A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

“DESIGN OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS ON A MULTI-STOREY

BUILDING G+4”
A mini project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
CHINTHALA VAMSHI 19S11A0187

REVANTH KUMAR 18S11A0135

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Ms. SUVARCHALA
Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
Permanently affiliated to JNTUH and approved by AICTE, New Delhi
NAAC and NBA Accredited for, ISO 9001:2015 certified, approved by U.K Accreditation centre,
granted
status of 2(f) and 12(b) under UGC act 1956, Govt. of India.
MAISAMMAGUDA, DHULAPALLY, SECUNDERABAD-500100
2019-2023
 MALLA REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Permanently affiliated to JNTUH and approved by AICTE, New Delhi

NAAC and NBA Accredited for, ISO 9001:2015 certified, approved by U.K Accreditation centre,
granted
status of 2(f) and 12(b) under UGC act 1956, Govt. of India.
MAISAMMAGUDA, DHULAPALLY, SECUNDERABAD-500100

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the minor project report entitled “DESIGN OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS
ON A MULTI-STOREY BUILDING G+4” being submitted by Ch.Vamshi, 19S11A0187,
Revanth kumar 18S11A0135 in partial fulfilment of degree of Bachelor of Technology Civil
Engineering during the academic year 2022-2023.

Certified further, to the best of my knowledge, the work reported here is not a part of any
other project on the basis of which a degree or an award has been given on an earlier occasion
to any other candidate. The results have been verified and found to be satisfactory.

Internal Guide Head of the department

Ms.SUVARCHALA Dr. GOVINDARAJU ANAND
Assistant professor Associate professor

External Examiner
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we carried out the mini project presented in partial fulfilment for the
award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY during the academic year 2022-2023
in the Department of Civil Engineering of MALLA REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE affiliated to JNTUH.
We declare that to the best of our knowledge; no part of report has been submitted here or
elsewise in a previous application for the award of degree. All sources of knowledge used have
been acknowledged.

Submitted by
CH. VAMSHI 19S11AO187

REVANTH KUMAR 18S11AO135

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and end result of this project requires a lot of guidance and endorsement from
many persons and we fortunate to get all of these throughout my entire internship project. we
were able to accomplish this project only with such assistance and supervision and therefore,
we will never forget to thank them.

Firstly, we express our gratitude to Dr. K. RAVINDRA (Principal), Mallareddy Institute of

Technology and Science for providing us the conductive environment for carrying out our
academic schedules and project with ease.

We are sincerely thankful to Dr. GOVINDARAJU ANAND (Professor) HOD of Civil

department in Mallareddy Institute of Technology and Science, for providing support and
accepting our concerns about internship at every stage of project.

So, much support and guidance we got. For that we have to say thanks to our internal guide
Ms.SUVARCHALA (Assistant professor).

And for excellent cooperation and improving our knowledge by sharing their experience and
bringing awareness on civil engineering we are thanking our project guide at site Er. K.
DATTU REDDY (Deputy project manager).

Finally, we are very grateful to having a such a team that we have good co-ordination. Which helped
us to complete our internship programme successfully.

v
 ABSTRACT

Construction sector is a that plays an important role in the economic development in India. Be
it high rise buildings, road work or tunnel work the owners expect to finish the project in a
shorter period of time, with excellent quality and less cost.

This internship report is covered the topic of how to design of beams and columns on a
multistorey building(G+4) will be proceed at site and stages of development. The information
we gathered is made by so much research and filtering our knowledge to the standards.

Internship is offered by SRI TIRUMALA CONSTRUCTIONS & DEVELOPERS PVT.LTD.

which is one of the very prestigious companies in Hyderabad.

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No TITLE Page No

Figure 1.1 Galileo Beam 3
Figure 1.2 Ancient Egyptian Column 5
Figure 1.3 Beam with lateral Deflection 9
Figure 3.1 Drawings of Flat no 1 of building 14
Figure 3.2 Plan of the building 14
Figure 3.3 Detailed Project Plan 15
Figure 4.1 Simply Supported Beam 16
Figure 4.2 Cantilever Beam 17
Figure 4.3 Continuous Beam 17
Figure 4.4 Fixed Beam 18
Figure 4.5 Overhanging Beam 18
Figure 4.6 Rectangular or square Column 19
Figure 4.7 Circular Column 19
Figure 4.8 L and T shaped Column 20
Figure 4.9 Beams in building 21
Figure 4.10 Columns in building 22
Figure 4.11 Shear reinforcement of beam 24
Figure 4.12 Lateral reinforcement of column 27

v
 CONTENTS

TITLE Page No
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
DECLARATION ii
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 History of beams 2
1.3 Purpose of beams 4
1.4 History of columns 5
1.5 Purpose of columns 6
1.6 Need of beams and columns 8
1.7 Objectives 9
1.8 Summary 9
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Summary 12
Chapter 3: STUDY METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 General details of the Project 13
3.3 Plan of Project 14
3.4 Summary 15
Chapter 4: STUDY INTERPRETATION
4.1 Types of beams 16
4.2 Types of columns 18
4.3 Advantages of beams 20
4.4 Advantages of columns 21
4.5 Manual design of beam 21
4.6 Manual design of column 22
4.7 Calculation of shear force and bending moment 22
4.8 Calculation of lateral reinforcement 25
4.9 Field observation 27
4.10 Control of deflection 27
4.11 Minimum eccentricity 28
Chapter 5: CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion 29
REFERENCES 30

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 DESIGN OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS IN THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

