Uni No: 4 Enay Testing & fe nce of ee eee _Th genera), a5 i an a energy flow eae the engine _is -capresses) in dhree distinct dems.” are indiccded ips friction powes'fp’ & — paren DE Graal Todicated powes (un be Compuded froth the measure - men} of forces iodhe Cylinder ®& brake Powe Pray be Computed from the measurement of forces od the 27 ie engine. ip = bp + fe a ota pies bie. D | Indicated Mean Effective Pressure. (Pim) : T4_ has been Steded “ip! Can be Computed From eS: he Measyremen| of forces developed in “he Sofie aces 12, jhe Pressure _of 4 ading gases. AS calxead descarbed ,in chapters abate thy Cycles the o ee mine tres 1 Culirect ete ete ee Cycle & dhe variation Can be expressed with vespecd _je volume ew Cranis om jo oben — oe PO. engen. _especl Ve). ee Pim x Cy- Vs) = Ned Work of Cycle “00 enbencdual enone ne the Pv “Bev diagram C Called the indicates Aidgeam) i is obleined bya mechanice) _ insiumend cefachec) {othe Gylinder _, 3 i Consjont cr hecticad _eh 4 pressure] a chavet a 5 VW Injake — volume(\) ro Clearance — year a eo Nolume —_ ' — Mies Piston es a TH Cylindee ope si fig: PN cliggacn for an_idecd four stoke Cycle engine. Pim x Cvi- Nie) = Ned work of Cycle: Pim = Net work of Cucle ’ Nie Ve : e _ _ freea of the jndiceder oliagsom Jength of she jodiceder diagram | Toaicated Power (ip) : Power isdefined as dhe rate of clei worls . Tn the analysis of Cycles | dhe net Worls is expressed ; ic. This may be Converted) to power io_kifkeg of ry tain hy he he mass flow code of cui. tne ere Ra ie pas Per voit dime. Since. | Ae ned woo A cliagsam js Ane ned work produced@ | {in the Cylinder Os measysed by ain indicator diagram, au | Are power bused there on is ‘Jexmed indicated Power, ip.” eee anca de aoe T | Where, “ta is 6 kg [5 | network is io k3 | tq .of cir 14 ip is in kW 7 ce Fo working widh aclow) engines »idis often desirable Peas _| Ae Compute ip fom a given Piro & liven engi ne. operading Corelitions. The necessary formula may be Aewelo ped From the equation of eb Worls based on the. Mean effective pressure & piston Aisplace mend Tndiceded net _worls/ Cycle = Pim. Vs y defination Tndlicakkd Power = Thdicaked network x Cycles [s_ ip= PimNs nk Pim LANK . kw \o0o % 60 _ Go000 indicated Power C\xW) inclicedea_mean effective Pressure Ch] m*) lenath of the Sheoke © . Avec of the piston Cm*). Speed in revolutions per minute. Number of Power sfwkes Per minut M2 fer a four- Strole engine, WN for ao Jwo- Stoke engine -k= Brake Power | Che) a ower is is based | on indicerted “pedwork Bis thus a Measuve of the * forces Aeveloped Lothin the Cylinder. More practical interest is fre -~sojational force aweilable cd the delivery a point cd the engine _C crankshaft} & the power a ae to it. This 6 Wer js infescha ctbly do a brake, Pewes » eath power ov | @ corer Power Dumbes of Cylinders Worls, during one sevoludion = Distance x force. =| Grr) x F geathelove uy paduced toy jhe. dive -shafd is opposed bya aing _ momen} “equal lo “the product ofthe length of the moment arm 'R' & the Be facte F ee. measured By the Scclte eo 7 ach = Reh 2 es Werk, Suring one creveludion MBO RO ioe - Power «fork amp NS oo Time - 60 oe where, N= revolutions pew minute of the Arve Shot 4 bps ken es bo x\wo |The brake powes , bp» Con also pee. STN Tailed ans Gols Giles Geo00, te Bon si — Brake Mean Effeciwe Pressue CPbm) ~ Tadicated mean effective f sou mous Considered to. Consist! of 'Fmep’& “bmep' wo hypothetical ae Friction mean effective aac isthed por tion Chee imep Which js yequired jo overcome friction losses , ¥ “brake mean effeciive pressure is Ihe _psrtion which _Panduces she _usefus Powers delivered by “ihe engi ne. _ \mep = bmep + frep ‘Since _bmep is dhed portion of imep which goes. into jhe clevelopment of useful Powex it_has dhe Same -veledion- Ship jo bp Os imep has jo ip. or pase ° vippnaez Pe Pine, PP] gidke qitenel banedict Soy imep AD cemiig' 2 by ysing | ip CTodicoded Power) eq? ip = Pim LAnK GoovoWhere, Pbm is brake mean effective pressure Cy}m*) And due dojhe Same xeledivn ship tthe Mechanica) effidency D\m_of- the Engine Can be empressed __ Os tremaotinsotebmes Sou imens stuied Yet be 2 bmep__ oo ip imep Ful id — We Engine Eeficieny : TA geste D bs Pir- standard efficiengcy: mr: a The Cir- Slandarel efficies is Also |snowN os theamodynamic efficenty. Tt is Meinly function Compression vedio & oth sarmeters. Th if is given the upper Limit of the ef fi cienty obdai- nable from 10 engine. Tndiceded Brake Therma EFfici one I “The indicate & brake -thesmed efficiena” are based om jhe ip & bp of the engine ves eciveliy These es acehcat uN genercxted) _ the engine with respect to heed sii eieplied in ibe fous of fuel. Th_modern engines an indicered thermee) efficienuy of culmost® 28 / _pes_€e_is obtainable with gas 4 gasoline