems of
Poultry
Housing
Free range system
Semi Intensive systems
Intensive
system
 Dairy
Technology
“Eight hours for dairy, eight
hours for family and eight
hours for sleep”
Dr. Verghese Kurien
 Milk

water Total Solid

Fat (Lipid) Solid Not Fat (SNF)

Phospholipids Protein
Cholesterol Carbohydrates/Lactose
Carotene Minerals (Ca, P)
Vit.A,D & E
Species Water Fat Protein Total SNF Lactose
solids

Cow 86.61 4.14 3.58 13.19 9.25 4.96

Buffalo 82.76 7.38 3.60 17.24 9.86 5.48

Goat 87.00 4.25 3.52 13.00 7.75 4.27

Sheep 80.71 7.90 5.23 19.29 11.39 4.81

AVERAGE COMPOSITION
OF MILK
Acidity and pH 0.14 to 0.18%, 6.5 to 6.7 (JRF)
Specific gravity 1.018 to 1.036
density of milk 1.027 to 1.033 g/cm3
Viscosity 2.0 cP (centipoise)
Surface tension 50 dyne/cm
Freezing and boiling points -0.575ºC, 100.17ºC.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MILK
Standards for milk
and milk products
 Class Minimum Per cent
Milk Fat Milk solids not fat

Cow’s Milk 3.5 8.5

Buffalo’s Milk 5.0 9.0
Mixed Milk 4.5 8.5
Standardised Milk 4.5 8.5
Toned Milk 3.0 8.5
Double-toned Milk 1.5 9.0
Full-cream Milk 6.0 9.0
Skimmed Milk 0.1-0.5 8.7
Butter 76-80
 About Milk
❖India holds number one position in its annual milk production among the other
countries of the world.
❖ India has the highest annual growth rate of around 5-6% in milk production
unmatched by any country of the dairy world.
❖Per capita availability of milk is 427 grams per capita per day.
❖Highest milk production is in UP followed by Rajasthan.
❖Per capita milk availability is highest in Punjab.
❖India is the first producer of overall milk while India has second rank in cow
milk production and USA has first rank.
 OPERATION FLOOD
Operation Flood I Operation Flood III

1970–1981 1985–1996

1981–1985
Operation Flood II
FACTOR AFFECTING THE
COMPOSITION OF MILK
 Species of
animal
First and Influence
last milk of breed

Length of
Individual
interval
variation
milking

milking to
Stage of
milking
lactation
variation

Seasonal Effect of
variation age
 What is colostrum
❖Colostrum is secretion of mammary glands during the first 3 to 5 days after
calving.
❖The composition of colostrum is different from that of normal milk.
❖It changes rapidly in successive milking and become normal milk in about 5
days after calving.
❖Coagulates on heating up to 3 days after calving.
❖Colostrum is rich in globulins which serve as the carrier of antibodies to
protect the calves against disease.
Nutrients in colostrum
S.NO. NUTRIENTS PERCENTAGE
1 Fat 6.7

2 Protein 14

3 Lactose 2.7

4 Total solid 23
Milk Products
 Fermented Product Non-Fermented Product

Butter Skim, Toned, Double Toned & Full cream Milk

Butter Milk Evaporated Milk , Flavoured milk

Ghee Dry Milk Powder

Curd Sweetened condensed milk

Yogurt Recombined, Filled & Reconstituted Milk

Shrikhand Cream & Colostrum

Cheese Khoa, Rabri

Ice Cream

Chhana and paneer are acid coagulated products obtained from milk.
 Various Milk Test
• 1. Clot on boiling test (COB): Stability of milk for heat processing
• 2. Alcohol Test: Detect abnormal milk: (Colostrum or mastitis milk)
• 3. Sediment Test: To identify dust/dirt in milk
• 4. Resazurin Reduction Test (RRT): Bacteriological quality of
milk (Dye reduction/detection)
• 5. Lactometer test: Determination of adulteration of milk by adding
water
• 6. Methylene Blue Reduction Test (MBRT): Bacteriological
quality of milk (Dye reduction/detection)
• 7. Alcohol–alizarin test: To check suitability of milk for high heat
treatment and its acidity.
• 8. Alkaline Phosphatase: To check adequately pasteurization
(Dairy farming)
 Clarification
Bactofugation
Milk Homogenization
Processing Pasteurization
Fortification
Dehydration
Methods of
milking
 Hand
milking
Methods
Machine
milking
Knuckling Stripping Full Hand
Full hand or fisting
method of milking

Grasping the teat with

all the five fingers
and pressing it against
the palm does full hand
milking.
 Stripping
method of hand
milking
Firmly holding the teat
between the thumb and
fore finger and drawing
it down the length of the
teat and at the same time
pressing it to cause the
milk to flow down in a
stream.
 Knuckling
method of hand
milking
Bend their thumb
against the teat.
Knuckling should
always be avoided to
prevent injuries of the
teat tissues.
Machine
milking
Milking cows quickly and efficiently

Without injuring the udder

No pain

It is easy to operate

Saves time

Very hygienic and energy-conserving

Milk from the udder can removed completely.

Advantages
Thank You
 ❖World milk day is celebrated on 1st June in
entire world.
❖In India National Milk Day is celebrated on
November 26 which is the birthday of Dr.
Verghese Kurien - the father of White Revolution
(including operation Flood) in India.
❖India is also the second largest producer of
Milk Fact cow milk followed by USA.
❖Uttar Pradesh is the highest milk producing
state in India.
❖Punjab has the highest milk per capita
availability in India
❖The White Revolution, also known as Operation Flood, was
launched in 1970.
❖Cows spend 6-7 hours a day eating. The average cow chews at least
50 times per minute.
❖It takes a person 1 hour to milk 6 cows by hand. However, if
required, a person can milk 100 cows in an hour with modern milking
machines.
❖Talking, singing or whistling to the sheep, cow, goat or buffalo as it
is being milked makes it relax and the milk is let down better.
❖Milk is one of the rare food sources of Vitamin D.
❖Milk also contains phosphorus, potassium and Vitamin K2.
❖Milk is sweet because of presence of lactose.
❖We can digest lactose due to special enzyme called lactase found in
our body.
❖The natural yellow colour of cow milk comes mainly from beta-
carotene found in the grass where the cows graze on. Our body
converts beta carotene into vitamin A when cow milk is ingested.
❖In case of buffalo milk beta carotene is already converted into
vitamin A in the animal body itself. Thus, buffalo milk appears white.
❖Lactose is used as a coating and filler material in pharmaceutical
industry for manufacturing of pills or tablets.
❖Milk is better for cooling your mouth after eating spicy food. Milk
contains casein, a protein that cleanses burning taste buds.
Thank You