A beam is a structural component that resists the loads applied laterally to the
beam's axis. Beam is also called flexural member because beam is behaved like a flexural
member in the structure. The loads applied to the beam result in the form of reaction forces at
the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is likely to
produce shear forces and bending moments, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains, and
deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile length,
and their material. Beam play very significant role in the structure because beam carry the slab
load of the structure, and transfer to the column. A beam is that primarily applied laterally to
the beam's axis (an element designed to carry primarily axial load would be a strut or column).
Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction
forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to
produce shear forces and bending moments within the beams, that in turn induce internal
stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of
support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their material.
Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, where
the beams are horizontal and carry vertical loads. However, any structure may contain beams,
for instance automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical or
structural systems. In these structures, any structural element, in any orientation, that primarily
resists loads applied laterally to the element's axis would be a beam element.
Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections, but a more
efficient cross section for a beam is an I or H section which is typically seen in steel
construction. Because of the parallel axis theorem and the fact that most of the material is away
from the neutral axis, the second moment of area of the beam increases, which in turn increases
the stiffness.
Efficiency means that for the same cross-sectional area (volume of beam per length) subjected
to the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less. A column or pillar in architecture and
structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight
of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a
compression member. The term column applies especially to a large round support (the shaft
of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal,[1] which is made of stone, or appearing to
be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a post. Supports with a rectangular
or other non-round section are usually called piers.
For wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other
compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions.
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or
ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain
proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed

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for structural purposes; many columns are engaged, form part of a wall. A long sequence of
columns joined by an entablature is known as a colonnade.

1.2 History of Beams

The theory of the flexural strength and stiffness of beams is now attributed to
Bernoulli and Euler, but developed over almost 400 years, with several twists, turns and dead
ends on the way. Galileo Galilei is often credited with the first published theory of the strength
of beams in bending, but with the discovery of “The Codex Madrid” in the National Library of
Spain in 1967 it was found that Leonardo da Vinci’s work (published in 1493) had not only
preceded Galileo’s work by over 100 years, but had also, unlike Galileo, correctly identified
the stress and strain distribution across a section in bending.
“Therefore, the centre of its height has become much like a balance for the sides. And
the ends of those lines draw as close at the bottom as much as they draw away at the top. From
this you will understand why the centre of the height of the parallels never increases in left nor
diminishes in the bent spring at right.
In spite of Leonardo’s accurate appreciation of the stresses and strains in a beam
subject to bending, he did not provide any way of assessing the strength of a beam, knowing
its dimensions, and the tensile strength of the material it was made of. This problem was
addressed by Galileo in 1638, in his well-known “Dialogues concerning two new sciences.
Illustrated with an alarmingly unstable looking cantilever beam supported by a wall, Galileo
assumed that the beam rotated about the base at its point of support, and that there was a
uniform tensile stress across the beam section equal to the tensile strength of the material.
Due to the incorrect assumptions of uniform stress across the section and rotation about
the base of the section Galileo’s result was three times higher than the correct value for a brittle
material which has approximately linear behaviour up to its failure load. The disparity between
Galileo’s calculations and actual breaking loads did not go unnoticed, and in 1686 Edme
Mariotte’s alternative approach was published. Mariotte initially retained Galileo’s position of
the axis or rotation, but proposed a triangular stress distribution, varying from the failure stress
at the top to zero at the base. He then proposed (without proof) that the neutral axis should be
at the centre of the section, but also introduced an error in his working resulting in the section
modulus being double its correct value, as it would be if the neutral axis were at the base of the
section as he had initially assumed.
The correct formula was eventually derived by Antoine Parent in 1713 who correctly assumed
a central neutral axis and linear stress distribution from tensile at the top face to equal and
opposite compression at the bottom, thus deriving a correct elastic section modulus of the cross
sectional area times the section depth divided by six.
Jacques Heyman in “The Science of Structural Engineering” states: then the new calculation
of bending strength [by Parent] gave a coefficient or 1/6 instead of the 1/2 of Galileo or 1/3 of
Mariotte. For the first time, a logical and correct mathematical description had been given of
the way a beam might fracture, but in fact none of the three values of coefficient accorded with
tests – 1/2 might be better for stone and 1/3 for wood, while the mathematically correct value
of 1/6 seemed to be useless as a predictor of fracture.” statement seems to be based on the
work of Coulomb, who in 1773 (60 years after Parent’s work) reinvented the theory that had
already been discovered by others. Coulomb found that stone and wood behaved in different
ways, and presented two theories, based on a common approach, that satisfied the requirements

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of mechanics. He concluded that Galileo’s coefficient of 1/2 seemed best for stone, but he could
not verify his (and Parent’s) coefficient of 1/6 for timber. By the turn of the century the standard
text of the Ecole Polytechnique still stuck to Galileo’s formula for stone, and Mariotte’s
coefficient of 1/3 for wood (Heyman).This is curious, because although timber might
approximate a plastic material, and thus Mariotte’s coefficient of 1/3 would give a good
approximation of the bending strength, stone is a brittle material that will fail in tension while
the stress distribution is close to triangular, and thus the coefficient of 1/6 should be appropriate,
rather than 1/2.Unfortunately, Heyman gives no details of Coulomb’s experimental work, but
the only way I can explain this anomaly is to assume that either Coulomb calculated the tensile
strength of stone by back-calculation from bending tests, using Galileo’s formula, or that he
carried out tensile tests that gave results much lower than the correct value, perhaps due to
stress concentrations in the testing apparatus. Either way, the end result was that by the early
19th century, over 300 years after Leonardo Da Vinci published the basis of the correct theory
of bending, engineering texts still recommended a formula for the bending strength of stone
that was incorrect by a factor of 3.