spark- ignition engines hoving a. rmoderce}e Compression | rection as igh as ~36 ‘ho ren mave with high Comprection rerlio 6 ye |Mechanical EFfFicien: Mechani ced efficien as =a) cy: > ih Tiokee info _accound the mechanij- Cai losses inan encine. Mechanical losses ofan _ Fiction losses qs in Case of pistons, beasings , Nalve mechanism go. -2ngine may be furthes subdivided indo the Asllowing. geass, With the Aevelopment in beasing design & meetesidls , im rovements AN geass ete: hes osses Are vsually )imided fam T40 9 -/. of +the. ydlicerfect users r 2 P Powes is absorbed engine. auriliaries suchas fue) p__lubricertin * P chen cli chor icone Pat iseribudos or may CCcoind fer Nerang 4) of Nd : \oork of C ae _clischas loss is vsudity Ee chosing ‘the Cylinder With fresh change & Tr Case. ts J 4 Cixi wii eee ing _, raiclicdor fan etc. These losses BtoB Y Of dhe incliccetect cued action of the flywhed . This he inclicaded ouput. Nerordor xhai Airing jhe exhaust Shroke, lwo-Sthoke _ re power absosbed by -the ging » Thee losses may be ciccoun} for _ ado Oy = the indicerlech Oud pus “in genescal, me chanica| efficienuy of Engines Navies from 65 to 35; hee Reledive Efficiency: ao ie The _-reladive efficNnty cr efficien Somelimes Called isthe wudio of the 7a ob\ained fmm an engine to “O40 asit is Choa) efficienty jhe jneore licen) efficiency of tthe engine Cycle? Hence “ Reledive’ efficenty 2 Clvad brake thermal ef fice rite Ali stordacd efficieny, 7Reledive efficieny for most of the engines varies \ from 157. do 95% with theeretical cir 4 decrease Acepidly with insufficier| tir to_cubowd 157. with gubietay. tabereibdilt. alll ns omipa \)|Nolumetic Efficiency ! p. 2evedh ooihaied [9 \lolumetic ef ficiency isdefined asthe etio ofthe acted mass of G@iy drawn into The engine durin er momey eno time Jothe theo vet cou ae Silence Which showd have been dsaum in during thee} Same . Period of dime, based wpa the ele pis i clisploceren| of the engine, & phe hemperctire. _& pressure. afte Susun _cctmosphere ado Foohais [pki ai tye Mach a Man. : Min = Po.n-\. coh Aiitrnedindadbs Combet’ giebedamectie ifs O = N]2 C4-stoke engine) & —@ NEN C!-Stoke engine N= Speed of the engine 10 es cigs Stroky Engines SCaveng)ne is defined as fhe velio ibe hatin toe Qas- cir mircure 5 which cremains sane inthe Cylinder | esd The crctoe) begining of the Compre ssion Aodhe product of the toded volume, & caw Gensidy of the inled Scavenging eFFicenyy ov most of the @-Sirke eng) varies from49 jo a5 ¥ de Provicled. Charge EFF at hed Libhes aca sluts algal | The “charge etfistengy hows how well the piston Glisplacemen| of a 4- Stoke en is ujilized. Various _ factors -atfecting Chore eff? iemuy Ove | The Compression -reio. — @ Olathe omaie nohthacs picked up during passage of the Pencling Upon the ype of Scan enging 2 Charge. ot injake manifold. __©| The * valve of dhe engine. su —___@) The resistance VoFfered. Jo iv- fuel Charge cliping j4s = Sage. Ahroysh induction man} fole, at = Sg hein bE Gs cian ce 2 : % THis she -xeelio of he liberceted 4o-the. theoresticoy : heed inthes fueteo The _cimoun of heed libercdted is les= | than the +thecseticeu vellie because of incomplete » ombustion eitherduets clissociceion Cc due to jack of Ovcrilctble Onygen: Combustion efficienuy inet well edjusted oe empine Varies from 92% show G9 Zt in!* [Engine Pex fommonte Engine formance “characteristics oreo Con enient “qvaphico) presentadion of cin engine — A shy “ret Consirucked From ie acs obte ned | _dunin “actual des{_~uns_of the engine, one) ATE i Parfitulody useful in_Comparing the perfernanceet __ | one engine with Aheet of another. To this section a Some _of the importoat formance Characteristics of the. SE engines. are discussed oe ___ FA is 40 be “hoted Ahed there isa Certcun speed % | within the speed range of Gparticular enqine, cet a | which the charge inducted Per Cu\irdee per Cycle will | be the maximum = Atthis poinr , Ae mari mum force | Goo therefore be exerted onthe piston : | Asthe Speed of the. ne 15 increased cbore. this speed the quantity of” the indicetted Charge _| will decrease. Howeverr, ‘The priser Oulpuct of tre ____ ae yne increases With Speed duedo More numbex é Pot cycles ore erecuted per_veil cme. TH should _ = | be nojed thed the cur Consumption will Continue to band \norease Loi ith indreased Emm ine speed Until Some __ pond js reached Where the Chorge per Cylindex pee ___ Sheoke decreases very “wcipidly than Ahe numberof Shoke ‘unid time is inéreasing, Engines ore So__ designed Prod the Max muro cuit Consumption point — is Mo} reached within the epesceting speest of ___ the. engine: Tnowase in cir Consumption means _ a increased quantities of fuel Can be added sJime increasing the power wt To ' Osoduced a “we G neues \F ales!CliveNy _proporfional Jothe