Figure 1.1 Galileo Beam

To use the method of “final causes” to find the deflection equation for an elastic bar Euler
needed an expression for strain energy, which was provided by Daniel Bernoulli. Euler used
variational calculus to obtain Jacob Bernoulli’s differential equation for elastic curves, and
integrated this to obtain the correct formula for the deflection of the end of a cantilever f =
PL3/3CEuler called the constant C the “absolute elasticity”, saying that it depended on the elastic
properties of the material, and that in the case of the rectangular beams it was proportional to
the width and the square of the depth h, rather than the cube. It seems surprising that a
mathematician of the stature of Euler should propose a value for this constant that was not
dimensionally correct, but it should be remembered that dimensional analysis had not been
developed at this time, and in fact when Euler corrected the equation in 1750, based on
dimensional considerations, this was one of the earliest successful applications of dimensional
analysis. Again, using the “method of final causes” Euler considered the buckling of straight
bars under axial load, and simply derived the famous equation: P = CП2/4l2He also successfully
derived equations for the vibration of beams, again using the “method of final causes” or energy
methods. By 1750 Euler had derived equations that not only could predict the deflection of
beams under transverse load, and the buckling load of beams under axial load, but his methods
could be simply extended to the calculation of bending stresses, and hence the bending capacity
of beams made of brittle materials. It seems however that his work had little effect on the
methods used by practicing engineers for another 100 years. The reasons for this are not clear,
but possibilities include:

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▪ The reputation of Galileo, and the apparent better correlation of his equation with
experimental results.
▪ The actual failure loads of the stocky brittle members commonly used in the 18th
Century were far less than the buckling load predicted by Euler buckling theory. ▪
Euler’s results were not presented in a way relevant to the structures of the time,
where prediction of deflections of slender beams was not of prime importance.

Whatever the reasons, the results of the Bernoulli’s and Euler did not become widely used until
the use of iron and steel became common in large structures in the 19th Century.

1.3 Purpose of beam

There are various uses for these steel beams in structural steel fabrication. Usually, I beam
are used as critical support trusses or in the frameworks of buildings. Structural steel beams, in
general, are used in applications to provide structural support, due to steel’s strength, durability
and resistance to rust (thanks to steel finishing). Using I beam means that far fewer other
support structures are required, which does help to save on costs and time, while also ensuring
greater structural stability. Universal beams can handle a wide variety of loads when used
horizontally, and the same can be said for universal columns as vertical supports. Beams
support the weight of a building's floors, ceilings and roofs and to move the load to the
framework of a vertical load bearing element. In order to withstand the combined weight of
stacked walls and transfer the support load, often larger and heavier beams called transfer
beams are used. Beam architecture or dimensioning requires an understanding of the concepts
of fundamental physics and statics of engineering. A structural engineer is qualified and fully
prepared to check the loads that act on a beam, measure the forces and stresses on it and choose
the material, size and shape accordingly. Structural design of beams in new buildings and
reconstruction or reinforcement of existing beams in a structure is part of the engineering
consulting work we offer to our clients.
Beams are usually horizontal structural elements that carry loads perpendicular to their
longitudinal direction. Think of a balancing beam in gymnastics. It’s a rectangular object 15
feet long and supported at both ends. When a person is walking on the beam near the middle
of the span, their weight is a vertical downward force acting perpendicular to the longitudinal
direction of the beam.
Beams are used to support the weight of floors, ceilings and roofs of a building and to transfer
the load to a vertical load bearing element of the structure. Sometimes bigger and heavier beams
called transfer beams are used to support the cumulative weight of stacked walls or other beams
and transfer the load to the supports. The design or sizing of beams requires understanding of
basic physics principles and engineering statics. A structural engineer is trained and fully
equipped to check the loads acting on a beam, calculate the forces and stresses on it and choose
the material, size and shape accordingly. Part of the engineering consulting work I provide to
my clients is structural design of beams in new buildings and restoration or strengthening of
existing beams in a structure.

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1.4 History of Column

In ancient Egyptian architecture as early as 2600 BC, the architect Imhotep made use of
stone columns whose surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds, like
papyrus, lotus, and palm.[2] In later Egyptian architecture faceted cylinders were also common.
Their form is thought to derive from archaic reed-built shrines. Carved from stone, the columns
were highly decorated with carved and painted hieroglyphs, texts, ritual imagery and natural
motifs. Egyptian columns are famously present in the Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak (circa
1224 BC), where 134 columns are lined up in sixteen rows, with some columns reaching
heights of 24 metres. One of the most important types are the papyri form columns. The origin
of these columns goes back to the 5th Dynasty. The base, which tapers to take the shape of a
half-sphere like the stem of the lotus, has a continuously recurring decoration of stipules.

Figure 1.2 Ancient Egyptian Columns

The Minoans used whole tree-trunks, usually turned upside down in order to prevent
regrowth, stood on a base set in the stylobate (floor base) and topped by a simple round capital.
These were then painted as in the most famous Minoan palace of Knossos. The Minoans
employed columns to create large open-plan spaces, light-wells and as a focal point for religious
rituals. These traditions were continued by the later Mycenaean civilization, particularly in the
megaron or hall at the heart of their palaces. The importance of columns and their reference to
palaces and therefore authority is evidenced in their use in heraldic motifs such as the famous
lion-gate of Mycenae where two lions stand each side of a column. Being made of wood these
early columns have not survived, but their stone bases have and through these we may see their
use and arrangement in these palace buildings.
The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose
of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or
painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as
well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the
most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the Parthenon. The
Greeks developed the classical orders of architecture, which are most easily distinguished by
the form of the column and its various elements. Their Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders were
expanded by the Romans to include the Tuscan and Composite orders.