engine oor Consumplicn-— — The ~relodionship belween cuiv Chorge per Cylinder per Cycle & dorque, cs well as civ Consumption §' ip! is _illustraded in) Tago Rote The the marcimum esque OCcurs CA Pe lower speed fran the maximum ‘ip! — Fig@>- Typiced performance plot with xespect fo Speed. _ Fig Gi). Shows Some. of the other importanl performance Biainclenaies fer a dupiced Ste Pace fig. i forque, ip. bp. & fp ave ploifed agains] engine Speed _ throughoud the opercetii range of the engine, co full Gene Gpagtipeteaaa ind be Resenead between “the ip _ __|_peoduced inthe Cylinder & the bp vealized ct the _ | onive- shott , is-tre fp At low engine speeds, the FP _ “increases OF a grecttos ode: At engine Speeds cubsve. — thes usua) — openeding weinge fp increases very oupidly. Aloo, ced nese higher speeds, ip toil! each a maximum | Bthen feu off. At some pont, ip, & fe will be equal, Biebsps oiitiethen clon palo seSatoa yyit ———page ne. Gsog igi). Typical ST engine Performan ce Curves a Gis). Typico) tua Consumption Gods for bs an ST engine: nm | Fig Li), Shows stil Consumption & bsfe plotted Oguine jhe engine. Speed, forthe Scime endine. operceting under the Same Conditions . The S| vant of fuel Consumed increases With engi“Speed: The bsfc on the Tothes bond, ce ~ | Speed is increased 19 the low speed ~ otf cd medium speeds, & increases i TENS “range, At lod Ane heat less_jorthe Com [chamber Wats is prpinlionedeyy grecden 4 Combest or nefficienty . is poorer ,resubling in higher fuel Censomp® —__| fee the Power produced . Ad the high speeds dred fp is increasing ota rapid Tede, vesulting ine Sloper increase Vin bpdthan 19 fue Consumption , with o_ 6 Consequen} increase in EFC. = ee The _befc Curve of fig.) Gil) is fer ful throttle, | Noriable Speed operation. At Any one speed, 4 represen} | the bsfc_ushich will result Wheo the engine is Comying is marmum load cet thet speed. By reducing thovitle opening & load, Thad Some speed May be obtained, _ “Tout “Sd loads ess than the maximum. A fomily of Curve for Various Speeds Canbe objttined, each Showing the effecd om bsfe of Varying the load cx Conston4 Speecl Under these Conditions of Conelond Speed ® variable Joad, § eta Consfon} crir- ud vedio, the bsfc will a rise | Consistently | & wapidly asthe loud is decreased. 2 fig. Cv) “illustrates tthe general Shape of the Cue for any given 1pm: The Cason elie hes lg increase iM b6FC With the veduclion In throttle openi is thed the fp ‘vernains essentially Constant bie. . . — — 2 cthe ip is being weduced. The bp drops move vepidly than peak i umption., & thereby the \osfc ae ecfosmance Curves Can be ConStucded on ex operaing facies suchas imep. bre cis Consumption ef. Howere< the Cowes presented are, coy Ave among jhe more. imporiant. Probably -_| he most wmporlan} of these ave! the Curves of derque bp & bsfc | plotted agains} engine Speed Gat fu) ree ddle opercsion. “These Curves Ove the ones mos} generally published loy engine manufacturers With the | idescriptive. literodure On their engine medels. Such co. _plot would ‘|v k Similaw to figs GG). a tien | fig-&) Variation of bSFe , torque R with wespecd fi res aac a ine. Pe: ah Pear _ ford Selecting Can vefer fo _ —Chanecferisties 7 eat wequiveltneshe do Performance graph of Or 8 For Cre ignition eng Ose fore “In engine speed since the \Nlake Si 1_Can Nave larger FO Parliculan Capacity. engine one” hel Cones publishes. by thy aoe the -yorious _ Mimeedt his n Mines. Excep} cd ue & Mmep Narry only ee Stem Flow OeeaS than the _ ehy intake System fue) Part - loacy Aorque, & ae Ceristics Cod {ined Amoun} of fuey a ainledd Jecyche) have. Sitsilan nfign Cai. Shape ute the full-leagPleasuremen| of BP: ' “The _B:p. of 0 engine can be deteamined by 3 abroke of Some kind applied of the engine . The amrange men4 of BP of the engine is Know The dy namometes jorthe brake pulley \ Few deter mination dynamometer: into fellowhag. “ore. Class phe foxre of hecd energy: ioD Aynamo meters a cee Commen forms of absorp [ prony broke ______= “Rope bake, ___— ij Hydeaulic _bralce. = Pan brake wi | Electrical “brake dynamo medeces @ Eddy Curven} dynamo meters - Be | (by. Swinging fied unids- Here we: on _erren C&- ‘ Teansmicsion dynamo met joruemeter Ore Used Whew is Necessow - These Ove Used hall die cuss Pepe brake. dyna 2c dynamomestens: _ 4 ar are. also Called 3.1 These: Greiyery Occuceete Ay ____ eve Continuous -fransmissico of loge mainly in! Credomedic __ a youl tonal - beg pris Rep broke ‘diypatiome ter 202 et fiy shows _A ropes (poudd wound -Yre circum Fhe lprake. coheas: Topo aa i aac) VD scrmnasmornonoiea — Toone end of the spe is otached a spring lxslance 6 iP & the other end Carries fhe load Css) . The epeed 0 The jennine! Heindiedt from the echometes TH, W= Weight ct the enc ofthe ripe, N- : 65 Spring balonce: vending, Ne Ns: Engine gpeed j -xpm. > Do= Diameter of the brake wheel, m aS A= Diameter of the rope, m- (4d) = Effective cliameter ofthe brake wheel, ic eld sor | revolution “= Torque x _angle turned Pet revolustio = (ws) x foes yo aoa | sine = Chi-s) (940) x17 Wiorkdene| min = Cis) (Db 44) ;We on (pete) N ork done | Sec- = Be sere Cdb+d)N ki 4 Go x |mo p 2enGli-s bs : inal pox, (ones cee ifd ers S =f el of Indicaded ~ powers CF-P)! 