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Some of the most elaborate columns in the ancient world were those of the Persians, especially
the massive stone columns erected in Persepolis. They included double-bull structures in their
capitals. The Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis, measuring 70 × 70 metres, was built by
the Achaemenid king Darius I (524–486 BC). Many of the ancient Persian columns are
standing, some being more than 30 metres tall. [citation needed] Tall columns with bull's head
capitals were used for porticoes and to support the roofs of the hypostyle hall, partly inspired
by the ancient Egyptian precedent. Since the columns carried timber beams rather than stone,
they could be taller, slimmer, and more widely spaced than Egyptian ones.
Columns, or at least large structural exterior ones, became much less significant in the
architecture of the Middle Ages. The classical forms were abandoned in both Byzantine and
Romanesque architecture in favour of more flexible forms, with capitals often using various
types of foliage decoration, and in the West scenes with figures carved in relief. During the
Romanesque period, builders continued to reuse and imitate ancient Roman columns wherever
possible; where new, the emphasis was on elegance and beauty, as illustrated by twisted
columns. Often, they were decorated with mosaics.
Early columns were constructed of stone, some out of a single piece of stone.
Monolithic columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture. Other stone columns
are created out of multiple sections of stone, mortared or dry-fit together. In many classical
sites, sectioned columns were carved with a centre hole or depression so that they could be
pegged together, using stone or metal pins. The design of most classical columns incorporates
entasis (the inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides) plus a reduction in diameter along
the height of the column, so that the top is as little as 83% of the bottom diameter. This
reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see and tends to make columns
look taller and straighter than they are while entasis adds to that effect. There are flutes and
fillets that run up the shaft of columns. The flute is the part of the column that is indented in
with a semi-circular shape. The fillet of the column is the part between each of the flutes on the
Ionic order columns. The flute width changes on all tapered columns as it goes up the shaft and
stays the same on all non-tapered columns. This was done to the columns to add visual interest
to them. The Ionic and the Corinthian are the only orders that have fillets and flutes. The Doric
style has flutes but not fillets. Doric flutes are connected at a sharp point where the fillets are
located on Ionic and Corinthian order columns.

1.5 Purpose of Column

Columns are used for structural reinforcement, much like beams. Columns are, basically,
vertical structures transmit the compressive loads. The floor and the columns on the floors
above are supported by columns; the columns of the bottom floor must be large enough to bear
the accumulative weight of each floor above it. They can move loads to the foundations and
soil below from the slab and beams. Columns should be positioned uniformly on all floors for
the most efficient support, if possible. The stability of the lowest set of columns would be
improved by this. Before selecting an appropriate design, structural engineers must measure
the weight supported by the column. As with beams, the column design will depend on the
vertical forces extruding load values. When deciding the column size and dimensions, the
impact of lateral forces because of earthquakes and wind must be considered. In modern
column building, there are two major materials used: Steel the concrete. Steel columns, like the

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C-section, I-section and hollow section, can be divided into three kinds. Concrete columns with
either rectangular or circular parts can be constructed.
In multi-story structures where the loads on the columns are very high, composite columns
made of both steel and concrete are used. Ever since the ancient world, columns and beams
have been used in building. The ancient Egyptians understood the meaning of these supports,
and from the first simple beams and columns, the modern-day column-beam-slab system was
adapted. Columns are basically rigid vertical structural members designed primarily to support
axial compressive loads coming from beams and slabs and then transfer it to ground through
footing. In our human body bones give strength as well as transfer over body weight to bottom
i.e. to over legs, in the same way the different loads that are generated in a structure are
transferred by column to footings and footing to soil. So, column plays an important role in
whole load transfer mechanism and without its structure doesn’t exists.
However, every vertical member cannot always be a column. A column is a member whose
length is more than 3 times its least cross-sectional dimension. If this criterion is not followed,
then that vertical member is called as strut.
The strength of a column depends on largely strength of material used, geometry, shape and
size of cross section, length, and position of column with respect to support condition at both
ends. Columns are vertical structural elements where the load is transferred parallel to the
longitudinal axis as compression, and sometimes as tension. For example, think of a rectangular
table with four legs at the corners. The weight of the table and all the objects on the table is
transferred to the floor through the legs acting in compression. In this case the legs can be
considered as columns.
Columns are used to support floor/roof beams and the columns of the floor above. The columns
at the bottom floor of a tall building must carry the accumulative weight of all the floors above.
Therefore, the location of columns ideally should be consistent throughout all floors. This is
not always possible especially with a challenging architectural design where each floor has a
different layout. In such cases I often encourage clients to engage the structural design team
early in the project to collaborate with the architects to brainstorm the most ideal column layout.
When designing a column in a new building I take a few factors into consideration. I start with
calculating the weight of floors/roof supported by the column then choose the material and size
as required. The height of the column plays a major part in the overall size of the column. A
column that supports 1000 pounds and is 10 feet tall may need to be twice as large as a column
supporting 1000 pounds and is 20 feet tall. It all depends on the column’s geometry and material
properties. Columns act as a structural element that transfers loads from the slab, (i.e., roof,
upper floor) to the foundation and finally to the soil beneath a structure. They are typically
vertically oriented. In construction, columns are used in trusses, building frames, and structure
support for bridges. Columns support loads from roofs, floors, or bridge decks. Loads can be
considered dead and live loads. Dead loads are fixed loads from permanent attachments, while
live loads change in movement because they are temporary loads that can be applied on and
off to the structure. The size of a column is calculated primarily based on the value of the axial
loads that will be on them. Some of the loads to be calculated include the following: Vertical
forces, which are received toward the longitudinal axis of the column resulting from loads
placed on the horizontal beams and slab loads placed above the columns. Lateral forces are
from wind and earthquakes. The column is exposed to the effects of these forces.

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1.6 Need of beams and columns

Beams and columns are two key structural elements that play an important role
in supporting the building’s weight and creating a safe load path from the slab to the
structure’s foundations Beams are horizontal rods or planks that carry loads perpendicular
to their longitudinal direction. They are supported at both ends of installation and transfer
loads from slab to column. These structural elements are used to support the weight of a
building’s walls, ceilings and roofs; they help distribute the weight to a structure’s vertical
load-bearing supports. The design of a beam will need to be carefully considered by a
structural engineer. They are trained to calculate the loads acting on the beam and will
choose an appropriate beam size, shape, and material to accommodate the forces and
stresses on the structure. Beam dimensions are also allocated according to the value of the
internal forces located on them. For new builds, the most common types of materials used
to make beams include reinforced concrete, steel, grouted masonry, and wood. A structural
engineer will select the material based on cost, geometry, and fire rating, among other
things.

Columns are used in structural support. Essentially, columns are vertical

structures that transmit compressive loads. Columns support the floor or roof beams and the
columns on the floors above; bottom floor columns must be strong enough to carry the
accumulative weight of every floor above it. They will transfer loads from the slab and beams
to the foundations and soil beneath. For the most effective support, columns should be placed
consistently on all floors, if possible. This will increase the stability of the lowest set of
columns.
Structural engineers must calculate the weight supported by the column before choosing an
appropriate design. Like with beams, column design will depend on the load values extruding
vertical forces. The effects of lateral forces due to wind and earthquakes must also be taken
into account when determining the size and dimensions of the column.
Steel columns can be split into three types, including the C-section, I-section and hollow
section. Concrete columns can be designed with either rectangular or circular sections.
Composite columns made with both steel and concrete are used in multi-story buildings where
the loads on the columns are very large. Columns and Beams have been used in construction
since the ancient world. Ancient Egyptians knew the importance of these supports, and the
modern-day column-beam-slab system has been adapted from the first basic beams and
columns. Ultimately, your structure would not remain upright if it did not have beams and
columns to support its weight.

1.7 Objectives
The main objective is to design of beams and columns in a multi-storey
building. A number of different design methods have been used for reinforced concrete
construction. The three most common are working-stress design, ultimate-strength design, and
strength design method. Each method has its backers and supporters. For actual designs the latest
edition of the ACI Code should be consulted. Beams Concrete beams may be of three principal
types: (1) rectangular beams with tensile reinforcing only, (2) T-beams with tensile reinforcing

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only, and (3) beams with tensile and compressive reinforcing. Rectangular Beams with Tensile
Reinforcing Only This type of beam includes slabs, for which the beam width b equals 12 in
(305 mm) when the moment and shear is expressed per foot (m) of width. The stresses in the
concrete and steel are, using working-stress design formulas. And the effect of beams and
columns on various parameters like bending moment, shear force and deflection of the structure
and calculation of shear force and bending moment on beams.

1.8 Summary

Beam-column analysis is often referred to as a unique failure mode or even a

buckling phenomenon. This is not strictly true. It is a geometric non-linear stress analysis that
computes an additional moment (and shear) caused by the combined effect of in-plane
compression and lateral deflection. For example, the figure below shows a beam under pressure
P. The pressure induces an initial 'lateral' deflection δ. Next, axial load N is applied. Because
the beam has already deflected, the axial load induces an additional applied moment equal to
No. This moment in turn induces even more lateral deflection δ' denoted by the dashed lines.
The key is that if the axial load was applied by itself, zero lateral deflection would occur.

Figure 1.3 Beam with lateral deflection

In Hyper Sizer, the initial lateral deflection that triggers beam-column behaviour can be due to
applied pressure, assumed initial imperfection, or applied end moments. The additional beam
column moments change the distribution cross-section stresses and therefore requires updated
margin of safety checks. The beam-column capability for panels is restricted to panels that can
be treated as beams for pressure deflection calculation. Almost all stiffened panels and
unstiffened panels that are long in the transverse direction fall into this category.
Beam-column joints are the most congested structural component in multi-storey reinforced
concrete buildings. Appropriate placement and consolidation of concrete in such congested, yet
critical, component is of great significance to the satisfactory performance of the buildings,
especially for the ones located in seismic regions. However, it has been often challenging to
accomplish this important task using conventional concrete. This challenge offers another
suitable area of structural application for SCC because of its ability to flow under its own weight
and pass-through reinforcement congestion without the need for vibration.

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The structure situated above the ground level in this structure the beam is behave as flexural
member and column behave as axial member but in some special cases the structure
which is constructed below the ground level the structure is subjected to the heavy earthquake
forces and soil pressure in this type of structure beam act as a axial member and column act as
a flexural member.
It is designed to resist axial and lateral forces and transfer them safely to the footings in the
ground, but in our case the structure is underground pumping station which is situated and
constructed below the ground due to which the structure subjected to the heavy active earth
pressure in this case column behave like a beam due to active soil pressure. This means that
axial member behaves like a flexural member. Columns support member such as Slabs and
beams. Column transfer the load to the footing.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
• S. S. Patil and S.S.Manekari, 2013[1], studied various parameters for monotonically
loaded exterior and corner reinforced concrete beam column joint. The corner as well as
exterior beam- column joint is analysed with varying stiffness of beam column joint. The
behaviour of exterior and corner beam-column joint subjected to monotonic loading is
different. Various graphs like load vs. displacement (deformations), Maximum stress, Stiffness
variations i.e. joint ratios of beam column joint sare plotted.

• Subramanian and D.S. Prakash Rao, 2012[2], discussed the behaviour and design of
two-, three- and four-member beam —column joints in framed structures are obtuse and acute
angle joints are included. Detailing of the joints based on experimental investigations is also
explained. The specification of American, New Zealand and Indian codes of practice are
appraised. An equation for calculating the area of joint transverse reinforcement has been
proposed to the Indian code, based on recent research.

• Dr.S.R.Uma, 2009[3], presented critical review of recommendations of well-

established codes regarding design and detailing aspects of beam column joints. The codes of
practice considered are ACI 318M-02, NZS 3101: Part 1:1995 and the Eurocode 8 of EN 1998-
1:2003. All three codes aim to satisfy the bond and shear requirements within the joint. It is
observed that ACI 318M-02 requires smaller column depth as compared to the other two codes
based on the anchorage conditions. NZS 3101:1995 and EN 1998-1:2003 consider the shear
stress level to obtain the required stirrup reinforcement whereas ACI 318M-02 provides stirrup
reinforcement to retain the axial load capacity of column by confinement

• Laura N. Lowes and Arash Altoontash, 2003[4], developed a model to represent the
response of reinforced-concrete beam column joints under reversed cyclic loading. The
proposed model provides a simple representation of the primary inelastic mechanism that
determine joint behaviour.

• The structural of building should fulfil the requirement “Strong Column Weak Beam”,
it means when building structure get the seismic design load, plastics hinge in the building
structure can occur at the end of beams, at the bottom of columns and at the bottom of structural
walls (BSN, 2002).
Objectives of design should satisfy four criteria (Macgregor, 1997)[5]:
1. Appropriateness, the arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling heights, access, and traffic
flow must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its environment and be
aesthetically pleasing.