2 7 one wer developed in the €pyine finder cw od ioe re pi sjon_is ee oe ae cet the _ aie [ieroheset due to engine. lsscestethus 222 4 |p = BP + engine losses: ee) — Fodiceded | pow — “fhe help of & a m 2 help oh Fost acdl eee ‘Sn cose 3 Cannot be _ measued directly | by measun the brake power “jndicedtor diagrare is. ee ‘eo! te _may be _Compuded by measuring am 2either with a planimetes or isPei = Net area of diag sam in mm Spring — ui te & Tener of diagram in mm Consfain} =i} ihre oP ad tear began GE An ieied Gied cis C55 ltale Case |The _muin types of engines indicedors are ! ___4 | Piston indi cedos : eo — | Balanced diaphragm types indliceeder: E - i) The Fas oborugh” belanced engine indicedor. VW) Dickinson - Newell inclicectos: s iii) MIT balanced pressure indicedor. =e ae Satin iv) Capaci ance -type balance pre ure indiceder. Electes ced inclicedt ons To addisjion Jo-thi Optica Indicedore are alse Used. -| Caicoledion of Fndiceded power Gao — af Pm = Indiccded mean effective pressure i Ss A= Area of piston, mm. ee a Li = length of Stoke, m- ___N_= Speed of the engine pm. oa kee fo BB shawl ect = VitsPed vel - eAvoide engine, Then, force gn -jre Piston = Pmi x A x oon. : —Warkdane | toscking stoke = Force x \en hat StrkeWork done: per second = Work donc. per Stroke x Z ESOS, pumber of working Stroke per / Diet is oti be conc). = Prix Lx loS oR 9 ku Nem 6o IS On s fo = Prix LANK x pS KW) zis wih Geox jooo Li Reeabia |e, TP — Pri LANk ¢ lo® KW A es 6 ix TF n is Dum Cylindes: Ls @ Vas Tes O- Pei AWK x) kW [ pace ak Moxse Test : This tesd is only appliceble -}o multi - Cylinder engines | The engine is “uh ‘ect the ~requived Speed § the forque is measured. One Cylinder ic Cudouk , by shertiog the plug if an S:-Tengine is under fest, Cr by dis Connecting _ On” injector ifia C-T.engine is _undes les}. The speed Se fatis because of the Joes of powe~ with are Cylind® Cud oud , buh is ~vestored by -reduting He toad. ‘The loque is Measured Ogcin when the “speed has seached i1s eriginas voluer TP the Values of TP of the Cll nde i prmi, by Ti, Te, Ta & Ty Cconsiderin a _o four- ts Cylinder engine) & the power losses ineach cylinder are denoted” by bi, Le, Ls) Blu then the value of dest Speed with all Cylinders firingHf _pumber 4 cylinder is Codout, then the Conbibution Sh is los} 5 Quit are Iss ses due to thet Cylinder remain “tre “Same as When itis Wing ,_ctren the BP, api | obteaned cet the same. te is, Mee Golo Gta Ue) tiGgia bala Substacting eq? © fom ©, u we ged »- lhl Vea at a Siew lore B-B2 =T2 when eyliindere Dumbes 2 is Cudout - g __ B= Baviestis * 4 3 is Cudout & B- By =Ty ae a ee “Then » fos she engine 2 i Teel teeth Ty ° Assumption fs. an ois 60 2 Speed of engine & Ahrottle opening er fuel injection ® | Seiting has to vemein Same io Both the case Cylinders woor Ising. & three Cylinders working. ¢ Cylinders Cutout. Fictioa) powers _& ar sing Power ore cre. functions of _Censjon4 J) will | develo So = ye Whether haar Ore Working of ooly three. \inders are. a toon lei an with one _ maine 2 Canéumina, power.4.| Mis is copplicable Limitedtions * schol fo multi Cylinders engines salt Cte ov mee Cylinders): Bs Reswiis are \iable 40 enmmass due te change in midure distiblion & other oa ijions. oe cutting. oud one nie : The. Fictional powes pies a0 engi hed by the following methods . Willon's Line Plethod. : Ata Consiaol engine apece) he te _credu jo_incremenis ® the “Corres rod ins, oss -fu Consumption readings are a A_gmaph— js then = of fud— consumphi ion _agained BP as __— ho drum in Called — the Willan's jo fh ares is_ ext ra belated back. do Cut the BPGxis y-— et the poiod Lie The Henly OMe Ge eo AS i. oe pen loss ofsthe engine Gut fheds speed» __ “The fue) Consumption _ ed 2%ro BP is giveo P Ofsiee eet, & ifthe neeleddionship belween fuel ae are & Bp is assumed do be linear, then a fue) Consumption Or is equialent foo eee Joss of OL.Fig. Willan's line method. This method is- usecl only in Case of Unthro}tled ines as clistitsedt beta : = ae Willion's line is plotted for fuer Consumpdion vessus Doad at Co: elias Speed: The intersection of Ahis_ line on the oe of xX- aris Gives fhe friction Power. of the. Engine.ce} thee Speed: The Fiction _|_ powes CF-P) is eisarsat Conslan| from no load Jo fiutt ahaa ced thed Constant Speed. The FP incluces not only the mechanical friction , but