2. Economy, the overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client’s budget.
Frequently, teamwork in design will lead to overall economies.

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3. Structural adequacy, structural adequacy must be strong enough to safely support all
anticipated loadings and must be no deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a manner that impairs its
usefulness.
4. Maintainability, a structure should be designed to require a minimum of maintenance
and to be able to be maintained in a simple fashion. The selection of structural systems for
buildings is influenced primarily by he intended function, architectural considerations, internal
traffic flow and economics aspects.

2.2 Summary

Five assumptions are taken as follows (Macgregor, 1997):

1. Section perpendicular to the axis of bending which are plane before bending remain plane
after bending
2. The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same level
3. The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from the strains using stress
- strain curves for concrete and steel.
4. The tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural strength calculations
5. Concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches a limiting Value.
It is highly desirable that plastic hinges form in the beams rather than in the columns because
the dead load must always be transferred down through the columns, the damage to the column
should be minimized. That is why the structural of building should fulfil the requirement
“Strong Column Weak Beam”, it means when building structure load the seismic design,
plastics hinge in the building structure can occur at the end of beams and at the bottom of
columns and structural walls. (BSN, 2002).

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CHAPTER-3
STUDY METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Structural concrete beam elements are designed to support a given system of external loads
such as walls and slabs of roof and floor systems. The cross-sectional dimensions are generally
assumed based on serviceability requirements. The width is fixed based on thickness of walls
and housing of reinforcements and the depth is selected to control deflection within safe
permissible limits.
The reinforcements in beam are designed for flexure and shear forces along the length of the
beam based on structural analysis. The designed beam is checked for the limit states of
serviceability and safety against collapse. The design problem has several solutions and is not
unique since several parameters such as material properties, cross-sectional dimensions and
loads control the design of reinforcements. The aim of the design should be to provide
economical designs consistent with safety and serviceability.
A column is generally a compression member supporting beams and slabs in a structural system
and having an effective length exceeding three times the lateral dimension. Load carrying
capacity of a column is depending upon the longitudinal steel and cross-sectional size of the
column. The cross-sectional dimensions are generally assumed based on serviceability
requirements. The width is fixed based on thickness of walls and housing of reinforcements
and the depth is selected to control deflection within safe permissible limits.

3.2 General Details of the project

Type of Building - G+4 residential building

Number of storey - 4 storeys
Types of foundation - Sloped foundation
Height of building - 20m from G.L
Total gross area of the building - 400 sq.m
Column Size - 300X600 & 600X300 mm
Beam Size – 300X400 & 400X530 mm
Materials- M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel

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3.3 Plan of the project

Figure 3.1 Drawings of Flat No 1of building

Figure 3.2 Plan of the project

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Figure 3.3 Detailed project plan

3.4 Summary

This project includes G +4 building with parking at ground floor and rest of the floors occupied
with 2BHK flats. The response of a RCC high rise building under dead load, live load and
seismic load is studied as per IS 875(Part 1):1987, IS 875(Part 2):1987and IS 1893: Part 1:
2016 respectively. Reinforcement details for each member i.e., beams and columns can be
obtained directly after the process of designing.
The beams and columns work as a system to transfer loads from the slabs to the beams and
then to the columns. This acts as a system to resist horizontal loads from the forces that can act
on the structure. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile length, and their
material. Beam play very significant role in the structure because beam carry the slab load of
the structure, and transfer to the column. A column is a very important part of the structure. It
is like the foot on which a structure stands. It is designed to resist axial and lateral forces and
transfer them safely to the footings in the ground. T Columns support member such as Slabs
and beams. Column transfer the load to the footing. The loads applied to the beam result in the
form of reaction forces at the beam's support points.

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CHAPTER-4
STUDY INTERPRETATION

4.1 Types of beams

1.Simply supported beam

2.Cantilever beam
3.Continuous beam
4.Fixed end beam
5.Overhanging beam
1.SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

This type of beam is supported at both ends consisting of pin support at one of the ends and
roller support at the other end as shown in the figure below.

Figure 4.1 Simply Supported Beam

2. CANTILEVER BEAM

A Cantilever Beam is a type of beam constrained at one end with the other end extending freely
outwards. In other words, this beam is supported at one end and the other end is free i.e. it has
no support. Normally, the cantilever is a beam in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped
having a length (l), thickness (t), and width (w) or in the form of two beams connected at some
angle. When a load is applied to the beam it transfers that load to the fixed end by bending.

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Figure 4.2 Cantilever Beam

3. CONTINOUS BEAM

A continuous beam is a type of beam extending over more than two supports distributed
throughout its length.

Figure 4.3 Continuous Beam

4. FIXED END BEAM

As the name indicates in this beam both the ends are fixed which restrains it from rotating or
moving horizontally or vertically at that end.

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Figure 4.4 Fixed Beam

5. OVERHANGING BEAM

The overhanging beam is a type of beam having its end portion extending beyond its supports.
This beam has the properties of both a cantilever beam and a simply supported beam.

Figure 4.5 Overhanging Beam

4.2 Types of Columns

1. SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR COLUMN

They are commonly used in the construction of buildings and heavy structures. It is much
effortless to construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular ones because of the
ease of shuttering and to support it from collapsing due to pressure while the concrete is still in
flowable form. The square or rectangular ones are better and cheapest in cost.

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Figure 4.6 Square and rectangular Column

2. CIRCULAR COLUMN

Circular columns are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings for aesthetic purposes.
In a circular column, more than 4 longitudinal steel bars are used are reinforcement bar and its
bending resistance is generally higher than the square or rectangular column. Other than
buildings, circular columns are mostly used as bridge pillars due to good resistance against
deflection.

Figure 4.7Circular Column

3. L AND T SHAPED COLUMNS

Generally, the L-shaped column is utilized in the corners of the boundary wall and has similar
characteristics of a rectangular or square column. The T-shaped column is utilized based on the
design requirements of a structure. It is widely used in the construction of bridges.