cso ne Pew ortho [ed if, tec Aviad js Voie the thot le ove has lo > be Cassie) fam almos} Closed ot not. locus ro full open ce) maximum oad) > keep fhe ine Speec) Cansjan4. Therefore. taping load iw will be bigger ed.no load, & reduce, aducsl vad is Inweased. In other words,sthe_pumpi owes & therefore the FP will not emer} Centon seuniea Ossump fier in Willians ine Wtithod. os pee Umi fedions patina Doth f woul Sian | Applicable mainly do CT. en nese Onl, The fuel_Consumpljion = brake power Jine “is nol —}_ straight ine, bud duens Up Slightty cet load loads E —& Concides ably neos fil Load.” Uniess Sufficient dota Ave Juken fo Accoredely plo} the Streeight Oa. fine Portion of the Curve, the ults will be es Significantly in eros. Morse Tes : se To! flosse jest! Calready distissed, Rictioncu owes Can be fund hy ubtracting CBP» aman CIP)n. ny ‘ _le: FPs= (GIsP)5 -CB-p)in ‘ * —-} where, © isthe number of Cylinders. Mojoving teg4 i ee —Sothis™ Jest the engine is Aivs} pen scum Upto the —desived Speed by its own power _§ allowed fo semen Under “gi Speed & load Conditions fer Sometime So-thad oil, wader & en ine: Campos nen} demperodures tach stable. Conditions.” 7 power of -the engine during sthis povied is obser bed by 0 clynamomerter Cusucly. of elechicad type) Me. fuel Supply de then Cut off 8 by suitable elechic se ; : Switchin ams 5 Cgoverted reqo mun- Os amelor to drive ox 'molor! dhe engine od the Same Speed _cd which i4 was. previously sunning. _ “The Power “Supply -fo-the tmolo« is measured which is a Beet aii a of the €ogine. +— Motos: fe ivts ave God INSight into “Navious” ceuses of loeses! & is Peace wertuy _ deol. This test gives higher value of Fp is Comp ared to that given by Willian's mefhed . Sopeccharging baocinil Furey The purpose of Superchaxqing isto waice The volumetric efficiency cibave the Value which, Can be obtained by Neovmal Caspixedion. 1 The Engire isan cir Ep Tocreasing She cir Consumpsi on pecmits greotex. Quoniities of fuel to be added , 4 xesults ina grvecter potenticd oudpudt. The indiccted powex produced is almost divecly propertianal Jo the a enqine ctr Consump-fion . While brace Wes 4S No} so Closely -velested -Jo cxir Consumption 5 it is nevertheless, Clepemden+ Upon the mass of cir Consumed. I+ is olesiveuy ___| then -thad re engine fakens. in greates]. possi ble meiss vee ae erejme._ steals ge P fet “Three possible methods Which might be usilized Ao | jnowease the cur Consumption of an engine ave : : _d4 Tacreasing the piston displacement, butthis increase ___| the size” & Weight of the engire & indwduces 0 _additiona) Coplin a am >) 6 = -| Rupr The. engine ot Ni Speeds, Which vesul 4s a | 19 increased — Yfluic ie ee Gaign| feic\iow losses ,, &. | seates enrdia Stresses om engine parts.34 Tocreasin, a gender mass of chonge _ Same volume cr Same ‘joled —— of chorge Such 4hett the censtty a infoodced iMtothe YY displa cement The \as\ method of increasine 2 the _cuiy _ Capacity of an engine 7 r used, Sr is termed ee ee * 4 Xt Sopecehegee s_Used fo iNGrease the cuir density i ve -_ Su Changer De - isk is ian Diab ampre door 1 7_—tahich porns proses — “ c.denses_c ine, thea br I cee the Consumptic® ofa gre gidedie Tinea nt 'ohany sn al “ithe Sane folate on Bicone Being uo] sthe process _o Se cate hasce_, t ee eee ces AN) Gluing “eects cls. 4 Paes better Mixing oO Cui The tucbweat aohhe che oe oe _ re — _assists inaddijionc) mix chy inchs The | avrangemenPof Ces {cin Supescharsoers , pasdiCulacty the Certr) i iionbiiebterhyen more, ven re ae of the. charge. Jo-the Cylinders. ae 2: | The temperrcdive, ofthe change is raised asitis : Compressed, resulting inechi ghex temperature which within the. Cylindents « This js particaly bene ficial : indhat id help: Ss te Prnduces belter Vepowriscdion _ x of fue Cin rae oF SJ: engines) bout aletermines e of techn ce i Aends qo lesser clensi- | of thec NCrease, in change oils ebfeds due aekeeaghes tet ee —Power is required ty chive the supercharger: This is »Vsually tulcen” From -the ening §& Ahewe, by removes, from “overall: engine Oudput, Some of phe gein in power obtained Prrough Svpeccharging. 2. Effecd of Sypeechagging: Highe owen out Oud — 3| Belles ctomizection of fuer: 4] Betlex midng of fuer & air. Better scavenging of products. = t 2 G| Bette~ torque Characteristic over the whole Speed range. 1} Quicker accelercdion. of vehicle. 8. 3 Mire Complete. & Smoothe< Combustion. 