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Figure 4.8 L and T shaped Column

4. Tied Column

This is usually constructed from reinforced concrete. Longitudinal reinforcements are confined
within closely spaced tie reinforcement. If ties are spaced too far apart, the column will
experience shear failure and barrelling in between ties. It is estimated that 95%
of all columns in buildings are tied columns.

5. Spiral Column

When spiral columns are reinforced with closely and uniformly spaced spiral reinforcement,
they are also known as spiral columns. Mostly the spiral columns are providing to support in
the transverse direction and prevent the column from barrelling. Spirally reinforced columns
generally consist of 6 bars as longitudinal reinforcement.

6. Composite Column

These columns consist of structural steel or cast iron column enclosed with concrete,
reinforced with longitudinal as well as spiral reinforcement. Composite columns are widely
used in truss structures to avoid the corrosion of steel. This type of column has more adequate
strength with a small cross–section, in addition, to exhibit good fire performance.

4.3 Advantages of beams

They reduce deflection of the mid-span.

They reduce the number of decks and bearings that are required in bridge-building.
They require fewer tendon anchorages.
They offer redundant load paths.

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They strengthen the structure while also minimizing its weight.

They have a higher vertical load capacity.
They are economical because they cost less than other materials.
They have low sensitivity to vibrations, making them ideal for load-reversal designs in
earthquake-prone areas.

4.4 Advantages of Columns

Maintains column and wall dimension between slabs.
Prevent the movement of longitudinal reinforcement of columns.
Helps the maintaining of vertical alignment of column.
Simplify the installation of column formworks, so it enhances quality speed of construction.
It ensures the provision of designated column concrete cover.

4.5 Manual Design of Beam

BEAM DESIGN.
1. GIVEN DATA
2.EFFECTIVE SPAN OF BEAM: Effective Span =c/c of support. ...
3.SIZE OF BEAM: Effective depth=Span/12.
4. LOAD CALCULATIONS
Self-Weight+ Live Load+ Dead Load+ Finished Load= Total Load
Factored BM=Wl2/8 5.TO
GET AST: Ast(Required)
6.CHECK FOR SHEAR: ...
7.SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:
8. CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

Figure 4.9 Beams in building

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4.6 Manual Design of Column

1. GIVEN DATA
2. Effective Length
3.SIZE OF COLUMN
4.AREA OF LONGITIDUAL REINFORCEMENT
5.CALCULATION OF BUCKLING
6. CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS RATIO
7.SPACING OF LATERAL TIES
8. REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

Figure 4.10 Columns in building

4.7 Calculation of shear force and bending moment

STEP 1: GIVEN DATA

Effective Length = 4.26 m
Assume b = 230 mm d =
325 mm
Cover = 25 mm
D = 350 mm
Grade of Concrete = M20
Grade of Steel = Fe415
Load transferring from slab to the beam

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= 10.04 KN/m

STEP 2: LOAD CALCULATION

Dead Load from slab = 1 KN / m2
Wall Load = 0.23 x 20 x 3 = 14 KN/m
Self-Weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.35 x 25 = 2.013 KN/m
Live Load = 2 KN/m
Total Dead Load (Wd ) = 28.05 KN/m

STEP3: ULTIMATE BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

Mu support = 1.5 ( 𝑊𝑑 × 𝑙 2/ 12 )
= 1.5 ( 28.05 × 4.262 12 )
= 60 KN-m

STEP 4: CHECK FOR DEPTH

d = √ 𝑀𝑢/ 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏
= √ 60 × 106 /0.136 ×30 × 230
d = 253 mm
dprovided>drequired
HENCE OK
STEP 5: AREA OF STEEL
At Support

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d(1 −𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑦/𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘)

60x106 = 0.87x415x Ast x 325x (1 −𝐴𝑠𝑡×415/230×325×30)

Ast req = 572 mm2
Provide 3 bars of 16 mm dia. bar as
= ( 𝜋/4× 162)
= 201 mm2
Sv =1000 × 𝑎𝑠/𝐴𝑠𝑡=1000 × 201/603
= 333 mm
Provide 3 nos. of 16 mm dia. bars @ 300 mm c/c

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STEP 6: CHECK FOR SHEAR

Vu = 89.61 KN
τv =𝑉𝑢/𝑏 × 𝑑
=89.61× 103/230× 325
= 1.2 N / mm2 τc =
0.6 N / mm2 τc max =
3.5 N / mm2 τc max >
τv > τc

Shear Reinforcement should be provided.

Vus =0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 × 𝑑/𝑆𝑣
Sv =0.87 × 415 ×157.76 × 325/44.85×103
Sv = 413 mm

STEP 7: CHECK FOR SPACING

Sv ≤ (0.75 d) = 0.75 x 325= 244 mm

Sv ≤ ( 𝐴𝑠𝑣 × 𝑓𝑦0.4 × 𝑏) = ( 157 ×4150.4 × 230)= 708.2 mm

Sv ≤ 300 mm,
Hence ok
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

Figure 4.11 Shear reinforcement of beam

Provide 10mm dia. of 2 Legged Stirrups @ 400 mm c/c

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4.8 Calculation of lateral reinforcement

Use M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel.