3 anfenign cv cox ignition’ quatity fuel vsage, Jol Sroother operation & reduction —indiese) lenock dence os Ue Tncreaged detomection tendency iM ST engines. Impwoved Cold Starting. eo Reduced exrhous\ Srolce. f son Reduced specific. fuel Consumption in \wrbochaxgi _Intreased chasicen efficien \e| Sncreaced thermeu stresses - 4 1} Fncreased head \osses due fo incre 13} Sncreased ops \oading. _ ONG e ag: biaae fe ale oid x Meas Caling retquireren4s oF Pistons & vuvesNS Ae Soper _ Agere =i no Due to Supecchasfing aaRhl load on the. Narious par4s of the ine ieee | In_some enaines , the piston canton is Providled_uoith ex _ —| hella space. Oi) or weder is circulated though Wis Space & thence b pisden_Crowo is ~_ | Copled. En ee Crowry & the seat § s_OF the “exhaust valves Cre _stially — mercle bette medericls thet " Can_Wwith stand higher temperatures Tncreased _¢ eo Sa ae set hy Besufecabeieing Z NeCessi vr rn Tne od & heawier ee mais | __Fnan ens ae eg engine 8 RTH to Adloy io) rst» Stud fac: shed Catal sap tre etic or jons have 4o be Made do he "Seka the same _& bo ged she fu} rei ey Qrging . “These Ore clisscused bebo j The _pexmissi ible extent of: Supers in. “aca depencis Upon the. ability of the a cineca toithsiand the incemeased ante ohesses + Durecbility _, reliability & Canomy Ore de. mein Considercivas ~thed Limid the 2 degree, of Gu raging of an engine Bice. of the eee dane Ne hg hectd transfer , there is’ © greater tenden 4otoum the piston _Cawwn _& the ae Of the exhoust valves. “To overcame sGrecder in _ Supercharged engines. “The valve overlap May vary from cbout Ea \eo degree of Coank trove). “Tnevweased \yalve.overlap permits grecter _| ime Suring which _Copler_ciir Will Flod past the Nalves & ~-he piston Comwn. This Cools fhe exheust Nalve. Sead, the exhaust valves & the piston crown.—| Fig. G : : fg “shows ao Compressor Coupled + | fothe — engine with. Step: up ne fer inweasin, peed of dhe Compressor. Hese i o_ portion er i ' ae ean oe 2 sive Pie Compre=_ Xe inovtinceh ttle tote ined by Subtracti ng Bak. ae ; ae i rem the ending s5 OUrkpUA . i puspose of ofter Cooler is to send Cool a Cele 4o the engine _ fox Further c_inwreasing the density of dve intake civ. aoe _= | fig-Giy shows a awangemen} in which Compressor is Oviven re turbine Which is qun boy - the. sa 2 | exhaust of the engine The _Compye sso ane 3 | jurbine ave not “mechamiccdly Coupled te engi ne Hig Gi) vefers to an arssangement in ushich [engine turbine & Compre eso cll ave _qeo ved together. “The bo vight Lurbo- Compound cui _ lane engine is ao example of this type of Ze _desy ange rnerct | Heme, 1f the turbine outpud is | insufficient to _~wo the Compressor, eae “fig Civ) Shown Gn otrcingemen| of S spexchargi n mi which engine _ eeccleaiien tote) ee cfhe_Compvessor & the eal cust gases frre the engine — run the jusbir giving fhe powe output Such pleats are Called fuet- piston engines ae 3 fe:re of Spelt eam i Sopeeshacses Gee _is © pressure - boosting de ) Sv jes Civ Cow Terie ) ct higher ssure, A Cehthe Fuge oy axial Flow or displacement ype Compressor is anal sed. Tf the Supe«chas gen isdwven by engine Crankshaft, Athen it is Called mechanicenly a Super charger. Some Svperchacgers Gre driven by oa gas jurbine which clevives ifs power From fhe ermine exhaust gases. Such @ Supercha iS Ceuled turbocharger There axe three types aa. i) Centifugeu ‘type HY) Root's Aype- i W_ None Aype. gre ee Ceotnfugal Type _Sopercharyer .ii | from the engine pull The Cen} fuga Supercharger is Common] Used _in Gos sees ge in fig AV uns the Superchacger - first, tthe _ciir- fue) mi ove enters athe inptller och the Corshe Nanes. Finally air gr mixjure enlers the Nolude Casing & then goes 49 the engine from “the Casing. The _mirchives twill Come ough cd higher pressured & this Condition is Called superdl axged Condition. Because of highes pressure more cur- fue | mictuve js: forced” ind the Cylinder. cibouk 30% Move civ - fuel mnejuve Can be fovced into the Combustion chom ber. The impeller mun cct_ very high Speeds _, about 80,000 *evolulions per minute. Therefore, the impeller Should be cable Je_withslond the high stresses produced od = {sees sses_hrough the impeller § the diffuse: _| this speed. Tmpeliere are Usually’ made of dural- Umin, OF celoy Sleds, do Withstand the high | Stresses. Root's Supecc harges he tahun siete ne @The dejails ot Reol's Superchorges js shown im fy: The Root 's Guperchorger has wo retors of epicycleids Shape, with each volcr keyed qo its shaft. One rotor | is Connected with the other one by means of gears. The gears ave of equal size & therefore both the _ solos voted crt lhe Same Speed. The .Reol’s Super- Chorger operates like a geo* pump. The mircure cd jhe outlel of this svpexchasger “will be cel much highes pressure Ahan he inled- “ Details of a dypicor vane +} Svperchar, ere dey _|Shown ip fig. A number Heremtidied \Seunts on the dum which js inside the body of the Superchergey ‘The vanes Can Slide in ox owt , agains| the foree_ of the spring. Because of This arrangement te, ave always in (omfacl wrth innes Surface.of the. body. The Space “between the inna = DE the body & the! cleura “ clecrredses” From the inlet do the ouder side: Tn this way, the quantity of the mncluve which © nievs crtre inlet, decreases — se of which the pressure © an volume » be Cause & : “as id reaches “the exid. fre mirdiuve will incase ERfect of _Piritude— on. Power Output ———_— 4) How Does Aljijude Affect Your Cax 2 _@- pike novmal teas & dean prot odas. up over slime, the effecks of celjijude ono vehicle — happen the moment 3A Starts to climb. lost ____— “of Abe dime, today’s webicles Fe equipped S “handle these vises without difficuity . Bad _| etijude 5 a Serious Stretin om on engine, ®B id Could make Small_issuses grow inte big _penblems.