Unsupported length, L = 3m
Effective length, leff = 0.65L = 0.65 x 3000 = 1950 mm
D = 300mm Dy =
600mm pu =
1029.752 KN
Mux = 20.59 KN-m Muy =
22.82 KN-m leff/D =
1950/300 =6.5 < 12
Hence design it as a short column.
AREA OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:
We have 𝑝/𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 1.4/30 = 0.05
𝑑′/𝐷 = 50/600 =0.08
Chart of 𝑑′/𝐷 =0.1 will be used
𝑝𝑢/(𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑) =1029.75 × 103/30𝑋300𝑋600
= 0.191
Refer to chart 48
𝑀𝑢/(𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2) = 0.09
MUX1 = 291.6 KN-m MUY1
= 145.8 KN-m
CALCULATION OF PUZ
P=1.4; fy = 500 N/mm2; fck =30 N/mm2
Referring to the chart 63 SP-16
PUZ /Ag =18.8
=18.8x300x600 KN = 3384 KN
PU/PUZ = 1029.75/3384
= 0.3
MUY/MUY1 = 22.82/145.8
= 0.16

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MUX/MUX1 = 20.56/291.6
= 0.071
Referring to the Chart 64
MUx /MUx1 =0.9
Hence it is safe
AS = 1.4X300X600/100
= 2520 mm2
AS provided = 2520 mm2 Provide
6 bars of 25 mm dia.
LATERAL TIES:
The diameter of transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) is determined
from clause 26.5.3.2 of IS - 456 as not less than, = 25/4
= 6.25mm,
Where ø is the largest ø used as longitudinal reinforcement.
The pitch of the lateral ties as per clause 26.5.3.2-C-1 of IS 456, should

not be more than the least of,

• Least lateral dimension of column = 300mm.

• Sixteen times the smallest ø of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied

=16x25 = 400mm.

• 300mm.
Let the pitch of the lateral ties be 300mm.
Provide 10mm dia. @300mm c/c

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REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

Figure 4.12 Lateral reinforcement of column

4.9 Field Observations

The major portion of field working in this project is about learning and implementing on the
document. I learnt a lot in designing of beams and columns they are two most important
components in the construction of building I observed different types of beams and columns
are using for the building the dimensions are taken very carefully While carrying of design of
reinforced concrete structures column loads are usually assed by the considering the support
reactions from the beams, they’re supporting by the tributary area method. The latter is more
popular due to its simplicity and speed, but usually fails to capture all the loads that are imposed
on the columns while the former is more complex and time consuming, it usually very
representative of the possible loads that imposed on the column that’s why beams are used to
impose loads of columns in buildings that both are supportive. Beams are classified by its
shape, equilibrium conditions, loads and end support conditions they further classified and
reinformed, Columns are classified by its shape, slenderness ratio, type of loading and pattern
of lateral reinforcement.

4.10 Control of Deflection

Deflection control is an important serviceability consideration in the structural design of

concrete buildings. The principal material parameters that influence concrete deflection are
modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, creep, and shrinkage. Deflection control of structural
members plays a key role in the design of concrete structures, as it prevents damage of
nonstructural elements, visual unwanted effects, and interference with sensitive machinery.
Reference (Cl.23.2, IS 456)
For beams, the vertical deflection limits may be assumed to be satisfied if the span to depth
ratios are not greater than the following:
1.For span up to 10m
Simply supported beam Span/Effective depth=20

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Cantilever beam Span/Effective depth=7

Continuous beam Span/Effective depth=26
2.For span above 10m,
Should be multiplied by 10/span (m), except for cantilever for which is to be calculated the
exact defection.
There are several methods that can be adopted to reduce the slab and beam deflection.
Increase the depth of the beams and slabs.
Use alternative loading.
Increase the tension reinforcements.
Increase the compression reinforcements.
Increase the width of the beam.
Reduce the spans.
Use prestressing.
Factors affecting deflection
Tensile strength. The tensile strength of concrete is an important property because the slab will
crack when the tensile stress in the extreme fibre is exceeded.
Elastic modulus.
Loading sequence.
Cracking.
Shrinkage curvature.

4.11 Minimum Eccentricity

Eccentricity is to determine the strength of given column cross section that carries load at
various eccentricities. is defined as the nominal axial load strength at a given eccentricity as
per RCC designs the minimum eccentricity is 50 mm and maximum is 1.5 D.
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity, equal to the addition of the
unsupported length of column divided by 500 and lateral dimensions divided by 30, subject to
a minimum of 20 mm.
Reference (Cl 25.4, IS 456:2000)
In order to ensure the safety of column we should consider a minimum value of eccentricity.
Also, we further reduce the design strengths of concrete and steel for a more optimistic design
of such columns. The value of minimum eccentricity should be ex min = greater of (l/500 +
D/30)

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CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

1.The beams have a good reinforcement because we chose a imitable section according to
control deflection. Beams on the same line of action is designed is each of its maximum
negative and positive moments achieved from different loading condition.
2. The shear designed is similar for all the beams. For the maximum value of shear minimum
spacing is requited. Wind load controls the combination only for the beams fem. ground to
third floor and for other floor combination of dead load and live load is the critical case.
3.Columns have a different reinforcement from one floor to (ten due to same suitable cross
section of the columns that we chose for this project and according to the loading condition. at
op floor sonic of columns controlled by A,o.ia and from bottom most of columns designed.
4.Wind load combination motional some of columns in all floats and some of columns
controlled ley dead load and live load combination. A11 the load that wen, transmitted to the
columns must now is transferred to a stronger structure course known as a foundation. This
project involves the design of a multi-story residential building.
5.The assumed dimension of the building has been checked serviceability limits as well as all
the used reinforcements. The dimensions were satisfactory to resist the deflection and the
minimum reinforcement was used to prevent shrinkage and expansion due to temperature. The
maximum reinforcement limit which prevents sudden failure was not exceeded in our design.
6.In conclusion, the assumption of the bar elements for modelling structural frames and the
approach of independent functionality of beams and columns are both acceptable and, under
certain circumstances, form an adequately reliable solution. In finite element analysis, the
common assumptions adopted for slab supports are: zero torsional stiffness, hinged supports
on beams and columns, and monolithic supports on shear walls. Regardless of the calculation
method, the minimum structural provisions of the regulations regarding the minimum
(secondary, negative) reinforcement of beams and columns should be followed diligently.

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REFERENCES

1. S.S Patil and S.S Manekari – Analysis of Reinforced Beam-Column Joint Book

2.N.Subramanian and D.S Prakash Rao – Design of RCC Structures

3.Dr.S.R.Uma – Design of Rein

4. Latura N.Lowes and Arash Altoontash

5. Macgregor – Mechanics and Designs

6.As per IS 456:2000: Code of practice for Plain and reinforced concrete

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