— = Highex _ plditude Means jess Power. _¢ “Reduced owygen in high —ealfitides Cun |ead —__ Jo inefficient, Sluggish engine _pexformante ———— because. ‘there is less crir to feed the ioteroa) Combustion engine. Genercully Spealcin an engine Josces ‘three percent ef its Power fore eee every, 4imvo Feet of cititude qcuned- This means ___ “you Could lose as much cis @o'/ of your vehicle's Porc ndtoba vid yal daintedel atid Secs ler) “4p Big Beas Jalee Coit js Gris0 eleyechien). _The effec4s on Your fuel System: Hi evadions mean engines need less octane jo - ne Fuel to_ proper! stared ~unni Ag: Some lhigh “elercelion \ocediions, |ike Colo -raclo fer. instance, Sell Sud with an octane -reding cs lo@ os 35 — wv you pus this lower Octane in your vehicle. & cthen Give to lower elerations, your check engine \ight May Come _on e 2 | The effects on Your Jive Pressure. yd. 84 “Tn Cold j elevated) Climates tive _pressuse_toill_ Geceence. This’ Con Cause: tmuble 19 -the —ferems of. Towed fudtetonk pheweel ee _ Reduced Steening precision ey “Uneven: jive tread: Wear: ¢ =| Petenfiad jive failure if the pressure falls beyond 6 psi ofthe manufacturer's recommen clation, —____— %| Emission Norms. __ meen | “These ave Stoduton requirements hed set Specific fimils do the omound 9f pollutants hed Can i ~reehenged into the environment. urms focus on _reguleding polludants _teleased ‘hy, customabiles 4 Other rpbwereds vehicles They can also” requicrde emissions ee plonts & diese) generators. The polludanys in gemencr) tod ave Sequlated ave the missions Be aeace oxides (NOx) “Sulfur oxides , pardiculede matter pm) os soot,” crston monoride (0), O¥ Volétlile hydrocarbons -Inthe United Stodes, emissions stundords one CEPA) - The State of Califomia has special dispensation -\o peomul ee more stringent Vehicle emissions | Slanddsds. Other Steies may Slandiards. The Euwpedn Union has itsown Setof emissions standarcls phed all new vehicles _ must meed. Currently , Standords we Set forall | ead Vehicles, Aetins, barges & nonwad mobile machinery! Csuch as tracjors). No Standasds capply do “seagping skips ov .Cuirplanes: managed bythe Enviommenja) Profection Agency __ Choose to follod either the National on California oo The Euro pean Union isto in}rduce Euro a Ueffectve Form Danuay 4, AF, Guw S effective from Tanyas Qolo, &® Eun @ effeciive Frum Janua Roly. “These clertes hove been pos|poned Fe¥ 4wo years -togive oi | | wefinenies “the Opportunity Ao Moder ove heir : aI Janis. The first Indian emission ~requications t idle emission limits which became effe cfive in \O39-~ Ffe¢: ‘Since ‘the year 2000, _ Todio stacted adopting Ev pean emission _ noms ®& fue requictions for 4-Wheeled Vighs -duty & tor heavy - dudy vehicles. an own emission reguiedions Stil) epply de woo7 Queniess of the Emission Norms in India: ea Limits for Gasoline vehicles & Free = Accelesedlions’ Smoke for Diese) Vehicles, MESS ~ Emission Sorms. fer Ghasoline “vehicles: __ 199) dle Co Lim \ga6 Revision of Moss. Emiesion Navms for Gasoline & Diese): Vehicles mandatory filment of Cot lytic Comvertes fox Coxs in Tletws on \)nlaaded Gasoline = Cold Start Norms Totroduced < Fadi 2006 Cequivalen| fe Bo F) Nesms Plodi- fied 3de_CIndion Driving Cycle), Bhased _ Slage IL Norms Lov Delh'. Phased Stage Cequivalen4 to Euroa 7 berms So Fer All medseys”_,. Emission erms Fer CHG & LPG Vehicles: ightdedt eed |- 2000 ool 2003 Bhowad Stage T (equivalent “jo Eure TL) porns Wl Rov tise magior: Cities: ees tage § From JAApAI Ghose Stage T (equialend to “Euro TL) posms for aq Cities ——FRb1D_ Bhowd Slage I Emission Norms for H-wheelers for, enive Country Wereas Phoned clase TX (tum Tt) fee sd major CitiesComParisen Belween Bharat Slage % Evro Norms, _The_Bhored Slage poems havebeen Styled te Suif specific needs & demands of Indian Conditions. The clifferences lie essentially in envivomenja) & _Qeogsaphiced needs, even Theugh “the emission Standerds ave graclly Whe Same. For instance, Eure IT is tested et Sub-the. tore these cecailiny qteactions occur & the lower the Fengine emissions. Higher exhaust jempescdure Can be Caused bby steicheio metic criv- fuel Combustion , high engire speed, retarded Spork. & \ow expansion va Hence, in order to seduce emissions, Some cfter- can’ | ments cive necess with add on devices. The de ted }-s are dliscussed in the louis, seclions.Thermal Convertors!) Hea) A, Secondary -reactions occur much mere -veadi| & Completely if the dempercdure is high So Some engines Are — $ equipped “with thecmed “Converters {Cs & yreans of lowering emissions. Thermey Convert- i &rs_ one high- temper chambess through Which the “exhaus gas flows. xsomote Onidedion of the CoB He which vemain inthe _| exhaust. Gol all oy5—>aGoa = | for this veaction to OCU ata oseful verte, “tre Jempereetuve musi be held cubove ‘Jour « __| Now Congider the yeaction. Coby + ZO 5 x Cont y HO where Ze de Hb 0.2Sy, Z The above reaction Deeds Cutempesceture. : above Gove Foret leas Satsiioesmit sat © Subsdantially reduce He. TH Is therefore Mecessary fora. thermal Cooverdor Jo be effective, | should” opertde ada high Jempecceivres. further, 14 show ase be lorrge enough je pevide cidequele residence {im ofthe echtusl gases ree to pesmote, the occurvence of these secondo weactions. thos} ‘thermal | Comerter essen On enlarged exhaus| manifold. Connected to Engine immedictely outside the exheus) “This is necess to maimize head lo:keep the exhaus4 ‘empercelures. ty Somme hermes Converter systems _ include. Le | A _pasuleted oy Cin cus _ “intake Which prouidles additional OnYgem fo veal | With the Co & He: This increases the Complenity , Cost, &/ size of the. System. Aixaddition is es Ciallly nece: any dusing sich nee Condition Such _ as StavFup Betauce eochaus Por £n¢i nes is | often Gt a lowe, wre than is Reeded for | effidemt opercdtion ofa thermal Converter , itis hecessacy. to Sustain the high temper odures seactions~ within Whe system Adding Outside Cer | which is ot celower tempex gcclure , Co pounds this Problem of _maimtcinin: ne cessany ° elas Aenpysecture » Even tho hco& meee emissions Can be seduced by. onidation co emissions Cannot be _ neduced using a Aertel Converter . Codaly Fic Converters, fh a és ee “The moos} effective _ aftectrecd men). for re red uci ny Site Emissions is. He _ Cody tic Conves tur ee {on mos\ automobiles & other Modern enaines of Medium or loge size. Co ® We Can he BS) disci to Cor & 1.0 “in exhoust Systems & thermal Converters if the. Jeenpercdure 5 held cx} 600-100°¢ | FF Cenduin Catal ysis ave esent , temperature. . Necdedd fe Suslaio tihese Ohidedion [processes — Send) _tridation “18 wedited 40 250- Bootc , much more Gitvactive System, making fora S gases From Cooli Ng to Men react otA Codalyst js. Substance -thed accelerates a Chemica) reactions ly _ lowering: tine: eneroy —__ Needed for it is to proceed: The Y Ceete ysis Dol consumed in-the! reaction & so functions __ inden finitely unless degracted by head 149¢, __ Cenjominants, or other faclors. Catalytic Caniertess Gre chambers mounted in ° stem thwugh which the exhaust — poss Moxouge These chambers Comtain ic \ Costcalytic mrederict, Which promotes the __@ onidertion of the emissions Comtcuned in-the _ i. erclhous Flow Genecatly they cre Colled sHreree Way Canverhers beceus. pees Used ty veduce phe Cancen tiation of Co a He & Noy inthe ealhaust. It is Usueally ox Stainkss Sjee) Comterines Moun tec] Same Where Culong tre exhaust pipe of the exhctust oar Flows. In most Converlers, =the Ceramic isa pe eee Comb Stuctre lity meray Flow —__ pots sages Cig-dP. Some Conver fees v5e loose" @ sinulor Ce rcimic Wi abd mien the pack. * at aes the Cenamic Structure _of a Converter is genexlly cebout itself half the clisplacemend Volume of ste engine: “This results inc Volumepic flow Shine. exhaust gas. Such thee there cise S to 30 Change overs _o french‘ econ by haough the Converter + Cectcrlytic Converters for Cl engines Neecl_lenger flow passages be cus ofthe Solid soot inthe exhaust gases: The. Surface of Ceramic Ssages Coniainsa | J} G- 431 ig). Codalytic Converfers Fer ST engines. ion reactions jw te emheus-} 4 S- Pluminium ride (alumina) is 1 Ceramic _meelenia} sed for tos} Coudetly ic Alumina (00 withstand the high fe mpeacctines, i4 remains CherniCally Neutra is pid has verry lou a) ansion, & \+ does nof mally oeV2 witb age. The Cadalyst merterials most Used _arve Plodtioum 2 Pallaclium & rhodium, Peelladium & pledinum mote _cthe Onidledign af CO & ‘He as in with platinum Especially cictive in We hydeocarheo -reciction. Rhodium “promotes fhe yeaction of NOx ince or _mure. ofthe. following — eactions. —No+ Co = Ws + Con eae ee ND ALSGort eso SNe Comme ee 2NO + Co > Ne0+ Cor ae Moctitstiee 0 +1 Ailsa often sedis Cesium onide, which Promates ® j thre So-Called werler gas Sliff. ae | j ie, ema Vale eC Oe ee. ] “This reduce _ Co bby vsing Locter VeupoUr 1s an Oxidant jnstead 6f O2., Which is Newry importand | twhes the ergire\s Tuning wich.